ENVS Chapter 6

The process where fertile land is converted to desert is called ________.

desertification

The data collected to date strongly supports the idea that marine preserves _________ fish populations in the surrounding oceans.

increase or replenish

Barren land created by the overgrazing of grasslands will reflect ________ of the sun's heat, causing even more desertification.

more

Fire ecologists favor small _______ ,burns to manage increasing fire risks.

prescribed

How many people in the world today depend on wood as their main source of heating and cooking fuel? *None *2 billion *200,000 *2 million

*2 Billion

Five countries—Russia, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea— account for approximately ______ of the world's old-growth forests. *90% *50% *75%

*75%

Old-growth forests are defined as having ______. *an intact canopy in a large area that includes trees of at least 10 meters in height. *trees more than 200 years old *been undisturbed by humans long enough for trees to live out their natural life cycle.

*Been undisturbed by humans long enough for trees to live out their natural life cycle.

How are protected areas categorized by the World Conservation Union? *By allowed human impact *By type of wildlife *By size *By climate

*By allowed human impact

The most widely used method of lumber harvest in North America is _______. *shelterwood harvest *strip-cutting *selective cutting *clear-cutting

*Clear-cutting

Select all that apply What are the primary reasons that Brazil lost 28,000 km2 of tropical forest by the early 21st century? (Choose the two answers that apply.) *Harvesting wood for the paper industry *Harvesting wood to make charcoal *Destruction from forest fires *Clearing for cattle ranches

*Destruction from forest fires *Clearing for cattle ranches

How do rainfall patterns change due to deforestation? *Rainfall becomes more abundant. *Rainfall patterns do not change due to deforestation. *Droughts become more frequent.

*Droughts become more frequent

Monoculture forestry has large plantations of one type of tree that are easy to harvest. However, the lack of diversity often makes the forest poor in terms of ______. *ecology *tree density *profit

*Ecology

Which of the following is not an ecosystem management philosophy? *Maintaining biological diversity and essential ecosystem processes *Considering human needs and promoting sustainable development *Managing across whole landscapes *Establishing a strategy that doesn't change

*Establishing a strategy that doesn't change

Which of the following are potential threats to established preserves? (Mark all that apply.) *Excessive grazing *Natural fires *Oil drilling *Forestry exploitation *Hydroelectric dam building

*Excessive grazing *Oil drilling *Forestry exploitation *Hydroelectric dam building

Select all that apply Why is the Smokey Bear policy of immediately suppressing all fires misguided? (Mark all that apply.) *Fire plays an ecological role in forests. *Some forest habitats need fire for regeneration. *People should have a right to build fires whenever they want to. *The buildup of woody debris creates a threat of very big and dangerous fires.

*Fire plays an ecological role in forests. *Some forest habitats need fire for regeneration. *The buildup of woody debris creates a threat of very big and dangerous fires.

Which of the following are potential threats to established preserves? (Mark all that apply.) *Natural fires *Forestry exploitation *Hydroelectric dam building *Excessive grazing *Oil drilling

*Forestry exploitation *Hydroelectric dam building *Excessive grazing *Oil drilling

Desertification is a major threat to ______, especially due to overgrazing. *lakes *grasslands *forests *estuaries

*Grasslands

How are grasslands utilized by humans? (Mark all that apply.) *Grazing domestic animals *Conversion to urban areas *Conversion to cropland *Harvesting of timber

*Grazing domestic animals *Conversion to urban areas *Conversion to cropland

Which of the following geographic locations in the United States is primarily grasslands? *Great Plains *Pacific Northwest *Florida Everglades *Rocky Mountains

*Great Plains

Ranchers may switch to species such as impala or wildebeest because they are ______ than cattle or sheep. *easier to market *hardier *more desirable

*Hardier

What are some of the reasons the REDD program is gaining traction? (Choose the three that apply.) *It works for different interest groups. *It helps to protect biodiversity and other resources. *It's inexpensive. *It operates without criminal activity. *It promotes indigenous knowledge.

*It works for different interest groups. *It helps to protect biodiversity and other resources. *It promotes indigenous knowledge.

