EOS Exam 3
Which statement is correct?
"The nematocyst sits inside the nematocyte"
What common answer do echinodermologist give when asked why they study this phylum?
"They are weird"
Sea cucumbers feed on organic rich sediment. This makes them....
Detrital Feeders
Which of the following groups contains collagen, a specific protein?
Animals (Collagen has also been found in fungi.)
What is the superlatively complex jaw apparatus of sea urchins known as?
Aristotle's Lantern
This group is by far the most successful phylum on Earth in terms of diversity and numbers. It it also the only invertebrate phylum that has members that live in fresh and marine waters, on land, inside sediments and rocks, as well as the air (!).
Arthropoda (We live in the 'Age of Arthropods".)
What unexpected feeding mode has evolved in the deep sea sponge Asbestopluma?
Carnivory
Toothed and Baleen Whales are together placed into this order of animals. Its name is aptly derived from the Greek "ketos" and the Latin "cetus" which both mean "large sea creature or sea monster".
Cetacea
Which famous naturalist wrote an entire book on the common earthworm?
Charles Darwin
This third group of living fish includes sharks, rays, skates, and chimaera. The name for this group derives from the greek "khondros" which means "cartilage". This refers to the fact that this group does not have a bony skeleton.
Chondrichthyans
The longshore current along the beach flows East to West. A groin is built. Sediment will build up on the ________
East-side of the groin
This group includes dugongs and sea cows, the latter also known as manatees. The name of the group derives from the strange historical fact that sailors would mistake them for mermaids, also known as "sirens" in Greek Mythology.
Sirenia
True or False? Leeches are also found in salty ocean waters
True
True or False? Sponges can reproduce sexually
True
True or False? Whales are air-breathing creatures.
True
True or False? The giant squid is longer than the largest known saltwater crocodile
True. The most reliably measured giant squid was around 42 feet long, but life reconstruction would have put it at at least 45 feet length
True or False? An organisms that CAN move but, if left undisturbed, spends most of its daily life sitting in place is still considered "sessile".
True. They are functionally sessile. Of course there are organisms, such as corals, that are truly sessile, because they cannot move at all.
True or False? Like seals, dugongs return to sandy beaches to give birth to their young on land
Yes, that is false, sea cows give birth underwater
True or False? The giant squid is the largest known squid in the world
Yes, that is false. The largest known squid is actually the colossal squid
True or False? Carnivores are rarely also scavengers.
Yes, that statement is false. Most carnivores will not shy away from freshly dead carcasses.
In times of stable climate and sea level, the beach erosion done by storms is temporary, as most offshore moved sediments is usually moved back onto the beach in the months following the storm.
Yes, this is true. An increase in sea level and an increase in the frequency and strengths of storms disrupts the balance of the beach system and sees more and more sediment lost to deep water.
What is the largest predator in the ocean (by length but not by weight) and what cnidarian class does it belong to?
a siphonophore, Class Hydrozoa
In addition to the radula, nautiloids also sport this unique mouthpart...
beak
Why are calcareous sponges (Class Calcarea) relatively rare in the deep sea, especially compared to siliceous sponges (Class Hexactinellida) ?
because precipitation of calcium carbonate is more difficult under high pressure, cooler water temperatures, and higher acidities, that are typical for deep waters. The opposite is true for silica.
Ignoring the many odd feeding structures that have evolved in worms, annelids typically exhibit a ____________ symmetry.
bilateral
With the exception of most shelled gastropods, the typical symmetry of molluscs is......
bilateral
What new aspects of the animal body plan did flatworms pass on to the rest of the animal kingdom?
cephalization (identifiable head), tail end, ventral and dorsal surface
What are the chitinous "bristles" in some annelid worms called?
chaeta
What are the grasping claws of the lobster called?
chelipeds
Organism that utilize energy derived from chemical reactions to produce nutrients are known as...
chemoautotrophs
Chondrichthyans consist of sharks, rays, and this odd, mostly deep-water group
chimaera
The colonial skeletal of massive, often sheet-like bryozoans consists of calcium carbonate, whereas many of the branching colonies consist of.....
chitin
Which cells create the pumping action of the sponge and capture food particles along their sticky "collars"?
choanocytes
What is the embryonic, free swimming medusa of the Moon jelly called?
ephyra
Scallops are atypical among bivalves for being ____________(choose all that apply)
epifaunal, able to swim, able to see using simple eyes
What is the empty molt of arthropods called?
