ENVS Final Prep
chapter 7 : The greatest decreases of forest area between 1990 and 2010 occurred in
Africa and South America
Which one of the following statements is true about a Hadley cell?
Air rises at the equator and sinks at 30 degrees latitude
chapter 7 : Which one of the following is not an example of consumptive use?
Fish are caught and sold on the international market
chapter 15 Which of the following countries generates the greatest percentage of its electricity from nuclear power plants?
France
chapter 2 : Which one of the following measures of the economic progress of China would you expect to have increased the most since 1980?
Gross domestic product
chapter 6 : Hardening of urban streams in the name of flood control is an example of which one of the letters of the acronym HIPPO?
H
chapter 6 : The outbreak of Southern Corn Leaf Blight in 1970 in the United States was dealt with by importing corn from _____________ that was resistant to the fungus that causes the disease.
China
chapter 7 : Which of the following areas experienced a net gain of forest area between 2000 and 2010?
China and Europe
In which two of the following countries are the greatest numbers of people living on less than $10 per day?
China and India
chapter 9 : Which one of the following is the major cause of mortality in the least developed countries of the world?
Communicable diseases
chapter 2 : Which one of the following accounts for the smallest percentage of the US federal budget?
Compliance with environmental regulations
Which one of the following is not among the primary reasons that poor people in developing countries have large families?
Contraceptives are readily available
The catalytic converter on automobiles is not intended to do which one of the following?
Convert SO2 to H2S
chapter 2 : Which of the following countries have centrally planned economies?
Cuba and North Korea
chapter 20 Which one of the following rivers that discharge into Lake Erie has repeatedly caught fire in the past because of the large amounts of industrial organic pollutants that were discharged into it?
Cuyahoga
chapter 13 Which one of the following has been shown to most adversely affect the reproduction of birds?
DDE
chapter 20 Which one of the following processes is used at a wastewater treatment plant to remove nitrogen from the wastewater?
Denitireification
chapter 20 The eutrophication of Lake Washington was mitigated by which one of the following methods?
Diverting treated sewage effluents to Puget Sound
Which one of the following is not involved in maintaining population equilibrium?
Drought
chapter 1 : Which one of the following statements is not one of the four basic assumptions of the scientific method?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
chapter 16 Which one of the following regions of the world has the greatest installed PV panel electricity generating capacity?
Europe
chapter 5 : Which one of the following statements about eutrophication is false?
Eutrophication occurs because of the natural tendency for the consumption of organic matter to exceed its production in freshwater lakes
chapter 3 : Consider the following statements: (I) In any energy conversion, some of the usable energy is always lost (II) Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted from one form to another, (III) Systems will go spontaneously in one direction only, toward increasing entropy. Which of these are statements of the second law of thermodynamics?
I and III
chapter 6 : Which one of the following problems is not attributable to habitat destruction?
In Texas, fire ants are estimated to kill 20% of songbird babies before they leave the nest
Which one of the following countries has the lowest median age?
India
In the last 20 years, rainfall has become more acidic in which of the following countries?
India and China
Of the 20 cities with the most serious air pollution problems, the greatest number are found in which of the following countries?
India and China
chapter 10 Which of the following reasons explains why most farmers in the United States do not irrigate their crops via drip irrigation?
Irrigation water is cheap, and initial installation costs are high
chapter 17 Which one of the following is not an example of the consequences of chronic exposure?
Japanese citizens living in Hiroshima and Nagasaki when the atomic bombs were dropped develop cancer 35 years later as a result of the large doses of radiation they received when the bombs exploded.
chapter 4 : Which one of the following statements is true? (K)
K-strategists have low biotic potential and good recruitment most of the time
Which one of the following is an example of primary succession?
Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii
Which one of the following diseases is not transmitted via water contaminated with sewage?
Malaria
chapter 11 Which of the following are two of the negative aspects of no-till agriculture?
May increase the effects of pests that remain in crop residues and requires use of herbicides
Which one of the following mechanisms is expected to cause temperatures during the 21st century to rise more at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere than at high latitudes in the southern hemisphere?
