Environmental Science final exam part 2
The warm, dry, high pressure regions that produce deserts are found at this latitude, worldwide
30° north and south
David Pimentel of Cornell University estimates that at least ________ barrels of oil are used to produce 1 ha of corn in the United States
5
Ecological tests are generally deemed significant if there is less than a ____% probability that the results were achieved by random chance
5%
the average caloric intake of humans increase by________ 1970 to 2018
500 calories
Regarding the world population, the growth rate is at 1.08% per year, which means the world population will double in _______ years
65
Regarding ice cores, what does the isotope 18^O tell us about ancient climates
Abundant amounts indicate relatively warm climates
In the opening case study of the chapter, and mentioned that most of the soy beans produced in Brazil are used in China to
Act as a source of livestock feed for pigs chickens and fish
And tropical moist forests , Why are the soil is considered nutrient poor
Almost 90% of the nutrients are tied up in living organisms
This group of people in North America have fertility rates as high as 12 children per woman on average
Anabaptist religious groups
what is China's overall fertility rate, per woman
1.6
How long will the 1970 to clean water act, what other federal legislation offer protection for wetlands in the United States
1985 Farm Bill
According to the opening case study how many eggs can a single female Asian carp produce in one year
2 million
Following the geometric growth formula, on page 118, where in a population of cockroaches, r+10 and the initial population at time step 1 (t1_ is N=2, what would the population of roaches be at time step 5 (t5)
200,000
Severe erosion of soil can carry away more than ________ soil per year
25 mm
at what population density do deer begin to drive out other species such as birds and small mammals
25 per square mile
The green belt movement, and network of over 600 local women's groups in Kenya has resulted in the planting of ________ since 1976
30 million
Of the world 6000 cultures, how many are considered indigenous
3000
Due to erosion, the amount of arable land worldwide has shrunk from .38 in 1970 to _______ hectares in 2010
0.21
There are estimated 400,000 bison on ranches and farms in North America. This is probably what percentage of their original population
1
What is the current population of grizzly bears,Ursus arctos horribilis, in the US
1,200 bears
What percentage of falling sunlight is actually captured by plants during photosynthesis
1-2%
In regards to human population growth, we are adding how many people to the planet every year
80 million
A survey found that _____% of the reef is affected by coral bleaching
90
The United Nations estimates that how many people in the world are chronically undernourished
925 million people
Who was the superintendent of the Bermuda petrel restoration project that began in 1950
David Wingate
This geneticist determined that the supposedly random patterns and corn were actually due to recombination of genes, which revolutionize genetic theory
Barbara McClintock
Nitrogen fixing bacteria are commonly found within this group of plants
Bean plants, or legumes
The tall grass prairie's of the United States are dominated by this plant, which can reach more than 2 m in height
Bif Bluesteem
The current system of scientific nomenclature was developed in 1734 by this naturalist
Carolus Linnaeus
How has genetic bottlenecking affected wild cheetah populations
Cheetahs suffer from low fertility rates and low offspring survival
The Australian great barrier reef is being destroyed by numerous environmental effects, but this invasive species is responsible for destroying large areas of tropical coral reef
Crown of thorns starfish
This modern environmentalist was an executive Director of the sierra club and Earth island institute. He introduced the use of litigation, intervention and regulatory hearings, in mass media for publicity campaigns
David Brower
According to the 18th century mathematician, Thomas Malthus human population stop growing when
Disease and starvation set in
Which of the soil horizons tends to be the loose and light colored due to its washed out in nature
E- horizon
Based on the three survivorship curves presented in the textbook when is mortality at its highest in curve
Early in life, during the time when they are young, and dependent
Which of the following is a characteristic of a specialist species
Endemic to a particular area, and feed almost exclusively on one type of food
What environmental conditions lead to swarms of the desert locust, Schistocera gregarius
Every few decades, rain comes to the desert leading to swarms
Regarding the hydrologic cycle, 90% of the water that evaporates from the surface of the ocean...