exuvium
Which of the following features are lacking in Amphioxus? (Check all that apply)
eyes, jaws, ears
The motion and shape of a jellyfish is a poor design for locomotion. However, the motion is incredibly useful for what?
feeding
What other fossil material is some of the earliest terrestrial arthropod fossil record associated with?
fossils of early terrestrial plants
Cubozoans and scyphozoans have a radial symmetry that is usually _____________________
four-fold
What challenges, other than breathing, did arthropods have to overcome in their transition to land? (check all that apply)
dehydration, overheating, UV radiation (sunburn), the force of gravity (lack of buoyancy)
An organism feeds by swallowing copious amounts of sediment rich in organic materials. This organism is a___________
detritivore
This group of phytoplankton builds skeletons called frustules
diatoms
This group of plankton is also known for its bioluminescence
dinoflagellates
Individual zooids in a bryozoan colony can share nutrients with each other via this structure....
funicular strands
Toothed whales use sound to detect and hunt prey. This ability is also known as ________________
echolocation
Suspension feeders who live primarily on food particles that are smaller than the spacing between their feeding elements utilize direct impact and the following two food particle capture methods...(check two)
eddy current capture; electrostatic attraction
What surprising defense mechanism against predation does the deep sea hydrozoan jellyfish Colobonema exhibit?
it can autotomize and leave behind its arms which act as decoys
How did evolution take advantage of the multiple appendages present in arthropods?
it diversified them into tools with different functions
How does the moon snail get through the thick shell of the cockle?
it envelops it with its large foot and then uses its radula to drill a small hole through the shell to suck out the goodies
What is it about the nervous system of flatworms that was an evolutionary novelty?
it had a central "processing station" or ganglion (i.e. an early type of brain)
What is unusual about the digestive system of the flatworm?
it has a single opening to the outside
What is unusual about the Ram's Horn squid's (genus name: Spirula) skeleton?
it is a planispiral shell but an internal skeleton
What is special about the "shell" of the argonaut cephalopod?
it is not a skeleton but an egg case
Walrus, sea lions, and seals are collectively known as......
pinnipeds
What are the small branches on the feather duster worm's feeding arms called?
pinnules
What major, three-dimensional rocky structure is built by stony corals?
reefs
Members inside which of the following ranks of classification are most alike one another?
species
Which large vertebrate mammal is believed to have giant squid on their regular menu?
sperm whales
The sudden withdrawal of feather duster worms into their tubes as a result of changes in light is called __________________
shadow response
On which of the following substrates are you most likely to find a successful coral reef community?
shallow, rocky areas with only coarse sediment (corals easily get fouled by fine suspended sediment in shallow water.)
Organisms that feed upon particles suspended in the water column, by capturing particles that are larger than the spacings between their filtering elements are known as.....
sievers
What "sense" did flatworms give rise to?
sight
What is the Moon jelly's medusa-building structure called?
strobila
What is the male reproductive organ of flatworms called?
stylet
The largest fish, the Whale Shark, exhibits this feeding mode
suspension feeder
What is the most common feeding mode among sponges?
suspension feeding
What feeding mode do most tunicates exhibit?
suspension-feeding
This unique evolutionary innovation (it actually evolved from early lungs) is likely responsible for the much higher diversity of bony fish than any other fish group in the ocean today.
swim bladder
What anatomical feature does the nautiloid use to control the amount of water and gas in its shell partitions?
siphuncle
Stony corals are also known as HEXAcorals, which refers to the observation that coral polyps commonly, but not always, exhibit a _________________ symmetry.
six-fold
The following characteristics are typical for most octocorals (check all that apply)
skeleton made from gorgonin, calcareous sclerites, eight-fold symmetry of polyps, stiffened but flexible skeletons
How does the Leafy Hornmouth defend against shell-crushing crabs?
its three long longitudinal ridges don't allow the crab to get a good shell-crushing grip on the shell
The examples of "salp" we discussed utilize this type of propulsion to move through seawater
jetting
The following plankton group contains the largest organisms
krill
In North Carolina, the Pamlico and Albermarle Sounds represent this restricted body of water sheltered behind barrier islands.
lagoon
What is Amphioxus commonly known as?
lancelet
What benefit does the Calliostoma snail get from it shell? At what cost does this benefit come?
light-weight armor that enables it to climb delicate sea grass its major food source; it is at the mercy of shell-crushing predators when exposed on the seabed
When centripetal force is increased, the orbit of a planet around its sun becomes_________
smaller (smaller average radius)
What "parental" behavior is known among some leeches?