Melting of the ice floating on the Arctic Ocean
The glacial-interglacial cycles that have taken place during the current ice age are believed to be caused by oscillations in the characteristics of Earth's rotation about its rotational axis and in its orbit around the Sun. These cyclic oscillations are called
Milankovitch cycles
Emissions of which one of the following gases as a result of fossil fuel burning leads to the production of ozone in the troposphere?
NO
Ozone concentrations accumulate in air if volatile organic carbon compounds react with which one of the following?
NO
chapter 19 Emissions of which one of the following gases as a result of fossil fuel burning leads to the production of ozone in the troposphere?
NO
chapter 19 Ozone concentrations accumulate in air if volatile organic carbon compounds react with which one of the following?
NO
Which one of the following gases is primarily responsible for the brownish color of photochemical smog?
NO2
The two acids primarily responsible for the high acidity of acid rain are ______________.
Nitric acid and sulfuric acid
Which one of the following gases is believed to have no ozone-depleting potential?
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
chapter 22 Which one of the following is not in part responsible for the high concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in wildlife and humans living in the Arctic?
POPs are very soluble in water
In the United States, emissions of which one of the following air pollutants has declined by 99% since 1970?
Pb (lead)
chapter 3: Which of the following pairs of countries would you visit if you wanted to see taiga?
Russia and Canada
The percentage of acidified lakes in New England, the Adirondacks, and the Northern Appalachian Plateau has declined during the last 20 years because of reductions of emissions of
SO2 and NOX
chapter 1 : Which one of the following is not one of the vital concepts that move societies toward a sustainable future?
Security
chapter 7 : Which of the following is the environmentally preferred form of silviculture?
Shelter-wood cutting and selective cutting
chapter 8 : Which one of the following statements is not true?
Since 1960, the percentage of people living in high-income countries has increased.
chapter 10 Global warming during the 21st century is expected to
Speed up the hydrologic cycle and slow the thermohaline circulation of the ocean
chapter 12 Which of the following countries have the largest areas of arable land?
United States and India
chapter 6 : Which one of the following is not an example of a species that has become invasive?
buffalo
Biologically available nitrogen can be added to aquatic systems
by nitrogen fixation and lost by either anammox or denitrification
In hypothetical country A, everyone dies when they reach the age of 60. In hypothetical country B, which has a better health care system, everyone dies when they reach the age of 80. If the total population of both countries is stable, what percentage of the total population would you expect to be in the age group 32-43 years inclusive? a.25% in country A and 20% in country B b.20% in country A and 25% in country B c.20% in country A and 15% in country B d.15% in country A and 20% in country B
c.20% in country A and 15% in country B
Approximately what percentage of the world's croplands are used to feed domestic animals? a.75% b.20% c.33% d.50%
c.33%
A population is growing exponentially with a doubling time of 20 years. If the size of the population now is 100, what will be the size of the population 40 years from now? Select one: a.100 b.800 c.400 d.200
c.400
Consider the following statements: (I) In any energy conversion, some of the usable energy is always lost (II) Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted from one form to another, (III) Systems will go spontaneously in one direction only, toward increasing entropy. Which of these are statements of the second law of thermodynamics? a.II and III b.I, II, and III c.I and III d.I and II
c.I and III
Global warming during the 21st century is expected to a.Slow the hydrologic cycle and speed up the thermohaline circulation of the ocean b.Slow the hydrologic cycle and the thermohaline circulation of the ocean c.Speed up the hydrologic cycle and slow the thermohaline circulation of the ocean d.Speed up the hydrologic cycle and the thermohaline circulation of the ocean
c.Speed up the hydrologic cycle and slow the thermohaline circulation of the ocean
Commensalism is an example of a.Amensalism b.Predation c.Symbiosis d.Competition
c.Symbiosis
Which one of the following statements is not true about the Grameen Bank? a.Recipients of the loans form credit associations b.It loans small amounts of money to poor people c.The loans have been found to have the greatest social benefits when focused on men d.The payback rate on the loans has exceeded 97%
c.The loans have been found to have the greatest social benefits when focused on men
A mycorrhiza is _______________. a.a detritivore that plays a major role in the decomposition of leaf litter in forests b.a type of soil typically found in hardwood deciduous forests c.a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant d.a species of bacteria that lives in the nodules found on the roots of legumes
c.a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant
Which one of the following contains the most liquid freshwater? Select one: a.wetlands b.rivers c.aquifers d.lakes
c.aquifers
Golden rice is a cultivar of rice that was genetically modified to address problems associated with diets that are deficient in vitamin A. Golden rice is enriched with which one of the following? a.zeaxanthin b.lutein c.beta carotene d.astaxanthin
c.beta carotene
Most national wealth is ___________.
