ENVS Chapter 22, Apes Chapter 22, Chapter 22 Test
In less-developed countries, poverty is a way of life for how many people at the present time?
1 billion
By promoting mass transit, biking, and walking, the city of Portland has saved its residents how much in transportation costs?
$1 billion
Urban rooftop greenhouses use as little as _____ of the water and _____ of the area occupied by conventional farms to produce similar yields.
10%; 5%
Sound can kill when it is at ____.
180 dbA
If current trends continue, U.S. motorists will spend an average of ____ of their lives in traffic jams.
2 years
Urban populations occupy about ____ of the planet's land area, but consume about ____ of the earth's resources.
2%; 75%
In Mexico City, the percentage of days each year in which air pollution standards are violated has fallen from 50% to ____.
20%
The United States has about 4.4% of the world's people. What percentage of the world's motor vehicles does the United States have?
25%
What percentage of Americans say they would bike to work or school if safe bike lanes and secure bike storage were available?
25%
In 2012, there were ____ megacities, cities with more than 10 million inhabitants.
26
Between 1990 and 2012, Portland reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by ____.
26%
What percentage of Portland is devoted to urban forests?
26%
Breathing the air of Mexico City is like smoking ____ pack(s) of cigarettes each day.
3
Urban populations occupy about ____ of the planet's land area, but consume about ____ of the earth's resources.
3%; 75%
Motor vehicles are the world's largest source of out- door air pollution, which causes __________ premature deaths per year in the United States.
30,000 to 60,000
In the Netherlands, bicycles account for ____ of urban trips.
33%
What percentage of the world's population lives in urban areas at the present time?
50
What percentage of the world's population lives in urban areas at the present time?
50%
Between 1970 and 2010, the proportion of Mumbai residents living in slums and shantytowns grew from 17% to ____.
62%
What percentage of the residents of dispersed urban areas in the United States drive alone to work every day?
76%
What percentage of U.S. citizens live in urban areas at the present time?
79
Permanent damage to the ears begins after prolonged exposure to ____ decibels.
85
Mexico City is working to build state-of-the-art waste processing centers that, within a few years, will process as much as ____ of the city's solid waste through recycling and composting, while burning some of it for energy.
85%
In 2012, there were __________ hypercities, cities with more than 10 million inhabitants.
9
Cheap and available land around cities results in a. dispersed cities. b. compact cities. c. more walking. d. fewer buildings.
A
Currently, most land-use planning practices encourage a. economic development. b. environmental protections. c. unoccupied lands. d. limiting population growth.
A
In the United States, many environmental problems have a. improved. b. disappeared. c. remained the same. d. deteriorated.
A
Pollution from cities rarely affects surrounding regions. a. False b. True
A
Urban areas can grow in all of the following ways except a. emigration. b. immigration. c. birth rates exceeding death rates. d. natural increase.
A
Which of the following statements is false?
A bicycle is slightly less expensive to buy and operate than a car.
The Gimme Question for This Exam Urban sprawl typically occurs _____ a city or town. a. far away from b. along the edges of c. in the center of d. near the government offices of
Answer B
Areas dominated by tenements and rooming houses where several people might live in a single room are known as a. squatter settlements. b. slums. c. suburbs. d. shantytowns.
B
In most developing countries, cars tend to benefit a. everyone. b. the affluent minority. c. slum dwellers. d. blue collar workers.
B
Most cities have huge ecological footprints as shown by their a. low food consumption. b. high waste output. c. low water resource use. d. minimal use of materials.
B
Smart growth promotes all of the following ideas except a. protecting environmentally sensitive areas.? b. increasing dependence on cars. c. cutting resource waste. d. limiting urban sprawl.
B
Urban sprawl typically occurs ________ a city or town. a. in the center of b. along the edges of c. near the government offices of d. far away from
B
When it comes to weather, cities are generally ________ than surrounding areas. a. cooler b. warmer c. drier d. clearer
B
A cluster development provides which of the following? a. rows of similar houses b. numerous roads c. concentrations of high-density housing units d. standard-size lots
C
Bicycles offer all of the following advantages for transportation except that when compared to cars they a. are more maneuverable in heavy traffic. b. are more quiet. c. are more expensive. d. produce less pollution.
C
Rapid-rail transit systems are most effective for a. daily commutes. b. running errands. c. traveling among cities. d. touring cities.
C
The ultimate goal of any green movement is to a. lower unemployment. b. provide more affordable housing. c. decrease the human ecological footprint. d. make more food available to the poor.
C
________ is measured as the percentage of the people in a country or in the world living in urban areas. a. Population growth b. Overpopulation c. Urbanization d. Immigration
C
Which country has taken the strongest stand against urban sprawl?
China
The largest source of outdoor air pollution is a. power plants. b. factories. c. industries. d. automobiles.
D
Urban growth tends to occur more slowly in ________ countries. a. drought-plagued b. poor c. developing d. developed
D
Urban populations are generally a. decreasing rapidly. b. stable. c. decreasing slightly. d. increasing.