some leeches carry their hatched young protectively on their bellies
The movement of suspended and partially suspended sediment parallel to the beach in shallow water is known as.........
longshore drift
Water molecules on the side of the Earth opposite the moon, move away from the Moon, because they receive a ___________ centripetal force from the Moon than is required.
lower
What is the sieve plate, through which seawater enters the water vascular system, also called?
madreporite
Which organ is responsible for secreting the body armor in most mollusks?
mantle
Molluscs might be very different looking but they all share (or have in their ancestry) the following characteristics (choose all that apply)
mantle, foot, ctenidia, radula
Which environment are echinoderms uniquely adapted to?
marine
What kind of aquatic environment(s) do sponges live in? (click all that apply)
marine waters, freshwater
What are the mouthparts of crustaceans called?
maxillipeds
Most cnidarians exhibit both a free-swimming and a sessile stage in their lifecycle. The sessile stage is known as a polyp, the free-swimming stage is known as a ________________
medusa
The body in corals and sea anemones is called a polyp. What do zoologists call the jellyfish body plan?
medusa
Organisms that are part of the plankton for only part of their lifecycle are known as....
meroplankton
Organisms that have the ability to gain energy through autotrophy AND heterotrophy are known as practicing....
mixotrophism
This peculiar phylum is unlike anything else on our planet. Its members have such strange names as starfish, brittlestars, urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies.
Echinodermata (All echinoderms have a water vascular system and "spiny skin" which is captured in their name.)
The tidal bulges caused by the sun are much higher than those of the moon
False
True or False? Demosponges exclusively build their skeletons out of spongin.
False (Although the vast majority of the demosponge skeleton is built from spongin, it is sometimes strengthened by spicules of calcium carbonate and even silica.)
Unlike their sister class, the Bivalvia, this class of molluscs has only a single shell that is helically-coiled. Some of its members have actually lost even this shell through evolution.
Gastropoda (Turns out "gastro" means "stomach" (think: gastrointestinal track), and "pes" or "pod" means foot. So strangely enough, snails and slugs are known as "stomach foots". This refers to the fact that the foot of snails also contains the stomach and mouth.)
During the last "Ice Age" the continental glacier that covered much of Northern Europe and Siberia is known as the Eurasian Ice Sheet. Its equivalent in North America is called....
Laurentide Ice Sheet
The primal source of energy that drives the chemosynthetic communities along hydrothermal vent communities is provided by....
the Earth's heat (volcanic activity)
With the exception of the Galapagos Islands, penguins are found only in ________________
the Southernmost parts of oceans including Antarctic ocean
What major impact did the evolution of burrowing organisms, such as annelids, have on Earth's climate at the end of the Precambrian?
the activity of burrowing organisms caused more carbon dioxide to be released into ocean waters and therefore the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect, resulting in a warming of the planet
The net lateral movement of grains in the swash zone is happening on this part of the beach
the beach face
The connection between a fish's caudal fin and its body is known as.....
the caudal peduncle
Coral bleaching is a direct result of.....
the eviction of all dinoflagellates from the colony's tissue
What marine habitat was largely unutilized in the Precambrian and most of the Cambrian Period?
the inside of the substrate
A half moon coincides with....
the neap tide
The barrier island environment found between the lagoon and the maritime forest is typically.......
the salt marsh
Your are spinning a tennis ball attached to a string above your head. What provides the centripetal force?
the string
That part of the beach system that experiences the running up and down of waves is known as....
the swash zone
Today, dugongs and manatees are limited to _____________
the tropics and subtropics
How do nautiloids propel themselves through the water?
their foot has evolved into a funnel which ejects a jet of water
What behavior was unexpectedly discovered among sea stars as a result of time lapse photography?
they actually have social behavior: previously it was believed that animals without brains would not exhibit any kind of social interactions with one another
What is remarkably unusual about echinoderms' age?
they appear to not age, hence only mortal wounds, starvation, or disease kills them
How do leeches get away with biting their victims without being detected?
they apply an anaesthetic which numbs the bite site
What is an additional trick that seastars have up their "sleeves"?
they can regenerate entire arms
What character defines the subphylum Vertebrata?
vertebrae
Today, coral bleaching is brought on by a variety of stressors, including viruses, bacteria, chemical pollution, and much more commonly..........
warmer than usual water temperatures
What organ system, unique to echinoderms, are the "tube feet" part of?
water-vascular system
How high of a velocity can a tsunami wave reach in the open ocean?
1000 km/hr
If the Moon orbited the Earth directly above the equator, consecutive lunar high tides would be __________ apart everywhere on Earth.