intangible capital
chapter 16 When plants such as switchgrass are grown as a potential source of liquid fuels, the energy in sunlight is converted to potential energy in the biomass of the plant with an efficiency of ____________.
less than 5%
At a depth of 200 meters in the Gulf of Mexico, which one of the following factors is most limiting to the photosynthetic production of organic matter?
light
In a flash steam geothermal power plant, water is vaporized by ____________.
lowering the pressure
Temperatures are projected to rise more at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere by the end of this century because ________________ .
melting the ice on the Arctic Ocean will decrease the albedo of the Arctic Ocean
chapter 2 : Temperatures are projected to rise more at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere by the end of this century because ________________ .
melting the ice on the Arctic Ocean will decrease the albedo of the Arctic Ocean
chapter 11 Which one of the following is the best soil for agriculture?
mollisol
chapter 14 Most electric power plants built in the United States since 2000 use which one of the following sources of energy?
natural gas
chapter 14 Which one of the following sources of energy is not used by electric power plants that generate electricity by boiling water?
natural gas
If Earth rotated in the opposite direction, the Trade Winds in the northern hemisphere would blow from the
northwest
chapter 14 The United States has extensive deposits of ________________ in Colorado, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming that, if exploited, could yield the equivalent of an estimated 800 billion barrels of oil.
oil shale
chapter 7 : Which of the following kinds of property rights is associated with the Tragedy of the Commons?
open access
chapter 13 Which one of the following kinds of pesticides is responsible for most pesticide poisonings of humans?
organophosphates
Which one of the following air pollutants is not a primary pollutant?
ozone
Which one of the following gases is primarily responsible for the fact that the temperature of the stratosphere increases with increasing altitude?
ozone
The single largest component of municipal solid waste in the United States is
paper and paperboard
chapter 5 : Which of the following are autotrophic organisms?
plants and chemosynthetic bacteria
chapter 5 : Terrestrial biomes are groups of ecosystems characterized by similar types of
plants and climate
chapter 10 Which one of the following is not an example of blue water?
rainwater taken up by plants
chapter 7 : Climate moderation is an example of which one of the following kinds of ecosystem services?
regulating
chapter 3: Ecologist Eckhard wants to stop the algal blooms in City Park Lake by reducing the inputs of essential nutrients to the lake from stormwater runoff. Which one of the following strategies would have the least effect on the algal blooms?
remove all the carbon dioxide from the stormwater runoff
chapter 8 : The Neolithic Revolution began in
the Middle East about 12,000 years ago
Taxol, which is used to treat lung, ovarian, and breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and advanced forms of Kaposi's sarcoma, was originally isolated from _____________________ .
the bark of the Pacific yew tree
chapter 4 : If the relationship between species A and B is competitive, __________ .
the relationship has a negative effect on both A and B
chapter 18 Which one of the following gases accounts for the greatest percentage of the greenhouse effect globally?
water vapor
The roots of plants accelerate the weathering (chemical breakdown) of rocks by releasing _________ .
weak acids
chapter 5 : The ecological efficiency in a food chain is 15%. A pollutant (X) is transferred from one trophic level to the next with an efficiency of 45%. The concentration of X on trophic level 3 is 18 ppm. What is the concentration of X on trophic level 1?
2
chapter 9 : Globally, approximately what percentage of pregnancies are ended by abortions?
20%
chapter 20 In the United States, federal law requires that secondary wastewater treatment plants remove at least ________ percent of the BOD and suspended solids from the raw wastewater.
85%
What percentages of sand, silt, and clay in soil with a texture indicated by the red square in the figure below?
