Environmental science exam 3
What expression is used to determine the overall growth rate of a population?
(Crude birth rate + Immigration rate) − (Crude death rate + Emigration rate)
Environmental change Selective pressure Change in population (Homework 1, Examples of each)
- A drought causes a habitat to turn dry and brown -Green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles - Brown Beetles survive to reproduce more than green beetles do. The brown allele increases in Frequency.
China holds the greatest amount of coal reserves in the world.
False
Clean coal technology allows us to burn coal without causing any negative impact on the environment.
False
True or False. In the example described in the tutorial, the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones.
False
Consider a population of fish in the ocean. Which of the following would be a limiting factor for such a population?
dissolved oxygen levels (Maintaining a normal level of dissolved oxygen in the water surrounding the fish population would be critical for the survival of the population.)
A single, small population that only exists in one place on the planet is considered _____ to that area.
endemic
Primary consumers feed on nonliving organic matter and the remains of dead organisms from all trophic levels.
false
Extinction is a(n) _____ process; human activity can affect the _____ at which extinction occurs.
natural, rate
Which of the following is a typical K-selected species' adaptation?
parental care of the young (K-selected species have a low biotic potential but high survivorship in part because of extended care for their young.)
The carrying capacity is _______.
the maximum population size that a given environment can sustain
The fact that the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has increased over the past several decades suggests that
We are putting CO2 into the atmosphere faster than it is being taken out
Which of the following would explain the extinction of upwards of 90% of species in existence over a short period of time?
mass extinction events
Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____.
microevolution
Environmental change Selective pressure change in population (Homework 1, Examples of each (second set))
-Pesticide is applied to a population of insects -Some insects have a gene that makes them resistant to the pesticide. These insects survive. Insects without the gene die. -The surviving insects reproduce. The frequency of resistant insects in the population increases.
What describes the number of individuals in a population per unit area?
-population density
If the UV-B radiation at the surface has an intensity of 0.27 watts/m2, approximately what is the intensity at a depth of 100 cm?
0.07 watts/m2 Correct. At 100 cm, UV-B transmission is only 25% of the transmission at the water surface
Which water depth had the biggest difference in survival rates for embryos with UV-B protection versus embryos without UV-B protection?
10 cm (Correct. The protected embryos had a survival rate close to 100% higher than the survival rate for unprotected embryos.
Assuming a population grows by a fixed percentage each year, which of the following starting populations would experience the biggest increase in its population from one year to the next?
2,000 individuals (A fixed percentage of a population makes for small population growth, but a fixed percentage of a larger population makes for larger population growth.)
The average American citizen uses over 6.0 tons of energy per year, compared to a citizen of India who uses on average 0.0-1.5 tons. As an industrialized nation, the US takes up about __ of the world's population, and uses about __ of the world's energy.
25%; 10%
Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____.
Adults (Young oysters have a very high mortality rate; older oysters have a much lower mortality rate. Thus, most oyster populations consist primarily of older individuals.)
Which of these is a negative impact from using fossil fuels as an energy source?
Air pollution from sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides
What role does mutation play? (How evolution works video)
A mutation is any change to the bases in DNA. These changes can originate by copying errors ( for example during cell division) or they can be influenced by the environment (toxins/radiation for example) Mutations are usually neutral but can be beneficial or detrimental depending on their effect on the phenotype of the organism and on the environment in which they arise. Mutations provide new variation on which natural selection may act.
What is a species? (How evolution works video)
A population of the same organisms living in the same area that can interbreed with one another and produce viable offspring (that is, offspring that can also reproduce)
_____ is rapid, branching speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.
Adaptive radiation
Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____.
Adaptive radiation ( Mass extinctions reduce competition and allow for periods of rapid speciation.)
The appearance of an evolutionary novelty often promotes _____.
Adaptive radiation ( The appearance of an evolutionary novelty may allow for the exploitation of previously unexploited niches.)
The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.
Adaptive radiation (The finches that initially immigrated to the Galápagos Islands experienced little competition, the result of which was the promotion of speciation.)
A single population of snakes was geographically split when a molten lava flow separated the original population. On the east side of the lava, the snakes were close to the ocean. On the west side of the lava, the snakes were closer to inland resources. After a million years, these snakes became two separate populations due to ___.
Allopatric speciation
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between UV-B transmission and embryo survival rates shown on the graph?
At shallow depths UV-B transmission is high and unprotected embryo survival rates are low. UV-B transmission ranges from 80-100% at shallow depths, but survival rates for unprotected embryos are less than 45%.