12 hours (on a perfect Earth with no continents and oceans more than 10 km deep everywhere)
How much lower was global sealevel during the last glacial maximum (the height of the ice age)?
120 meters
Roughly how much vertical displacement occurred along the subduction zone as a result of the stick-slip motion of the fault?
20 meters
Chondrichthyans can exhibit a maximum of ____ gill slits.
7
How many arms do octopus posess?
8
How many tentacles do the polyps of octocorals have?
8
How many arms does the "creeping death" Pycnopodia have?
>20 - which also gives them the nickname "sunstars"
Match the sponge classes to the common names of their members (use each match only once) A. calcareous sponges B. silicic glass sponges C. common soft "bath sponges"
A 1. Class Calcarea C 2. Class Demospongiae B 3. Class Hexactinellida
Match the fish group to the type of gill opening they exhibit A. gill slits B. gill pores C. gills covered by operculum
A 1. sharks B 2. agnathans C 3. bony fish C 4. chimaera
Match the molluscan classes to their members A. Class Gastropoda B. Class Bivalvia C. Class Scaphopoda D. Class Cephalopoda E. Class Polyplacophora
A 1. snails D 2. squid D 3. octopus C 4. tusk shells D 5. nautilus E 6. chitons A 7. nudibranchs B 8. mussels B 9. oysters D 10. cuttlefish
Match the following terms to their definitions A. the calcified chamber of an individual bryozoan B. the living individual bryozoan C. the entire bryozoan colony
A 1. zooecium B 2. zooid C 3. zooarium (plural: zooaria)
Although no photographs exist of the arrival of the highest part of the tsunami in Banda Aceh, how do we know how high the water surged? Check all that apply
A. Eyewitness accounts C. The level to which vegetation was stripped away along the sea cliffs D. The level to which damage was done to tall buildings.
What subphylum of the Arthropoda are horseshoe crabs found in?
A. Subphylum Chelicerata
The arthropod exoskeleton is useful in a myriad of ways, including....
A. as support for muscles and tendons B. as support for joint articulations C. as a means to retain body shape D. to serve as body armor
Which defense mechanisms do sea cucumbers use? (check all that apply)
A. bad taste B. toxins C. evisceration
Echinoderms have nerves but what do they notably lack? (click all that apply)
A. brain B. face C. head D. true eyes
What are the three aspects of an effective tsunami warning system? (check all that apply)
A. buoys in the ocean that can detect tsunami waves before they hit land B. educating people about the signs of an incoming tsunami and what to do C. increasing our knowledge of the threat-level, nature and causes of tsunami through research
The shells of snails are designed as retreats for the soft-bodied organism. What features, not necessarily found in all shells, help in defending it against predators? (Click all that apply)
A. narrow opening B. large bulky shell D. shell is camouflaged against background E. very thick shell F. spines
Molluscs serve as an abundant food resources for many predators, including.... (check all that apply):
A. seals B. crabs C. sea otters D. starfish E. fellow mollusks
How do earthworms help in soil nutrient production? (click all that apply)
A. their digestion of organic material aids in breaking down organic compounds B. their introduction of oxygen into the soil aids in bacterial decay of organic matter C. their burrowing activity moves organic litter from the surface into the soil D. their burrows create natural channels for water to percolate deeper into the soil, increasing soil moisture and decay rates
How do soft-bodied octopus manage not to get eaten by other predators? (check all that apply)
A. they can wedge into and hide in tiny spaces B. they can change color using chromatophores and blend into their surroundings D. their skin is able to take on a variety of textures hence mimicking their surroundings F. very high intelligence to outwit predators G. excellent vision to see danger well before it becomes a threat H. use ink to startle and confuse attackers I. some are highly poisonous and advertise this through flashy colors
What do all arthropods have to undergo in order to grow?
A. they have to molt their skeleton
Lampreys and hagfish are the two surviving members of this group of vertebrates without jaws.
Agnathans
Lampreys and hagfish are the lone remnants of this very ancient group of fish, the name of which reveals that they do not have jaws.
Agnathans ("A" means "without" and "gnath" means "jaw")
Points in the oceans that are unaffected by tidal ups and downs are known as....
Amphidromic Points
This phylum's name was coined by the famous early evolutionary biologist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck. He was struck by the fact that all of the group's members had bodies segmented into "rings", in latin: "anulus". Essentially, the phylum means "animals with segmented-ringed bodies"
Annelida
To the early zoologists, corals and sea anemones seemed more plant-like than animal. Perhaps this is why their class name literally means "Flower Animals".