**between clay and clay loam **30% sand, 30% silt, 40% clay
Chapter 11: Topsoil accumulates at the rate of _______________.
1-2 inches per 100 years
chapter 9 : In countries that have completed the demographic transition, the crude birth rates and crude death rates are both about ______ per 1000 people per year
10
The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in water with a pH of 5 is ____________ the concentration of hydrogen ions in water with a pH of 7.
100 times
Over the next 30 years, roughly what percentage of the world's net population growth is expected to occur in urban areas?
100%
chapter 8 : In hypothetical country A, everyone dies when they reach the age of 60. In hypothetical country B, which has a better health care system, everyone dies when they reach the age of 80. If the total population of both countries is stable, what percentage of the total population would you expect to be in the age group 32-43 years inclusive?
20% in country A and 15% in country B
What percentage of municipal solid waste in the United States is recycled?
20-29%
chapter 22 Suppose that a potentially toxic substance was added to the feed of experimental mice. Which one of the following scenarios would be associated with the largest dose of the toxic substance?
3 mg/kg for 20 days
chapter 3 : At current rates of use, the world's supply of phosphate rock is expected to last for about _____ .
300-400 years
chapter 18 The greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere make the average temperature at the surface of Earth about _________ degrees Celsius warmer than it would be in the absence of greenhouse gases.
33
chapter 12 Approximately what percentage of the world's croplands are used to feed domestic animals?
33%
The ecological efficiency in a food chain is 10%. A pollutant (X) is transferred from one trophic level to the next with an efficiency of 30%. The concentration of X on trophic level 2 is 12 ppm. What is the concentration of X on trophic level 1?
4
chapter 4 : A population is growing exponentially with a doubling time of 10 years. If the size of the population now is 50, what will be the size of the population 30 years from now?
400
chapter 1 : Of the CO2 that has been emitted to the atmosphere as a result of human activities since the start of the industrial revolution, approximately what percentage is currently in the atmosphere?
50
chapter 12 In country X, the supply of calories averages 100% of the minimum daily requirement. Of the people living in country X, what percentage is likely to have calorie-deficient diets?
50%
The amount of biomass on successive trophic levels in a food chain forms a pyramid in which the biomass on trophic level N+1 is only 20% of the biomass on trophic level N. If pesticide P is transferred from one trophic level to the next with 100% efficiency, what will be the concentration of P on trophic level 5 if the concentration of P on trophic level 2 is 4 parts per million (ppm)?
500 ppm
chapter 18 Melting all the ice on Greenland will cause sea level to rise by approximately __________.
7 m
chapter 18 In which one of the following parts of the United States is the impact of climate change caused by global warming expected to be the greatest?
Alaska
Reduced tree growth in the United States caused by acid precipitation during the 1980s was associated with
An increase of aluminum concentrations and decrease of calcium concentrations in soil
Which one of the following is an example of gentrification?
An influx of middle-class people displaces poor residents from a formerly deteriorating neighborhood where homes and businesses were repaired and rebuilt
chapter 1 : The figure below shows concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere from the late 1950s to the present time. In addition to the long term trend of increasing CO2 concentrations, the concentrations also oscillate up and down by several parts per million on an annual basis. At what time of the year would you expect the concentrations to be lowest?
At the end of summer
chapter 19 Hydroxyl radicals (OH) require more than one month to remove which of the following two pollutants from the troposphere?
CO and CH4 (CH4= methane, CO= carbon monoxide)
Which one of the following states is not covered by the 2011 Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)?
California
chapter 14 Which one of the following countries accounts for the most oil imported by the United States?
Canada
Which of the following are not two of the atmospheric pollutants whose concentrations are regulated by the Clean Air Act?
Carbon dioxide and CH4
chapter 14 Which one of the following countries has the lowest per capita energy consumption?
China
chapter 16 The country with the greatest number of solar hot water heaters is
China
chapter 4 : Which one of the following statements is true? (R)
R-strategists have high biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time
chapter 7 : Deterioration of which of the following ecosystems has been attributed in part to extensive changes of the inputs of water to or withdrawals of water from the system?
