environmental science mid term part 4.3

In a vector-borne disease, the _____ directly causes the disease. a. host b. vector c. human d. pathogen e. water

d. pathogen

Sources of sulfur dioxide (SO2) air pollution include: (Choose All That Apply) a. point sources. b. nonpoint sources. c. None of these answers are correct. d. coal-burning power plants. e. volcanoes.

????

Reducing air pollution improves our environmental well-being and is a cost saver in the long term, as we rely on many ecosystem services. Which statement CORRECTLY reflects the environmental benefit based on reducing air pollution? a. Reducing acid rain will improve salmon fisheries, as acidified water causes aluminum to build up in water to levels that are toxic to juvenile salmon. b. Mercury emissions create haze; thus, reducing such emissions improves visibility, a significant matter in tourist destinations. c. Since smog eats away at limestone and marble structures and damages steel and concrete, reducing smog provides protection for buildings and monuments, especially those made of marble and limestone. d. Sulfur dioxide bioaccumulates in individuals and biomagnifies up food chains; thus, reducing such emissions protects our meat supply, which otherwise could become too toxic to eat. e. Since lead can damage a leaf's ability to photosynthesize, preventing lead pollution will allow for healthy plant growth and improved crop yields.

a. Reducing acid rain will improve salmon fisheries, as acidified water causes aluminum to build up in water to levels that are toxic to juvenile salmon.

Why are children in low-income families at a higher risk for asthma than those in wealthier families? a. Their homes and schools are often located near major roads or factories. b. They have poor diets. c. Their parents are less likely to be able to afford proper medical care. d. Their schools are poorly ventilated. e. They purchase more products that contribute to indoor air pollution.

a. Their homes and schools are often located near major roads or factories.

Public health epidemiologists study the overall health status of: a. any organism pathogenic to humans. b. all organisms. c. a human individual. d. an ecosystem. e. a human population.

a. any organism pathogenic to humans.

Zoonotic diseases are on the increase due to: (Choose All That Apply) a. bushmeat trade. b. having a pet in your home c. climate change. d. human encroachment into wild areas. e. environmental changes.

a. bushmeat trade. c. climate change. d. human encroachment into wild areas. e. environmental changes.

Which source of outdoor air pollution is anthropogenic? a. controlled burns b. wildfires c. sandstorms d. volcanic eruptions

a. controlled burns

in Guinea worm disease (GWD), which organism is a vector? a. copepods b. contaminated water c. humans d. Guinea worms

a. copepods

Which human activity has NOT increased the prevalence and seriousness of health hazards? a. deforestation b. urbanization c. habitat fragmentation d. employing clean water regulation e. dam building

a. deforestation b. urbanization c. habitat fragmentation

How does climate change affect environmental hazards? a. increases the range of vectors b. decreases air pollution c. decreases extreme weather conditions d. increases clean water supplies e. decreases the range of pathogens

a. increases the range of vectors

What is one way to prevent Guinea worm disease (GWD)? (Choose All That Apply) a. killing copepods with pesticides b. drinking filtered water c. avoiding immersing GWD blisters in water d. There are no ways to prevent GWD; we can only treat it. e. educating the human population about GWD and ways to prevent it

a. killing copepods with pesticides b. drinking filtered water c. avoiding immersing GWD blisters in water e. educating the human population about GWD and ways to prevent it

Look at this breakdown of the environmental connection to some of the most serious human health problems and answer the following question(s). Reference: Ref 4-2 Malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis are all transmitted by a mosquito vector. Which action would be MOST helpful in reducing the incidence of this disease? a. reducing standing water in the area b. providing better sanitation c. purifying drinking water or provide filters d. providing more nutritious food for potential victims

a. reducing standing water in the area

Guinea worm disease is close to total eradication. What is the only other infectious disease to have been eradicated? a. smallpox b. lung cancer c. tuberculosis d. HIV/AIDS e. No other infectious disease has ever been eradicated.

a. smallpox

Which example is an environmental link to vector-borne diseases? a. standing water in tires, vessels, and so on b. flood delivering fecal waste to bodies of water c. rain events that overwhelm sewage treatment plants d. contaminated water used on crops e. fecal contamination of water from animal waste

a. standing water in tires, vessels, and so on

Waterborne and _____ diseases are the main infectious disease threats to human health. a. vector-borne b. biological hazard c. airborne d. physical hazard e. chemical hazard

a. vector-borne

Which statement about VOCs is FALSE? a. VOCs are released by bogs. b. VOCs readily evaporate and dissolve in water. c. "VOC" stands for volatile organic compound. d. The main outdoor source of VOCs is fossil fuel combustion.

b. VOCs readily evaporate and dissolve in water.