Anthozoa ("Anthos" is Greek for "Flowers" and "-zoa" means "animal". The individual polyps of corals sure are reminiscent of flowers with lots of skinny petals.)
Who was the first naturalist to study echinoderms?
Aristotle
Match the following molluscan groups to the most common feeding modes found in those groups (exceptions exist) A. carnivores B. suspension-feeders C. detrital feeders
B 1. Class Bivalvia A 2. Class Cephalopoda C 3. Class Scaphopoda
Match the plankton groups to the compound they use to build their skeletons A. calcium carbonate B. silica C. cellulose D. chitin
B 1. diatoms C 2. dinoflagellates A 3. coccolithophores D 4. euphausiids A 5. pteropods D 6. copepods A 7. foraminifera B 8. radiolarians
Match the following organisms to the phylum in which they are found A. Phylum Ctenophora B. Phylum Arthropoda C. Phylum Chordata D. Phylum Mollusca E. Phylum Cnidaria
B 1. euphausiids D 2. pteropods C 3. salp B 4. copepods E 5. hydrozoans E 6. true jellyfish A 7. comb jellies E 8. box jellyfish
Match the following cnidarians to their typical mode of life A. epifaunal benthic B. planktonic
B 1. jellyfish A 2. stoney coral B 3. box jellyfish A 4. octocoral
Match the bryozoan zooids to their colonial function A. feeding B. structural support C. defensive D. cleaning and at least in one group, walking!
B 1. kenozooid D 2. vibracula C 3. avicularia A 4. autozooid
Match the following sponge cells or structures to their descriptions (use each only once). A. the gelatinous space between cells and the sponge skeleton B. a single element of the sponge skeleton, can be made of silica or calcium carbonate C. the outermost layer of cells of the sponge, often leathery and "tough" for protection against impact D. cell that creates currents to bring food into the sponge and can also absorb food particles E. totipotent sponge cells that can replace dead cells and transfer nutrients through the mesohyl F. the multiple small external pores that allow water to enter into the sponge body G. a cell that precipitates sclerites for the sponge skeleton H. the tubular sponge cell that allows access to food-bearing waters through the ostia
B 1. spicule C 2. epidermal layer H 3. porocyte G 4. sclerocyte D 5. choanocyte A 6. mesohyl E 7. amoebocytes F 8. ostia
Which of the following statements are correct. Check all that apply.
B. Landslides into the ocean can create tsunami D. Very large tsunami have occurred along the coast of Washington State E. When a tsunami wave enters shallow water it actually draws the nearshore waters away from the beach.
The majority of large coral reefs are found in the tropical and subtropical shallow oceans. Why?
Because calcium carbonate precipitates more readily under low water pressure and high temperatures
This class of molluscs always consists of TWO shells. Hence the name...
Bivalvia (The class Bivalvia includes oysters, clams, mussels, scallops, and others.)
Often mistaken for algae, this phylum's colonies are actually made of thousands of zoeccia of calcium carbonate. Even their phylum name reflects the confusion over their actual nature.
Bryozoa (The word comes from the Greek "brúon" which means "moss". Hence this entire phylum carries the unfortunate and misleading name of "moss animals".)
Which echinoderm class are the sea urchins part of?
C. Class Echinoidea
What subphylum of the Arthropoda are crabs and lobsters found in?
C. Suphylum Crustacea
What is the special tissue called that allows echinoderms to lock up their muscles?
C. catch-connective tissue
Instead of retreating into its shell and clamping down tightly onto the rock surface, how does the abalone thwart the efforts of predatory starfishes? (click all that apply)
C. it outruns the starfish E. it frees itself from the grip of the starfish by rapid twisting motions of its shell
What characters define the arthropods? (check all that apply)
C. jointed legs D. antennae E. complex eyes
What does Amphioxus have in common with all members of the phylum chordata? (check all that apply)
C. notochord D. pharyngeal slits
What is the 5-part symmetry body plan of echinoderms called?
C. pentameral symmetry
This class of molluscs includes octopus, cuttle fish, squid, and the Nautilus. One of the things they all share is that their arms are attached to their heads - hence the name of the class.
Cephalopoda ("Cephalo-" means head in the latinized Greek name. You already know what "pod" refers to :))
What cnidarian subclass are sea anemones and stony corals found in?
Class Anthozoa, Subclass Hexacorallia
What cnidarian subclass are octocorals found in?