Rio Grande River and Florida Everglades
Which one of the following has been primarily responsible for the regulation of nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants in the United States?
Switch from coal to natural gas by many utilities
Commensalism is an example of
Symbiosis
chapter 22 Production and/or use of the so-called 'dirty dozen' toxic substances was banned or greatly restricted as a result of
The 2004 Stockholm Convention
chapter 6 : Which one of the following international agreements assures that wealthy nations cannot mine the genetic resources of other countries and then patent products that indigenous people have used for millennia?
The Convention on Biological Diversity
The international agreement that led to the phaseout of chlorofluorocarbon production was
The Montreal Protocol
chapter 1 : The 1854 cholera outbreak near Broad Street in London came to an end when
The handle was removed from the Broad Street pump
chapter 18 What line of reasoning suggests that most of the increase of carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere has been caused by burning fossil fuels?
The increase has been shown to be due to fossil fuel carbon because the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in fossil fuels is different from the carbon-13 to carbon-12 ratio of the carbon naturally present in atmospheric carbon dioxide
C 9 : Which one of the following statements is not true about the Grameen Bank?
The loans have been found to have the greatest social benefits when focused on men
chapter 9 : Cabbages and Condoms is
The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand
Which one of the following scenarios would be characterized as a brownfield?
The site of a former service station is abandoned because the underground fuel tanks below the site were found to have developed leaks
Further increases of carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are expected to warm temperatures more at high latitudes than at low latitudes because
There is less water vapor in the atmosphere at high latitudes than at low latitudes
chapter 16 The two countries that account for the greatest amount of ethanol production as a fuel are
USA and Brazil
chapter 8 : Which one of the following countries has the highest fertility rate?
United States
chapter 18 At which one of the following places is bottom water formed in the ocean?
Weddell Sea off the coast of Antarctica
chapter 2 : The prohibition by the United States of the importation of products made with child labor has been objected to by which one of the following organizations?
World Trade Organization
chapter 17 Which one of the dose-effect curves shown below correctly describes what public health authorities assume to be the relationship between exposure to ionizing radiation and the risk of cancer?
a
An Artesian aquifer can be contaminated by
a leak in a pipe used for deep well injection of liquid wastes.
Which one of the following statements is true about a Hadley cell? a.Air rises at the equator and sinks at 30 degrees latitude b.Air sinks at 60 degrees latitude and rises at 30 degrees latitude c.Air rises at 60 degrees latitude and sinks at 30 degrees latitude d.Air sinks at the equator and rises at 30 degrees latitude
a.Air rises at the equator and sinks at 30 degrees latitude
The increase of the number of bald eagles in the United States after 1972 is attributed to termination of the use of ___________ . a.DDT b.mercury c.PCBs d.lead in gasoline
a.DDT
Which one of the following is not involved in maintaining population equilibrium? a.Drought b.Disease c.Predation d.Food supply
a.Drought
Decimation of the stocks of cod fish off the east coast of Canada by Canadian fishermen is an example of which one of the letters of the acronym HIPPO? a.I b.O c.H d.P
b.O
Which one of the following statements is not one of the four basic assumptions of the scientific method? a.Energy can neither be created nor destroyed b.Through our powers of observation, manipulation, and reason, we can discover and understand the basic principles and natural laws by which the universe functions c.What we perceive with our five senses represents an objective reality, not some kind of dream or mirage d.Every result has a cause, and every event in turn will cause other events
a.Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
Which one of the following is not one of the three major components of a nation's capital that determines its wealth? a.Financial capital b.Natural capital c.Intangible capital d.Produced capital
a.Financial capital
Hardening of urban streams in the name of flood control is an example of which one of the letters of the acronym HIPPO? a.H b.I c.P d.O
a.H
The increasing difference between the gross domestic product (GDP) and the genuine progress indicator reflects the fact that much of the increase of the GDP has occurred at the expense of ______________. a.Intangible capital and natural capital b.Natural capital and produced capital c.Financial capital and intangible capital d.Produced capital and financial capital