D
Which of the following factors is an environmental advantage to urbanization? a. a decrease in air pollution b. a decrease in recycling potential c. a smaller ecological footprint d. a reduction of stress on surrounding wildlife habitats
D
Which has been a major factor promoting urban sprawl in the United States?
Federal and state funding of highways
"Fecal snow" has been observed in ____.
Mexico City
Which of the following is not a characteristic of an ecocity?
Most food comes from long distances via ecofriendly vehicles.
Which state has made the best use of urban growth boundaries?
Tennessee
Which of the following is an effect of urbanization?
The concentration of people helps to preserve biodiversity.
What is a trend in urban population dynamics?
The proportion of the global population in urban areas is increasing.
Which of the following statements is false?
The shift in poverty is moving rapidly from the city to the country.
Which statement about higher gasoline taxes is true?
They are difficult to implement due to lack of fast, efficient, reliable, and affordable mass-transit options, bike lanes, and sidewalks.
Which of the following is a characteristic of exurbs?
They lack an socioeconomic center
The most populous city in the world is ____.
Tokyo
The most populous city in the world is ____.
Tokyo-Yokohama
What is true of water and water supplies associated with urban areas?
Urban development has destroyed or degraded wetlands.
Which of the following statements is true?
Urbanization varies throughout the world but is increasing everywhere.
Which of the following is experienced by residents of Mexico City?
Widespread salmonella and hepatitis infections
Vauban, a suburb or Freiburg, Germany, seeks to be virtually free of cars by doing all of the following, except
banning all cars in the suburb
One effect of zoning in cities is that it can ____.
be influenced by developers
What is most likely to draw people to urban areas?
better health care
In the United States since 1920, many situations have changed because of the move to urban areas. What is one of these changes?
better working conditions
Which of the following tools is not used by Portland, Oregon, to control sprawl?
boundaries beyond which growth can not occur
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of zoning in cities?
can be used to provide low-cost housing
What is the pattern of development in which houses, town houses, condominiums, and two- to six-story apartments are built on parts of the tract and the rest, typically 30-50% of the area, is left as open space for wildlife preserves, parks, and walking and biking paths?
cluster development
A megacity or megalopolis is a city with 25 million or more people.
false
An ecocity is an effort to design a city around the car so that the harmful effects of their use can be minimized.
false
Between 1800 and 2008, the percentage of the U.S. population living in urban areas increased from 30% to 50%.
false
One approach to preserving open space, used in cities such as Toronto and Vancouver, is to surround a city with a(n) ____.
greenbelt
What is the effect of Mexico City's warm, sunny climate on its pollution problems?
increased smog
Hypercities and megacities are merging into vast urban ____.
megaregions
Which one of the following is not one of the phases of urbanization as experienced in the United States?
migration by economic status from West to East
What is the first phase of urbanization, as experienced in the United States?
migration from rural areas to large central cities
What proportion of urban Americans live in the suburbs?
one-half
What proportion of urban Americans live in the inner city?
one-third
In sustainable community development, the "triple bottom line" refers to ____.
people, the planet, and profits
Most local government services (schools, roads, police and fire protection, welfare, and so on) depend on ____.
property taxes
Ninety percent of the funds used to support local government services (schools, roads, police and fire protection, welfare, and so on) come from
property taxes
Curitiba, Brazil's biggest challenge today, in terms of urbanization, is ____.
rapid population growth
Disadvantages of rapid rail include all of the following except
reduces need for air travel
Which of the following is not an environmental benefit of urbanization?
reduction of climate-changing carbon dioxide
the U.S. population is
shifting to the south and west
barrios
slums in Mexico
The U.S. population is shifting to the ____.
south and west
All of the following are considered hidden costs of automobiles, except
the sticker price at the automobile dealer's location
Curitiba, Brazil has seen its per capita GDP jump from 10% above average in 1980 to 65% above average in 1996, in part because of the ecocity concept.
true
Even with projected droughts and heat waves, the states that are expected to grow the fastest are Nevada, Arizona, and Florida.
true
New urbanism is a concept of developing mixed-use neighborhoods within cities.
true
Parts of the urban population in parts of the dry states of the western United States may have to leave because of the effects of global climate change.
true
Seventy-two percent of the population of Curitiba, Brazil, are transported by the city bus system on a daily basis.
true
Some large cities surround themselves with a greenbelt, an open area reserved for recreation, sustainable forestry, or other nondestructive uses.
true
Using smart growth techniques, the city of Portland, Oregon, which has increased in population by about 50% since 1975, has kept the urban area growth to an increase of only 2%.
true
By 2050, what proportion of the world's population is expected to live in urban areas?
two-thirds
What proportion of the world's CO2 emissions come from motor vehicles and industrial facilities in urban areas?
two-thirds
Although Portland's population increased by 38% between 1980 and 2011, its urban area expanded by only 2%. This illustrates the use of ____.
urban growth boundaries
Cities generate large amounts of heat because of factories, cars, lights, air conditioning, and dark roofs. This creates a phenomenon called
urban heat island
Cities generate large amounts of heat because of factories, cars, lights, air conditioning, and dark roofs. This creates a phenomenon called ____.
urban heat island