Paints can release _____ while drying, and one way to prevent these pollutants from accumulating indoors is by _____. a. chlorine; using a HEPA filter b. VOCs; providing good ventilation c. toxic chemicals; removing your shoes while painting d. particulates; using low VOC paints e. radon; limiting the use of carpets

b. VOCs; providing good ventilation

The leading environmental threat overall is: a. climate change. b. air pollution. c. infectious agents. d. water pollution. e. radiation.

b. air pollution.

Particulate pollution does NOT include: a. dust. b. carbon dioxide. c. soot. d. small, suspended droplets (aerosols). e. pollen.

b. carbon dioxide.

Power plants are often built in neighborhoods where residents have less ability to fight for their rights. This is a violation of: a. deposition principles. b. environmental justice. c. EPA protocol. d. environmental regulations. e. transboundary jurisdiction.

b. environmental justice.

Air pollution can cause which condition? (Choose All That Apply) a. filtered seawater b. water pollution c. asthma d. ground-level ozone e. tissue damage in plants

b. water pollution c. asthma d. ground-level ozone e. tissue damage in plants

According to the World Health Organization, how many people fall victim to waterborne diseases each year? a. 100,000,000 b. 1,000,000 c. 1,000,000,000 d. 10,000 e. 100,000

c. 1,000,000,000

Infectious diseases are a type of _____ hazard. a. chemical b. Infectious diseases are not hazardous. c. biological d. human-caused e. physical

c. biological

Which factor is NOT a source of indoor air pollution? a. paint b. furniture c. foundation cement d. cleaners e. cigarettes

c. foundation cement

In the northeastern United States, habitat fragmentation has caused an increase in: a. cholera. b. a schistosomiasis-carrying snail. c. incidences of Lyme disease. d. the Zika virus. e. Guinea worm disease.

c. incidences of Lyme disease.

Which example would be part of a technological solution to reducing air pollution? a. pricing a pollution-generating product or service such that costs associated with pollution and resource depletion are accounted for b. providing tax credits for commuters who ride buses that run on compressed natural gas c. installing smokestack scrubbers to keep air pollutants from being released d. allowing polluters to sell their excess pollution credits for a profit e. installing a carbon monoxide detector in your home

c. installing smokestack scrubbers to keep air pollutants from being released

Reducing indoor air pollution does NOT involve: a. All of these answers reduce indoor air pollution. b. removing carpeting in the home. c. sealing the home to prevent air leaks. d. providing adequate ventilation for a home. e. properly storing household chemicals.

c. sealing the home to prevent air leaks.

Even the most isolated regions on Earth are vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because atmospheric and hydrologic circulation moves chemical and particulate pollutants around the globe. This is an example of: a. environmental injustice. b. environmental racism. c. transboundary pollution. d. internal costs.

c. transboundary pollution.

Which consequence is a result of acid deposition? a. released aluminum from soils b. reduced nutrient uptake by plants c. None of these answers are correct. d. All of these answers are correct. dying forests e. acidified lakes

d. All of these answers are correct.

What are the variables that a public health epidemiologist should take into account when devising a plan to mitigate a health threat? a. cultural b. environmental c. economic d. economic, environmental, and cultural e. both economic and environmental

d. economic, environmental, and cultural

Particulate matter is a common cause of respiratory disease because it: a. can enter the circulatory system and physically block blood flow. b. physically blocks the lungs from properly processing oxygen. c. causes red blood cells to not take up oxygen as efficiently. d. irritates the lining of the respiratory system and causes inflammation. e. alters lung cell DNA and causes cancer.

d. irritates the lining of the respiratory system and causes inflammation.