a.Intangible capital and natural capital
The 1854 cholera outbreak near Broad Street in London came to an end when a.The handle was removed from the Broad Street pump b.Bottled water became available c.It became mandatory to boil water before drinking it d.Treatment of the public water supply was initiated
a.The handle was removed from the Broad Street pump
Cabbages and Condoms is a.The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand b.A nonprofit with a goal of improving nutrition and reproductive health c.Two ways to avoid unwanted pregnancies d.Two ways to minimize the likelihood of contracting HIV through casual sex
a.The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand
Which one of the following sources of calories in the human diet requires the greatest amount of land per calorie to produce? a.beef b.pork c.poultry d.dairy
a.beef
If the relationship between species A and B is mutualistic, __________ . a.both A and B benefit from the relationship b.the relationship has a positive effect on one species and a negative effect on the other species c.the relationship has a negative effect on both A and B d.the relationship has a positive effect on one species and no effect on the other species
a.both A and B benefit from the relationship
Which one of the following species of whales is currently being taken in small numbers each year by Alaskan Eskimos? a.bowhead b.fin c.blue d.humpback
a.bowhead
The cost/benefit ratio associated with the implementation of environmental regulations a.decreases with time b.increases with time c.Initially decreases with time, goes through a minimum, and then increases d.Initially increases with time, goes through a maximum, and then decreases
a.decreases with time
Terrestrial biomes are groups of ecosystems characterized by similar types of a.plants and climate b.herbivores and plants c.climate and carnivores d.carnivores and herbivores
a.plants and climate
The three crops that account for about 50% of global food demands are a.rice, wheat, and corn b.wheat, corn, and soybeans c.soybeans, rice, and wheat d.corn, soybeans, and rice
a.rice, wheat, and corn
Which one of the following is not one of the three main trophic categories? a.transformer b.decomposer c.producer d.consumer
a.transformer
chapter 15 Which one of the following kinds of radiation is associated with the greatest amount of biological damage per unit of absorbed energy?
alpha particles
chapter 10 Which one of the following contains the most liquid freshwater?
aquifers
chapter 20 If the BOD of raw sewage is 200 ppm, by how much would that water have to be diluted to prevent the oxygen in a stream from dropping from 10 ppm to less than 6 ppm?
at least a factor of 50
Global dimming is a phenomenon attributable to which one of the following?
atmospheric brown clouds
Pangaea began to break up about 225 million years ago. If the Atlantic Ocean is now about 4500 kilometers wide, how fast has the width of the Atlantic Ocean been increasing during the last 225 million years a.2 meters per year b.2 centimeters per year c.20 centimeters per year d.2 millimeters per year
b.2 centimeters per year
Which of the following reasons explains why most farmers in the United States do not irrigate their crops via drip irrigation? a.Crop yields are reduced and the likelihood of salinization increases b.Irrigation water is cheap, and initial installation costs are high c.The likelihood of salinization increases, and irrigation water is cheap d.Initial installation costs are high and crop yields are reduced
b.Irrigation water is cheap, and initial installation costs are high
One of the items on the menu in a restaurant in Norway is medallions of whale and seal. In the United States, that would be a violation of which one of the following pieces of legislation? a.Convention on Biological Diversity b.Marine Mammal Protection Act c.Lacey Act d.Endangered Species Act
b.Marine Mammal Protection Act
The nutrients that support plant growth in natural terrestrial ecosystems are supplied mainly by
breakdown of detritus
Which one of the following statements is true? a.R-strategists have high biotic potential and good recruitment most of the time b.R-strategists have high biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time c.R-strategists have low biotic potential and good recruitment most of the time d.R-strategists have low biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time
b.R-strategists have high biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time
Which one of the following statements is not true? a.Since 1960, infant mortality has decreased. b.Since 1960, the percentage of people living in high-income countries has increased. c.Since 1960, average income per capita has increased. d.Since 1960, life expectancy has increased.
b.Since 1960, the percentage of people living in high-income countries has increased.