Class Anthozoa, Subclass Octocorallia
Which echinoderm class are the starfish part of?
Class Asteroidea
What class of mollusks are clams, like the cockle, found in?
Class Bivalvia
Which of the following mollusc groups has lost its radula through evolution?
Class Bivalvia
This class of sponges is rare in the deep sea because, as its name implies, they consist of a hard skeleton of calcium carbonate
Class Calcarea
The giant squid (Phylum Mollusca) is part of this class
Class Cephalopoda
This class of cnidarians exhibit a cube-shaped body (rather than a round one) with tentacles. This is reflected in their name box jellyfish
Class Cubozoa (The greek word for "cube" is "kúbos".)
This class of sponges is recognized as the most common sponge in the oceans. Its odd sounding name therefore derives from the Greek root of "dímos" which was used to describe the common people or common citizenry.
Class Demospongiae
What sponge class are the "soft bath sponges" found in?
Class Demospongiae
Pteropods are planktonic members of this class.
Class Gastropoda
What class of mollusks are snails, like the abalone, found in?
Class Gastropoda
Which of the following primarily deep-water sponge classes consists exclusively of "glass sponges" ?
Class Hexactinellida
The class of cnidarians includes some really odd colonial organisms such as the "man-o-war" and the "by-the-wind-sailor". It's name is reminiscent of the Greek, many-headed serpent monster "Hydra of Lerna". This is quite apt as many of these cnidarians pack quite a sting!
Class Hydrozoa
What echinoderm class are the brittlestars part of?
Class Ophiuroidea
The shell of which of the following Mollusc groups has TWO openings?
Class Scaphopoda
The following class of cnidarians uses a flapping motion to move and feed
Class Scyphozoa
What cnidarian class are jellyfish found in?
Class Scyphozoa
The name for this class of cnidarians comes from the Greek word for a "deep bell-shaped wine cup", reminiscent of the shape of jellyfish who are in this group.
Class Scyphozoa (The Greek word for this type of cup is "skyphos".)
What are the white strands ejected by sea cucumbers during evisceration called?
Cuvierian Tubules
Match the following worms to their feeding modes (use each feeding mode only once) A. herbivore B. predators C. mucus net detrital feeder D. indiscriminate detrital feeder E. disriminate detrital feeder F. suspension-feeders
D 1. lugworm E 2. spaghetti worm C 3. innkeeper worm A 4. Antarctic catworm F 5. feather dusters s B 6. jawed bristleworms
Which echinoderm class are the sea cucumbers part of?
D. Class Holothuroidea
What is unusual about where horseshoe crabs lay their eggs?
D. Even though a fully marine species, they lay their eggs on the beach
What form does the oldest evidence of walking animals on land take?
D. fossilized trackways of arthropods
How is the skeleton of echinoderms similar to ours?
D. it is an endoskeleton
What remarkable ability do octopus have due to their great flexibility and the (nearly)* total absence of a skeleton? *some octopus retain two tiny pieces of their former skeleton called stylets, and other still have remnants of an arm-supporting skeleton
D. they are able to squeeze into and through tiny spaces
Match the following members of the phylum Cnidaria to their respective classes. You can use some matches multiple times. A. Class Scyphozoa B. Nice try Alex, this is NOT a member of the phylum Cnidaria C. Class Anthozoa D. Class Cubozoa E. Class Hydrozoa
E 1. man-o-war D 2. box jellyfish 3. comb jelly C 4. octocoral E 5. by-the-wind-sailor A 6. true jellyfish C 7. sea anemone C 8. stony corals
True or False? The external symmetry of an organisms is also always reflected by its internal arrangement of tissues and organs.
False (External symmetry might or might not match the symmetry of organs and tissues. Sometimes it does, and sometimes it doesn't.)
True or False? The symmetry of a colony is directly controlled by the symmetry of the individual organisms that build it.
False (In fact, most colonies (be it within Cnidaria or Bryozoa) have symmetries different from their individuals.)
True or False? All sponges are suspension-feeders
False (Turns out there are some deepwater sponges that have evolved structures that allow them to be passive, sessile predators.)
True or False? The maritime forest is responsible for the deposition of thick layers of peat on barrier islands
False. Peat actually accumulates in the salt marsh, whereas the maritime forest produces regular soil.
True or False. The highest rate of planktonic production occurs nearest the sea surface
False. UV radiation in surface waters, pushes the highest rate of production into slightly deeper waters.
What unusual behavior does the sea anemone Stomphia exhibit when attacked?