A Type I survivorship curve is typical of ___.
Baboons
In order for two organisms to belong to the same species, individuals of their species must___
Be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring
A logistic growth curve begins with a period of exponential growth, but then levels out to match the environment's ____.
Carrying capacity
The maximum population a habitat can support is its
Carrying capacity
Examples of mutualism between species (from packet)
Caterpillar and ants ; hummingbird and flower
Zebra mussels came to us from its native waters: the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. Its life history allows it to spread over large areas very quickly. This is in contrast to the native mollusks that did not evolve with the zebra mussel, and are negatively impacted by this invasion. Which of the following is also true about the invasion of zebra mussels in the U.S.?
Cities have gone without water because zebra mussels have clogged water intake pipes
According to the graph the percent transmission of UV-B relative to light intensity at the water's surface:
Decreases with increasing depth.Correct. The lower the depth, the lower the percentage of UV-B transmission in comparison with the surface.
Splash zones are areas where running streams make little pools of water. The population of Harlequin frogs decreased when the splash zones in which they bred became too small. The decrease in splash zone size was a __ factor.
Density-dependent
In the module capstone, you had to:
Determine the number of forested areas the size of the county needed to sequester the county's annual emissions if everyone had carbon dioxide emissions like you do
Awarding carbon credits is a controversial plan because __.
Developing countries might cut down native trees to grow faster growing non-indigenous trees
Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans?
Elephants (The mortality rate of elephants, like that of humans, remains relatively low for much of their life span and then dramatically increases for older individuals.)
In the What You Can Do to Reduce Emissions section of the EPA's Personal Greenhouse Gas Calculator, you can see how your carbon dioxide emissions would decrease by using ___.
Energy Star windows
KSU's campus is growing very quickly, and we are proud to say that some of our newer buildings are LEED certified. Which of the following is a benefit of having a LEED certified building?
Energy efficiency
The allometric equation was used in this lab to ___
Estimate the amount of carbon that is sequestered in a forest
An ideal habitat with unlimited resources is associated with
Exponential growth.
An energy pyramid is a visual representation of the first law of thermodynamics as it applies to the loss of energy as energy is transferred from one trophic level to another.
False
Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____.
Flight, gliding, extended hops, courtship
Several individuals are entering a new population
Gene flow
Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct?
Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase
Some individuals reproduce by chance while others do not
Genetic Drift
The evolution of a population due to chance is?
Genetic Drift
What is evolution?
Genetically based change in the appearance, functioning, and/or behavior of organisms across generations, often by the process of natural selection
Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters?
Grasses ( Grasses, like oysters, have a relatively high mortality rate early in their life span, after which the mortality rate decreases.)
Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food
In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift
Has more effect on the evolution of a small population
The sixth mass extinction event is likely being caused by _______.
Human-induced events
In England, dogs with large, floppy ears called hounds came into existence. These dogs were favored for hunting because of their excellent sense of smell. Which statement most accurately represents the process that produced such dog breeds from the wild-type (feral) dog?
Humans noticed dogs with large, floppy ears and a great sense of smell and wanted more like them. They then bred them with similar dogs over many generations.
We know members of a species, within individual populations, are different from one another. What is recombination and how does it help to create these differences? (How evolution works video)
In organisms with sexual reproduction, the offspring have combinations of traits that differ from those in either parent (you share, at most 50% of your genes with your father or mother). This occurs because an egg or sperm carries only half the genetic material (as compared to other cells in the body) and the full complement of DNA is achieved only when an egg and sperm fuse to create an embryo. This is one way new variation is added to a population.
Which of the following would NOT cause population size to decrease?
Increased birth rate
Which of the following events could NOT be caused by a population bottleneck?
Increased population size
Carbon dioxide can be reduced by ___.
Increasing the rate at which we absorb it
One way to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is by
Increasing the use of public transportation
Which of the following is NOT a way that two populations of the same species can be geographically isolated?
Individuals in one population mate during a different month than individuals in another population.
How does selection effect changes in a population of organisms over time? (you may use finch example to illustrate if youd like) (How evolution works video)
Individuals with the right mix of traits for that environment will produce more offspring and those beneficial traits should increase over time. Individuals not well adapted (not the best traits) will not have as many offspring and those traits should decrease in the population over time. As environment change, the variation in members of a population helps keep that population flexible-the population can respond to the changes.
If two female members of the same African cichlid species are competing for the same male to mate with, this is considered __.