What can be done to protect coral reefs? (Mark all that apply.) *Allow sediment and nutrients to wash off land and go to the reefs. *Limit harvesting methods in and around coral reefs. *Create marine reserves around coral reefs.

*Limit harvesting methods in and around coral reefs. *Create marine reserves around coral reefs.

What threatens the U.S. temperate rainforests? Multiple choice question. *Presence of endangered species *Logging *Fires

*Logging

Which of the following is not a product commonly associated with forests? *Timber for homes and furniture *Fuelwood *Minerals *Paper pulp

*Minerals

_____ include(s) large plantations with a single species of tree that undergoes intensive cropping. *Closed-canopy forests *Primary forests *Boreal forests *Monoculture forestry

*Monoculture forestry

How do forests and woodlands (together as a group) rank in terms of world land use? *More land is covered in forests and woodlands than by either range and pasture or cropland. *Only a small percentage of land is covered in forests and woodlands. *The majority of land is covered in forests and woodlands.

*More land is covered in forests and woodlands than by either range and pasture or cropland.

Which region has had a net increase in the amount of forest area from 1992-2015? *Asia *North America *Europe *South America

*North America

____ is the fastest-growing type of forest product. *Timber for houses and furniture *Fuelwood *Paper pulp

*Paper pulp

How can the U.S. national parks be "loved to death"? *Park visitor numbers are so high that environmental damage is done. *Conversion of national parks to development now trumps maintaining them as spaces for habitat protection. *Funding support has collapsed as fewer people spend time in nature.

*Park visitor numbers are so high that environmental damage is done.

The majority of U.S. public rangelands are in ______ condition. *healthy *excellent *standard *poor

*Poor

The primary goal of the ______ program, as evidenced by the acronym, is to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries. *UN *IPCC *REDD

*REDD

Which of the following are methods that ranchers are experimenting with to improve the health of the rangelands? (Choose all that apply.) *Raising wild species that are more efficient and disease-resistant *Using rotational grazing techniques *Restoring fire to the land *Utilizing public lands at very low cost

*Raising wild species that are more efficient and disease-resistant *Using rotational grazing techniques *Restoring fire to the land

hort-duration confinement of livestock to a small penned-in feeding area with subsequent shifting to a new location is called ______. *overgrazing *rotational grazing *desertification *pastoralizing

*Rotational Grazing

The U.S. Northwest forest management plan uses ______ along with local needs and best practices to manage old-growth temperate forests. *popular opinion *science

*Science

Which of the following alternatives to clear-cutting is the least disruptive harvest method? *Strip-cutting *Shelterwood harvesting *Selective cutting

*Selective Cutting

People often destroy forests using ______ techniques that make the land ready for cultivation. *slash and burn *amendment

*Slash and Burn

Over the years 1992-2015, which continent has had the greatest percentage of forest loss? *Europe *South America *North America *Asia

*South America

Select all that apply Which of these are likely to become higher, more frequent, and/or more abundant due to deforestation? *Temperatures *Drought *Rainfall *Wildfires

*Temperatures *Drought *Wildfires

What happened in 2017 to the Pacific Remote Islands National Monument? *The U.S. president opened it to commercial fishing when companies complained it wasn't accessible. *The area was expanded when evidence showed it was already increasing fish populations.

*The U.S. president opened it to commercial fishing when companies complained it wasn't accessible.

Why does logging for a few valuable hardwood trees in a tropical forest easily lead to widespread deforestation in an area? *The loggers build roads that can be used by farmers, miners, hunters, and other loggers. *After the valuable trees are removed, the harvesters burn the rest of the vegetation. *The initial harvesting involves a lot of people, who then also get involved in harvesting. *The removal of the valuable trees causes the remaining vegetation to die.

*The loggers build roads that can be used by farmers, miners, hunters, and other loggers.

What is the current financial situation of the U.S. National Park System as a whole? *The parks receive most of their support from tax dollars and have enough surplus to be up-to-date on maintenance work. *The parks receive equal amounts of support from user fees and tax dollars, and are only slightly in the hole for maintenance work. *The parks earn most of their own money but have a huge maintenance backlog.