U.S. law authorizes _____ to set standards for dangerous air pollutants. states a. the Department of Environmental Protection b. the Food and Drug Administration c. the World Health Organization d. the Environmental Protection Agency

d. the Environmental Protection Agency

_____ is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases in the United States and other developed nations and a major cause of childhood disability. a. Heart disease b. Arthritis c. Lung cancer d. Skin cancer e. Asthma

e. Asthma

Which example does NOT illustrate a zoonotic disease? a. chikungunya b. rabies c. Ebola d. Zika e. Guinea worm disease

e. Guinea worm disease

Which statement is NOT true of Guinea worm disease? a. The infection starts when a person ingests contaminated water containing copepods infected with Guinea worm larvae. b. The males die, but the females continue to grow in the victim's tissue. c. The disease is not fatal but can be debilitating d. There are no medications or vaccines for the disease. e. The larvae mature into adult male and female worms in the heart tissue.

e. The larvae mature into adult male and female worms in the heart tissue.

A zoonotic disease is one that: a. is an emerging infectious disease. b. is caused by environmental changes that are usually caused by humans. c. occurs in zoos and other artificial environments. d. can spread between one infected animal to another, but cannot be spread to humans. e. can spread between infected animals and humans.

e. can spread between infected animals and humans.

Improving air quality using command and control methods means: a. following regulations that set upper limits for pollution release based on which producers are issued permits that allow them to release a portion of that amount; if they release less, they can sell their remaining allotment to others who did not reduce their emissions enough. b. paying a tax to the government on environmentally undesirable activities or enjoying a reduction in the tax in exchange for some desirable action. c. building tall smokestacks to send emissions high into the atmosphere so that they disperse and do not pool at the site of production. d. using free government money or resources intended to promote desired activities. e. following regulations that set an upper allowable limit of pollution release, which is enforced with fines and/or incarceration.

e. following regulations that set an upper allowable limit of pollution release, which is enforced with fines and/or incarceration.

According to Kirk Smith, a professor of environmental health at the University of California, Berkeley, indoor fires increase risks of pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, and low birth weight in babies born of women exposed during pregnancy. What simple solution is being widely promoted to reduce this risk of death? a. adding more windows to houses as a source of ventilation b. providing asthma inhalers to children under the age of 12 years c. passing a green tax to make homeowners pay for their pollution d. switching from wood to burning crop waste as a fuel source e. preparing meals using solar cookers

e. preparing meals using solar cookers

Which prevention method(s) would be most effective in the eradication of Guinea worm disease? a. ceasing all war b. reducing air pollution c. planting runoff gardens near bodies of water d. using solar stoves for cooking e. providing access to clean water

e. providing access to clean water

Who must support the prevention of environmentally mediated health problems for the efforts to be successful? a. more developed countries b. the at-risk communities themselves c. international communities d. The efforts need no support. e. the at-risk communities themselves, international communities, and more developed countries

e. the at-risk communities themselves, international communities, and more developed countries

The World Health Organization estimates that more than _____ people die prematurely each year as a result of exposure to air pollution. 1 million 500,000 5.5 million 4 million 8 million

not 8 million

Which statement is TRUE of global environmental health? a. Infectious and parasitic diseases account for 80% of deaths due to environmental factors worldwide each year. b. Zoonotic diseases cause the most deaths globally. c. The main environmentally mediated infectious diseases are diarrheal diseases, lung infections, and mosquito-transmitted diseases. d. No environmental hazards are modifiable. e. Environmental factors contribute to 77% of deaths annually.

not a.....

_____ is any material added to the atmosphere that harms organisms, affects the climate, or impacts structures. a. An environmental insult b. Acid deposition c. Airborne respiration d. Air pollution e. Asthma

not b. Acid deposition

Look at this breakdown of the environmental connection to some of the most serious human health problems and answer the following question(s). Reference: Ref 4-2 Which logical inference (conclusion) is based on these data, and what you know about environmental health problems? a. All schistosomiasis and intestinal nematode infections are linked to environmental factors. b. Pursuing environmental modifications for malaria would be unlikely to lower its incidence. c. Improving access to proper sanitation could decrease the incidence of diarrheal diseases. d. Most lung infections are caused by environmental factors like air pollution.

not d.......

What did the Clean Power Plan, approved in 2016, establish rules for? a. using clean coal technology b. removing sulfur dioxide from point source emissions c. providing green taxes for polluters d.regulating carbon dioxide e. regulating carbon monoxide

not e. regulating carbon monoxide

Which prevention action is likely to have the GREATEST effect on reducing the death rate in less developed countries? a. diet b. clean water c. regular medical checkups d. exercise e. strict industrial pollution regulations

not e. strict industrial pollution regulations