Which one of the following statements is true? a.The demographic transition has preceded the epidemiologic transition b.The epidemiologic transition has preceded the fertility transition c.The demographic transition has preceded the fertility transition d.The fertility transition has preceded the epidemiologic transition
b.The epidemiologic transition has preceded the fertility transition
The nutrients that support plant growth in natural terrestrial ecosystems are supplied mainly by a.eluviation b.breakdown of detritus c.weathering of rocks d.chemosynthetic bacteria
b.breakdown of detritus
Biologically available nitrogen can be added to aquatic systems a.by anammox and lost by either nitrogen fixation or denitrification b.by nitrogen fixation and lost by either anammox or denitrification c.by either anammox or denitrification and lost by nitrogen fixation d.by either nitrogen fixation or anammox and lost by denitrification
b.by nitrogen fixation and lost by either anammox or denitrification
The United States and China have virtually identical fertility rates (1.7) and median ages (38.35). How, then, would you account for the fact that the population of China is projected to decrease between now and the end of this century, whereas the population of the United States is projected to increase? a.enforced family planning in China b.immigration into the United States c.population momentum in the United States d.better health care in the United States
b.immigration into the United States
Temperatures are projected to rise more at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere by the end of this century because ________________ . a.the Arctic Ocean is almost completely surrounded by land b.melting the ice on the Arctic Ocean will decrease the albedo of the Arctic Ocean c.the ice on Greenland is melting d.most of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide are in the northern hemisphere
b.melting the ice on the Arctic Ocean will decrease the albedo of the Arctic Ocean
Which of the following kinds of property rights is associated with the Tragedy of the Commons? a.state ownership b.open access c.private ownership d.communal ownership
b.open access
Taxol, which is used to treat lung, ovarian, and breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and advanced forms of Kaposi's sarcoma, was originally isolated from _____________________ . a.the nodules on the roots of peas b.the bark of the Pacific yew tree c.lanterns of the Big Dipper firefly d.slime of the giant African land snail Lissachatina fulica
b.the bark of the Pacific yew tree
Which one of the following accounts for the fact that the abundance of mangroves along the Louisiana coast has increased dramatically in the last 20 years? a.Higher nutrient concentrations in the Mississippi River due to runoff of fertilizer in the midwest b.warmer winters c.Planting of seedlings by environmentalists d.warmer summers
b.warmer winters
chapter 12 Which one of the following sources of calories in the human diet requires the greatest amount of land per calorie to produce?
beef
chapter 13 The principal concern with the use of neonicotinoid insecticides is their adverse effects on _________.
bees
If the relationship between species A and B is mutualistic, __________ .
both A and B benefit from the relationship
chapter 7 : Which one of the following species of whales is currently being taken in small numbers each year by Alaskan Eskimos?
bowhead
Most deforestation is the result of _______________ . a.efforts to maximize short-term profits from timber sales b.efforts to eliminate habitat for forests pests c.conversion of forests into agricultural land for growing crops and pasturing animals d.conversion of land for the production of palm oil
c.conversion of forests into agricultural land for growing crops and pasturing animals
The process by which water vapor passes through stomata from plants to the atmosphere is called Select one: a.diffusion b.aeration c.evapotranspiration d.osmosis
c.evapotranspiration
Ecologist Eckhard wants to stop the algal blooms in City Park Lake by reducing the inputs of essential nutrients to the lake from stormwater runoff. Which one of the following strategies would have the least effect on the algal blooms? a.remove half the inorganic nitrogen and half the inorganic phosphorus from the stormwater runoff b.remove all the inorganic phosphorus from the stormwater runoff c.remove all the carbon dioxide from the stormwater runoff d.remove all the inorganic nitrogen from the stormwater runoff
c.remove all the carbon dioxide from the stormwater runoff
chapter 16 Geothermal heat pumps
can be used to heat and cool buildings
A bag of fertilizer is labeled 12-20-15. This label tells you that the percentage of organic matter in the fertilizer is
cannot tell
chapter 13 The Delaney clause concerns which one of the following?
carcinogenic food additives
chapter 2 : The solution to the corn blight of 1970 in the United States was to import corn from _____________ that was immune to the fungus that was causing the blight.
china
chapter 21 Which one of the following is the most common form of trash identified by volunteers who participate in annual beach cleanups?
cigarette butts
chapter 17 Which one of the following drugs is not obtained from opium poppies?