*The parks earn most of their own money but have a huge maintenance backlog.

Why is overgrazing such a problem on U.S. public rangelands? (Choose all that apply.) *There is a lack of regulation enforcement. *The risks of overgrazing are too complicated to communicate to the general public. *There are limited funds for improvement. *People are unaware of the problem.

*There is a lack of regulation enforcement. *There are limited funds for improvement.

How do pastoralists utilize grasslands? *They herd animals on it. *They use the land for growing crops. *They use it to grow prairie plant species.

*They herd animals on it.

What is the purpose of a biosphere reserve? *To create safe areas where wildlife can be studied *To set aside land that is untouched by humans *To allow protected areas to exist side-by-side with supporting human activities

*To allow protected areas to exist side-by-side with supporting human activities

What is the purpose of corridors? (Mark all that apply.) *To connect a natural habitat area to smaller habitats that are already protected *To allow populations to expand into new breeding territory *To limit the range of species within a designated park *To effectively create a large reserve from several small ones

*To connect a natural habitat area to smaller habitats that are already protected *To allow populations to expand into new breeding territory *To effectively create a large reserve from several small ones

Which of the following is not an objective of the world conservation strategy? *To ensure that any utilization of wild species and ecosystems is sustainable *To preserve genetic diversity essential for breeding programs to improve cultivated plants and domestic animals *To mandate seasons when no visitors are allowed inside parks to improve ecosystem health *To maintain essential ecological processes and life-support systems on which human survival depends

*To mandate seasons when no visitors are allowed inside parks to improve ecosystem health

What is the difference between a savanna type forest and a closed-canopy forest? *Tree spacing is open in a savanna but very dense in a closed-canopy forest. *Nutrients are poorer in a savanna than in a closed-canopy forest. *Trees grow taller in a savanna than in a closed-canopy forest.

*Tree spacing is open in a savanna but very dense in a closed-canopy forest.

A key part of the REDD program is to have ______ finance forest protection in poor countries. *wealthy countries *polluting companies *monarchies

*Wealthy Coutries

Approximately 1/4 of the world's forests are managed for ______. *recreation *aesthetics *animal habitats *wood production

*Wood production

A forest that has more bright, open, and windy edges as compared to the forest interior is said to be demonstrating _____. *a landscape effect *a core effect *an edge effect *a corridor effect

*an edge effect

The roadless rule ______. *bans all logging in the United States *bans all road building in the United States *bans logging, road building, and development on designated U.S. lands *supports logging, road building, and development on designated U.S. lands

*bans logging, road building, and development on designated U.S. lands

A(n) ______ reserve is divided into zones with different purposes to allow for the protection of natural resources while improving the living standards of local, native people. *biosphere *marine *world *ecotourism

*biosphere

Some ranchers are switching to wild species such as ______ as they seem to be more efficient and hardy than their usual domestic livestock. (Choose all that apply.) *sheep *goats *bison *impala *elk

*bison *impala *elk

Most of the forests that remain are located in ______ and ______ regions. *boreal; temperate *cold boreal; tropical moist *temperate; tropical dry *subtropical; tropical dry

*cold boreal; tropical moist

Large preserves are considered better than small preserves because they have more __________. *fragmented habitat *buffer zones *corridors *core habitat

*core habitat

Ecotourism can ______. (Mark all that apply.) *encourage resource preservation *support sustainability by replacing extractive industries such as logging and mining *increase a country's economic status *put immediate survival needs as a priority over long-term environmental goals

*encourage resource preservation *support sustainability by replacing extractive industries such as logging and mining *increase a country's economic status

The significant loss of tropical forests is disconcerting as they are thought to contain at least ______. *half of the world's oil reserves *half of all plant, animal, and microbial species in the world *two-thirds of the world's fresh surface water

*half of all plant, animal, and microbial species in the world

While public parks may have been around for thousands of years, the idea of setting aside land for recreation and preservation ______. *has only just started *has been occurring for about 50 years *began in America after the Civil War