Falls back into the ocean as rain
Wetlands occupy less than 5% of all land in the United States, but provide this four billion dollar to five billion dollar ecological service
Flood water storage
After reading the what do you think section on page 146, which of the following is a drug problem resulting from the one child policy enacted in China
For grandparents, and two parents, dote on one grandchild, referred to as a little emperor
Which of the following is the single critical factor which determines the distribution of the saguaro cactus
Freezing temperatures
Which of the following quality of life indicators is higher in less developed countries
GDP/Person
The concept of lifeboat ethics was introduced by the author
Garret Hardin
"The greatest goof, for the greatest number for the longest time." is a quote from the famous utilitarian conservationist
Gifford Pinchot
Which of the following explains why the number of bird species in Greenland is low compared to Columbia
Greenland is far colder, so major adaptations are related to surviving freezing temperatures
How did ecologist like Henry Chandler Cowles contribute to our understanding of how communities change over time
He developed the idea that communities develop in a sequence of stages called succession
A 3-km thick toxic haze of ash, acids, aerosols, dust and photochemical hangs over the subcontinent of _____ for much of the year
India
Farmers can promote cover and reduce erosion by practicing no till planting. However, there is a disadvantage to leaving cover and crop residue behind. What is it
It leads to heavy use of insecticide, fungicide, and herbicides
The predator prey interactions, especially those demonstrated by the Canada links and the snowshoe hare, produce oscillations on a 10 year cycle. These oscillations are also known mathematically as the __________ model
Lotka-Volterra
Do you species of big cat was recently identified as a new species after analysis of blood, skin, and for samples taken from Museum and zoo specimens
Panthera tigris jacksonii
The basic principle of science is simply stated as "the simplest explanation is preferable" it is also known as Ockham's razor
Parsimony
The first wildlife refuge was established in North America in 1903, to protect egrets and other shorebirds from poaching due to their valuable feathers, this national refuge is called
Pelican Island
The French governor of the island of Mauritius declared that one quarter of the island was to be preserved in forests in 1796
Pierre Poivre
When you apply a carrying capacity to a population of wolves, for example it produces a growth curve with the following shape
S-shaped
In food web of the African Serengeti what is the trophic level of the mongoose
Secondary consumer
In addition to polio, which of the following diseases have been completely eradicated, thanks to improved sanitation and medical care
Smallpox
In 1978 the construction of the Tellico dam in Tennessee was halted to protect the habitat of this organism
Snail Darter
The highest population growth hotspots occur in which region of the world
Sub-Saharan Africa
24,000 ha of land near the matador ranch in Montana was purchased by the American prairie foundation. They have asked ranchers on this land to all of the following except
Tear down their farms and homesteads to open up the Prairie for grazing
Based on figure 5.4 in the textbook, what major world biome is dominant in Southeast Georgia
Temperate coniferous forest
Jack rabbits, kangaroo rats, and mule deer are characteristics of this temperate biome, found within California
Temperate shrubland
Following the demographic transition in the United States birth rates and family sizes remained low after 1930, but peaked at this point in US history
The 1950s, after World War II
Which of the following statements illustrates the principle known as the conservation of matter
The molecules that make up your body may contain atoms that once were part of the body of a dinosaur
which of the following characteristics would be most likely found in a K selected species
The organism sits at a high traffic level it is a top predator in it's community
Moose have declined the only 2760 individuals in the boreal forest across the northern US states. Why has this happened
The spread of a brain parasite carried by deer, which is moving north
Environmental Science could best be defined as
The systematic study of the environment and our proper role in it
Which of these high latitude biomes has a growing season of only a few weeks with in July and August
The tundra
How do Brazilian farmers modify the soil, to make it suitable for agriculture
They apply lime to the soil to improve the soil's ability to retain nutrients
Which of the following is the primary reason that less than 1% of dry tropical forest remain along the Pacific coast of Central America and Atlantic coast of South America
They are easier to clear with fire during the dry season, and are ideal for human habitation and agriculture
What is the role of the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad of Costa Rica in regards to biodiversity
They work with trained native peoples to identify and locate plants of medicinal value
Every year, 100 million sharks and rays are killed, and shark populations have declined by 70 to 80% for the following reason
To supply the high demand for Asian shark fin soup
Which of the properties of water specifically relates to our ability to shut the heat from our skin (sweat)
Water has a high heat of vaporization
In the 1930s, Aldo Leopold and his family participated in replanting as many as 6000 trees each spring, on the bank of a river and his date
Wisconsis
Grassland tends to remain grassland, through cycles that maintain stability. This principle of systems to remain "unchanging" is known as
homeostasis
In this example of negative feedback, a warming atmosphere can evaporate more water, producing clouds. The clouds...
block solar heat, reducing evaporation
In each type of study there's always one ______ variable, also known as the response variable
dependent
This type of manipulative experiment often employed a placebo terminate bias between both doctors and patients and medical studies
double-blind
Trees like Douglas firs, and the Pacific Northwest, experience increased blow down, decreased humidity and absence of shade requiring ground cover when surrounded by clear-cut. These conditions at the boundary of their habitat referred to as
edge effects
Everything in the universe tends to fall apart, slow down, or get more disorganized, because of this property of natural systems
entropy
which zone of the ocean would you expect to find phytoplankton
epipelagic
The major American cities of the East Coast of the United States, such as New York and Boston, I have historically been supplied food in the form of oysters and clams by this coastal zone
estuary
The geographic isolation of ______ produce 13 different species in the Galapagos islands, which were thought to have descended from one common ancestor
finches
Based on figure 4.12, what is the closest living relative to the animal kingdom
fungi
Based on the IUCN red list data from table 11.1 what taxonomic group appears to list the highest percentage of endangered species
gymnosperms
until the middle ages, wild populations were held in check by the following factors, except
predation
Which of the following is not one of the dirty dozen persistent organic pollutants which was globally band in 2001
methyl bromide
The symbiotic relationship between the fungus in single celled algae could best be described as
mutualism
Organophosphates were developed as an outgrowth of this type of research, during World War II
nerve gas
In this example of predator mediated competition, the common mussel population exploded, when this animal was removed from the ecosystem
ochre starfish
Pioneering work in the 1960s by the force ecologist ML Heinselman so that any given area experiences a low intensity ground fire
one per decade
Which of the following major world ecosystems has a biomass accumulation which is similar to that of a desert
open ocean
It was estimated that anywhere between 3 to 5,000,000,000 of these birds and have it in North America 200 years ago. Today they are extinct due to overharvesting
passenger pigeons
Subunits known as amino acids make up this organic compound
protein
In California central and imperial valleys the biggest threat to fruit and vegetable growers is
salinization
500 years ago, the Hassayampa river preserve in Phoenix Arizona was thought to be this type of habitat
salt marsh
If you consider your household economy a type of system, then cash flows through the system would be considered
throughput
Those same think tanks and lobbying firms who are currently working to spread confusion about climate change, were previously employed by
tobacco companies
In the opening case study of the chapter, it states that the amount of ____________________ is becoming unpredictable, making the timing and volume of sugar maple sap unpredictable
winter snow