cocaine
chapter 7 : Overfishing for which one of the following fish on the Grand Banks and Georges Bank resulted in the collapse of the fisheries during the period from 1980 to 2000?
cod
chapter 15 Which one of the following is not one of the purposes of pumping water through the core of a nuclear reactor fueled with uranium-235?
control the rate of the chain reaction
chapter 19 The catalytic converter on automobiles is not intended to do which one of the following?
convert sulfur dioxide to hydrogen sulfide
The ecological efficiency in a food chain is 15%. A pollutant (X) is transferred from one trophic level to the next with an efficiency of 45%. The concentration of X on trophic level 3 is 18 ppm. What is the concentration of X on trophic level 1? a.6 b.3 c.4 d.2
d.2
The figure below shows concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere from the late 1950s to the present time. In addition to the long term trend of increasing CO2 concentrations, the concentrations also oscillate up and down by several parts per million on an annual basis. At what time of the year would you expect the concentrations to be lowest? a.In the middle of the summer b.In the middle of winter c.At the end of winter d.At the end of summer
d.At the end of summer
In which two of the following countries are the greatest numbers of people living on less than $10 per day? a.Afghanistan and China b.India and Pakistan c.Pakistan and Afghanistan d.China and India
d.China and India
Which one of the following is an example of primary succession? a.Trees reappear on the slopes of Mount St. Helens after the fallout of volcanic ash kills all the above-ground vegetation b.After a forest fire, pine trees grow from seeds that were protected beneath pine needles c.Grasses emerge from the soil after saltwater from a tsunami kills all above-ground vegetation in a meadow d.Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii
d.Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii
Which one of the following is not one of the vital concepts that move societies toward a sustainable future? a.Sustainability b.Stewardship c.Sound science d.Security
d.Security
Which of the following is the environmentally preferred form of silviculture? a.Clear-cutting and shelter-wood cutting b.Even-aged management and clear-cutting c.Selective cutting and even-aged management d.Shelter-wood cutting and selective cutting
d.Shelter-wood cutting and selective cutting
Overfishing for which one of the following fish on the Grand Banks and Georges Bank resulted in the collapse of the fisheries during the period from 1980 to 2000? Select one: a.herring b.anchovies c.tuna d.cod
d.cod
chapter 2 : The cost/benefit ratio associated with the implementation of environmental regulations
decreases with time
chapter 6 : In the United States today, the principal use of mercury is
dental fillings
Golden eagle populations in England recovered after use of _______was terminated in sheep dips.
dieldrin
The process by which water vapor passes through stomata from plants to the atmosphere is called
evapotranspiration
chapter 18 The atmospheric circulation cells in the troposphere between latitudes of roughly 30 and 60 degrees are called
ferrel cells
chapter 13 Which two of the following kinds of pesticides account for most use of pesticides in agriculture in the United States?
herbicides and insecticides
chapter 17 Sharing of needles by drug addicts is especially associated with which one of the following drugs?
heroin
Chapter 11: Which one of the following kinds of soil would you expect to find in a wetland?
hydric
chapter 9 : The United States and China have virtually identical fertility rates (1.7) and median ages (38.35). How, then, would you account for the fact that the population of China is projected to decrease between now and the end of this century, whereas the population of the United States is projected to increase?
immigration into the United States
chapter 12 A Bt crop is a genetically modified crop that is
resistant to many insect pests
chapter 6 : The three crops that account for about 50% of global food demands are
rice, wheat, and corn
chapter 3: Which one of the following is an example of an ecotone?
salt marsh
chapter 15 In a nuclear power plant fueled with uranium-235, what is the purpose of the moderator?
slow neutrons
chapter 17 Which one of the following is the greatest lifestyle-related cause of death in the United States?
smoking
chapter 16 Biodiesel is a fuel made from a mixture of normal diesel fuel and oil from
soybeans
chapter 6 : The barrier holding the wastewater from a pulp mill in a treatment lagoon breaks, and the wastewater runs into the Pearl River. The next day, there are thousands of dead fish in the Pearl River. What is the likely cause of the deaths of the fish?
suffocation