It detaches from the surface and wiggles/swims away
What unusual feeding relationship does the "scale worm" Arctonoe vitatta exhibit?
It feeds in the arm grooves of starfish
This phylum includes the classes Bivalvia, Gastropoda, and Cephalopoda.
Mollusca (This name derives from the Latin roots "mollis" which means "soft" - an apt descriptor considering that all members have a soft, fleshy body (actually "foot").)
Mustellids, or otters, are primarily freshwater inhabitants. Only in ______________________ are there species that can be properly called "sea otters", that is marine-dwelling otters.
North and South America. To be accurate, their population also extends into easternmost Siberia.
This is the most successful group of fish on Earth today. This is probably due to the fact that they are the only fish group to have a swim bladder, and a bony internal skeleton (the latter is revealed in their name).
Osteichthyan Fish ("Ostéon" is "bone" in Greek (think of "osteoporosis', and 'osteology'))
This phylum's name is derived from the greek for "nettle" and refers to the fact that the members of this group all have stinging cells in their tentacles.
Phylum Cnidaria (The greek word for nettle is "knide", which is latinized here to "cnida")
The following phylum utilizes a cilia-driven form of gliding to move through seawater as gelatinous macroplankton
Phylum Ctenophora
Originally, these gelatinous creatures were thought to be just another type of jellyfish, and hence in the phylum Cnidaria. However, they are certainly not cnidarians because they are not radial in symmetry and lack stinging cells.
Phylum Ctenophora (Their latin name literally means "comb-bearing" (cteno-, comb; phore-, bearing) and refers to the ciliated rows of flagella alongside their bodies used in locomotion.)
The following groups include important members of the gelatinous macroplankton
Phylum Ctenophora; Phylum Cnidaria; Phylum Chordata
Walrus, walking seals, and true seals are in this group which roughly translates as "fin-foots" :)
Pinnepedia ("Pinna" is Latin for "fin" and "pes" means foot.)
Sponges are found in this phylum, aptly named after the latin for "pore-bearing".
Porifera (From the Latin "porus" -pore, and "fera" - bearing.)
Sea stars exhibit a variety of feeding mode; which one is graphically recorded in the video in the California genus Pisaster?
Predation
Peat accumulates when.............
Production of plant litter is faster than local bacterial decay rates
This group of extant marine reptiles include some of the most venomous members of their kind.
Sea Snakes
This group of extant marine reptiles MUST return to the beach to lay their eggs.
Sea Turtles
What do geoscientists call time periods during the Precambrian when the ENTIRE planet was covered in ice sheets?
Snowball Earth
What is a starfish doing when it "tip-toes" on its arms?
Spawning
Which subphylum of chordates is Amphioxus in?
Subphylum Cephalochordata
This subphylum includes such odd-sounding creatures known as "tunicates", "sea-squirts" and "salp". Although these creatures look nothing like us, they do have a stiff notochord along their back as juveniles.
Subphylum Urochordata
How do sea stars manage to feed upon tightly closed mussel shells?
They pry open the shell using their tube feet, then eviscerate their stomach into the shell to feed on the goodies
Hydrothermal tube worms lack a functional digestive system. How do they feed themselves?
They receive food energy from the bacteria in their tissue who in turn feed on chemicals in the water
What is a taxonomist?
They seek to discover, describe, and classify all living things on Earth.
A short, hard offshore structure, parallel to shore, designed to restrict the longshore current by interrupting wave impact is called ____________
a breakwater
The caudal fin of a cruiser (fish) is typically shaped like....
a crescent
A short, hard structure perpendicular to the beach, designed to disrupt and restrict the longshore current is called _________
a groin
What did mollusks like squid forfeit in order to gain speed and agility?
a hard protective skeleton
What morphological feature is found in most mollusks (this has been lost or dramatically been reduced through evolution)?
a hard shell
A long hard structure that artificially channels and extends the mouth of a river into deeper water is called ____________
a jetty
The feeding structure of bryozoans is called ___________
a lophophore
What is the tubular, flexible mouth organ called that some worms also use in digging?
a proboscis
A lot of sponges take on irregular shapes. When the sponge does grow into a definite shape, what shape does that often take?
a tube, cone, or barrel
What is the segmented tail part of the lobster called?
abdomen
A beach that is receiving more sediment than it is losing is....
accreting
What are the "stinging cell batteries" of some sea anemones called?
acrorhagi
Cnidarians are said to have invented "motion". Based on various aspects discussed in the documentary, what uses other than LOCOMOTION might evolution favor such an ability?