*has been occurring for about 50 years

Because grazing cattle consume the edible species, many ______ species have built up on rangelands. *desirable *profitable *inedible

*inedible

The main drivers of overgrazing in the United States are limited funds for range improvements and ____________. *erosion *loss of native forage species *lack of enforcement of regulations

*lack of enforcement of regulations

One of the criticisms of U.S. public land grazing policy is that the fees charged to ranchers commonly are ______ what would be paid to lease comparable private land. *less expensive than *the same cost as *more expensive than

*less expensive than

Coral reefs that are in protected, no-take zones are called ____________. *marine preserves *biomass zones *world conservation sites *limited fishing grounds

*marine preserves

Overgrazing of livestock on land leads to ______. (Mark all that apply.) *increases in the carrying capacity of the range *more runoff *damage to vegetation *erosion

*more runoff *damage to vegetation *erosion

Africa has the ______ soil degradation due to overgrazing whereas North and Central America has the ______. (Measurements are in total hectares.) *least; most *most; least

*most; least

The objectives of the world conservation strategy concentrate on ______. *profitability *nature protection and education *science-based entertainment

*nature protection and education

The logging of U.S. temperate rainforests has been especially contentious over the past few decades because ______. *they are the only temperate rainforests on Earth *there is no market for the harvested wood *of the threat to the vast diversity and specific animals that live there

*of the threat to the vast diversity and specific animals that live there

Allowing native/indigenous people to pursue traditional ways of life ______. *often serves to protect nature because they have learned to live in close balance with it *often leads to the destruction of nature because they don't understand how to live sustainably *often leads to conflict with those trying to protect nature

*often serves to protect nature because they have learned to live in close balance with it

Ocean fish stocks are on the decline primarily because of ______. *overharvesting *rising sea temperatures *sediment runoff *the introduction of invasive, non-native fish species

*overharvesting

Allowing controlled fires helps ______. (Mark all that apply.) *reduce buildup of dead understory material *support ecosystem regeneration *open areas up for development

*reduce buildup of dead understory material *support ecosystem regeneration

Coral reefs are the most threatened marine ecosystem due to ______. (Mark all that apply.) *rising sea temperatures *sediment runoff *destructive fishing methods *decreasing sea levels

*rising sea temperatures *sediment runoff *destructive fishing methods

Protecting a single large reserve is beneficial for ______. (Mark all that apply.) *species such as tigers or elephants *keeping an ecosystem intact *providing insurance against the spread of disease in the population *species with a big territory

*species such as tigers or elephants *keeping an ecosystem intact *species with a big territory

Forests are vital because ______. (Mark all that apply.) *they provide habitat for wildlife *they purify air and water *they help to regulate climate *They are among the most heavily disturbed of all biomes. *they control water runoff

*they provide habitat for wildlife *they purify air and water *they help to regulate climate *they control water runoff

U.S. National Parks are primarily funded through ______. *user fees *taxes *private donations

*user fees

Match the biome to how much of it is in protected status worldwide. 1. Tundra 2. Temperate grasslands 3. Tropical/subtropical moist forests 4. Temperate broad-leaf and mixed forests

1. 18.3% 2. 4.1% 3. 23.2% 4. 12.1%

Match the area of the world with the percentage of soil degradation due to overgrazing. 1. Oceania 2. Africa 3. Asia

1. 80% 2. 49& 3. 26%

Most of the world's remaining forests are located in cold____ regions and the _____ forests.