Intraspecific competition
A keystone species __. An example of this is the sea otter in the kelp forest.
Is one that best represents a particular niche
Which of the following statements about the amoeba population described at the end of the tutorial is true?
It is more vulnerable to extinction due to lack of genetic variation
Charles Darwin noticed that fancy pigeon breeders were able to breed for a variety of favorable characteristics. Humans can use the theory of natural selection for artificial selection to breed
Japanese Koi, Dogs, Tomatoes
The IUCN says that "six out of eight of the world's bear species are threatened with extinction". Zoo Atlanta keeps two of these species of bears - the sun bear and the giant panda. The only bears that are not considered to be threatened are brown bears and American black bears. Bears are considered to be ___.
K-selected species
Examples of Pseudo-symbiosis between species
Kampango catfish and bumblebee cichlid
What are the graphs that scientists make to show patterns of mortality and survivorship in different species?
Survivorship Curves
Examples Parasitism between species (from packet)
Leishmaniasis; Fish and sea Lamprey
Consider the effects of several drier-than-average years on the western toad population. If the average depth of pools available for toad spawning declines, what other effects might be associated with the drier climate?
Lower than average embryo survival rates.The research suggests that fewer embryos will survive if ponds on average are shallower.
A climatograph is a line graph that shows the __ and __ of a biome throughout the year. A major difference between the climatographs of tropical rainforests and the desert are the extreme differences in ____.
Moisture; temperature; precipitation
The only process that can add new genes and therefore new variations to a species is? (homework 1)
Mutation
__ introduce variation to genetic material (DNA).
Mutations
The bird has a thick bill and eats large seeds (or hard seeds).
Natural selection
The individual attracts more females because of its appearance
Natural selection
The individual resembles a twig
Natural selection
A(n) __ is the functional role of a species in a community.
Niche
Which of these is not a premise that supports natural selection?
Organisms adapt by way of disruptive mutations over short periods of time
Logistic growth involves
Population growth slowing down as the population approaches carrying capacity.
In exponential growth
Population size grows faster and faster as the population gets bigger.
___ is when competing species evolve to use slightly different resources or use their shared resources in different ways.
Resource partitioning
Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span?
Robins
There are different factors that affect a population. These are size, density, distribution, sex ratio, age, and birth and death rates. In class, we applied these factors to organisms like fish and trees, but also to human populations. Which of the following age structure pyramids shows the highest rate of growth for a human population such as that found in India?
See graph
Knowing the importance of biodiversity, I bet you can fill in the blanks for the definition. Biodiversity is all the organisms in an area - that includes the number of different ___, and associated ___, ___, and ___.
Species, genes, populations, communities
Which type of selection helps to preserve that status quo, genetically speaking?
Stabilizing Selection
An excellent example of selective or artificial breeding by humans is _______.
The diversity of dog breeds in the world today
If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles,
The frequency of the green allele will increase
An insect species is an agricultural pest. It is small, extremely mobile, and reproduces rapidly. Which of the following statements is true about such a species?
The insect species is r-selected.
Chapter 3's opening case study, "Striking Gold in a Costa Rican Cloud Forest", tells of the golden toad that was first documented in the 1960's. Since then, the golden toad has gone extinct. What led the golden toad towards extinction?
There are actually a variety of hypotheses that may explain the extinction of the golden toad
Two organisms live in the same geographical area, are very similar genetically and can breed with each other successfully. Which of the following statements is correct?
These organisms are member of the same species
A home energy auditor should check for drafts in the home.
True
Competition can restrict the ecological role played by an individual, leaving it to fill just a portion of its fundamental niche. (True or false)
True
In this lab, you had to determine the amount of carbon dioxide that would be sequestered if your house/subdivision or apartment/complex were forested.
True
Which of the following populations would be most vulnerable to extinction?
a small, endemic population ( The smaller the population the more likely that it may become extinct. Small populations, by chance could become extinct because of any given environmental pressure. Endemic populations are also at risk because there are no other environments to which they can migrate successfully.)
Density-dependent factors _______.
have a greater impact at higher population densities (In this way, density-dependent factors help to slow or stop populations from growing once they reach the carrying capacity)
The sixth mass extinction event is likely being caused by _______.
human-induced events
When looking at the distribution of a population, we might find a uniform distribution when _______.
individuals are competing for an evenly distributed resource such as space (Competition for space often results in each member of the population taking up as much space as possible until they bump up against their neighbor who is doing the same thing. This gives a uniform distribution.)