1. Boreal 2. Tropical

Rank the following protected areas according to the amount of allowed human impact, placing the area with the smallest impact at the top. *Ecological Reserves *National Monuments *Scenic Landscapes *National Parks *Wildlife Management

1. Ecological Reserves 2. National Parks 3. National Monuments 4. Wildlife Management 5. Scenic Landscapes

Rank the biomes according to how much (percentage) each is protected, with the most protected on top. *Tropical/subtropical moist forests *Flooded grasslands and savannas *Temperate grasslands and savannas *Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests

1. Flooded grasslands and savannas 2. Tropical/subtropical moist forests 3. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests 4. Temperate grasslands and savannas

Match the country with the correct description of land preservation there. 1. Venezuela 2. Brazil 3. United States 4. Greenland 5. Saudi Arabia

1. It claims 66% of the country is protected, largely for preserves for indigenous people or for sustainable resource harvesting. 2. It has the largest total area of land protected of all countries; more than 2.5 million km2. 3. Only 22% of its land is protected, but land is well managed with hundreds of thousands of employees and billions of dollars in public funding. 4. It has a large reserve area that is mostly ice covered. 5. It has a large reserve area that is mostly desert.

Match the group to their general opinion on how to manage increasing fire risks. 1. Fire ecologists 2. Loggers

1. Prescribed burns 2. Selective logging

Brazil, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, _____ and ______have over 75% of the remaining old growth forests.

1. Russia 2. Canada

Rank the following from greatest percentage of world land coverage to the least, with greatest on the top of the list. Boreal forest Temperate forest Tropical dry forest Tropical moist forest

1. Tropical moist forest 2. Boreal forest 3. Temperate forest 4. Tropical dry forest

Principles of ecosystem management include managing whole landscapes over ecological time, depending on scientifically sound ________ for decision making, and maintaining biological _______ and essential ecosystem processes. (Use just one word per blank.)

1: data, studies, or experiments 2: diversity

The primary goal of the REDD program is revealed in its acronym: Reducing Emissions from _______ and Forest_______ .

Blank 1: Deforestation Blank 2: Degradation

Massive deforestation in the South American country of ________occurred to make land for soybeans and cattle.

Brazil

Deforestation and climate change are linked, as trees are major _______ sinks. When forests are burned or cleared, this element is released as a greenhouse gas.

Carbon

___________, where every tree is harvested regardless of size, is the most common lumber harvest method in North America.

Clear Cutting

Match the lumber harvest method with its description. 1. Clear-cutting 2. Selective cutting 3. Shelterwood harvest 4. Strip-Cutting

Clear-cutting = Every tree in a given area is harvested. Selective cutting = Only a small percentage of trees are taken from each 10- and 20-year rotation. Shelterwood harvest = Mature trees are removed in a series of two or more cuts. Strip-cutting =All trees in a narrow corridor are harvested.

Match the type of forest with its description. Closed-canopy Old-growth Savannas

Closed Canopy = Trees cover most of the ground. Old-growth = Trees have been undisturbed longer than their natural life span. Savannas = Trees occupy less than 20% of the land.

In 1994, the U.S. Northwest forest management plan integrated local needs, scientific study, and best practices in land use in order to consider both human and _________ dimensions while protecting the forests and the wildlife within them.

Economic

Tourism that is ecologically and socially sustainable is called _______

Ecotourism

True or false: The United States has the largest percentage of land in protected status compared to other countries.

False

True or false: The primary role of forests is to provide natural resources for human use.

False

_______ accounts for nearly half of global wood use.

Fuelwood

Much of the U.S. Great Plains and the Canadian Prairie Provinces are categorized as a __________ biome.

Grassland

___________ people should be allowed to stay on preserved land as they often have important knowledge that can be used to help manage and preserve the ecosystem.

Indigenous, Native, or Aboriginal

_________Forest involves scientifically planning the planting, growth, and harvest of trees.

Management

A forest that has not been disturbed by humans for a long enough time period so that trees may live out their natural life cycle is termed ______ . (Hint: The answer is a single, hyphenated word.)

Old-Growth

Over 50% of public rangelands in the U.S. are in poor to very poor condition due to ___________.

Overgrazing

The _________ rule bans logging, road building, and development on designated U.S. lands. Since being introduced, it has been overturned, reinstated, and then overturned again.

Roadless

The tremendous amount of biomass stored in ________forests continues to be at risk, as these areas have decreased significantly in size in the past few decades.

Tropical

True or False: The burning of plants releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which in turn may affect climate change.

True

True or false: Today there is more land protected, such as in parks, preserves, or wildlife management areas, than a century ago.

True