all of the above (defense, reproduction, feeding)
What structures are notably absent in sponges, the roles of which are instead taking care of by individual cells?
all of the above (heart, stomach, intestines, liver) are missing because sponges do not have any organs
What environmental settings do flatworms make a living in?
all of the above (seawater, freshwater, moist terrestrial soils and leaf litter, as parasites inside other organisms)
What are the "bulbs" called that supply tube feet of sea stars with pressured water?
ampullae
Lampreys live in the oceans but return to freshwater to breed. This lifestyle is labeled as being___________
anadromous
Organisms that create their own food are called...
autotrophs
Suspension-feeding whales such as humpbacks, right, and minky whales evolved from a toothed ancestor. Today they use ________________instead to sieve the water for plankton.
baleen. Large strips of this keratinous material hangs from their upper jaw and are used to sieve out plankton caught in the mouth cavity.
The Earth-Moon system rotates around its common center of mass, also known as the....
barycenter
The class Cubozoa consists of this type of organism
box jellyfish
Other than a thick shell, how do cockles seek to defend themselves against predation? (Click all that apply)
bury themselves, kick out of harms way with their strong foot
How are the radula teeth of some snails hardened?
by the precipitation of iron minerals
The skeleton of many sponges consists of or is strengthened by spicules. What are the two main chemical compositions of sponge spicules?
calcium carbonate and silica
As gardeners we tend to think of snails and slugs as pesky herbivores. However, in the marine realm gastropods are often adapted to a feeding mode of___________
carnivores
Sharks share this feature with agnathans
cartilaginous skeleton
The man-o-war is a ____________ hydrozoan.
colonial
Was the earthquake caused by a transform, convergent, or divergent plate boundary?
convergent
What organizational structure do most corals exhibit that sea anemones do not?
corals are both colonial and solitary, whereas sea anemones are exclusively solitary
Which of the following morphotypes of fish is likely NOT going to be found in a small pond
cruiser
The typical sediment inside a lagoon consists of...
dark mud
The waste products and decaying bodies of seafloor detritivores and suspension-feeders are returned to seawater as dissolved nutrients with the help of....
decomposers
The construction of harbor walls and piers, causes the downdrift amount of longshore-transported sediment to.....
decrease
Besides food capture, what other purpose do some cnidarians use their stinging cells for?
defense
The following planktonic groups have members that produce toxins
dinoflagellates; cyanobacteria; coccolithophores
Organisms that "pre-taste" and/or carefully select which particles from the sediment they ingest are also known as____________________ detrital feeders.
discriminatory
What is the feeding mode of terebelid worms?
discriminatory detrital feeder
Among seals, only ___________ can use their forelimbs for walking on land
eared seals
What do diatoms notably lack that is present in coccolithophores and dinoflagellates?
flagellum
The sperm of sponges and cnidarians either meet eggs that have been shed into the water or travel to the eggs located inside their mate's body on their own. How is the reproduction of flatworms different from this?
flatworms invented direct internal insemination through penetration by a penis-like structure
As the only invertebrate phylum to do so, what major achievement did arthropods reach?
flight
What environment served as a natural bridge for arthropods to transition onto land?
floating algal mats
What are the morphological parts that all mollusks share (despite their notable disparity in body plans)?
foot D. radula E. mantle
What do nautiloids use their hollow shell partitions for (this makes them unique among all mollusks)?
for buoyancy control
What are the striking red gill extensions of hydrothermal tube worms known as?
gill plumes
What forms of locomotion are known among flatworms? (check all that apply)
gliding, swimming
What human weapon are cnidarian stinging cells most similar to?
harpoon
What type of coiling is found in snails?
helical coiling
The shell of gastropods coils _______________ and exhibits _________________, whereas the shell of the Nautilus cephalopod coils _______________ and exhibits ________________.
helically; single chamber; planispirally; chambers
Dugongs exhibit this feeding mode
herbivores
What feeding mode do sea urchins generally exhibit?
herbivory
Calcareous corals that build reef complexes and often have symbiotic dinoflagellates are known as....
hermatypic
This class of deep sea sponges is named after the fact that many of them contain spicules that are six-sided.
hexactinellids (It is the Class Hexactinellida, or hexactinellid sponges)
Earless seals primarily use their ____________ for propulsion when swimming in water
hindlimbs
Geerat Vermeij is considered one of the world's leading experts on fossil and living mollusks. Who inspired him to pursue study of this group?
his fourth grade teacher
Chitons are most common _____________
in shallow waters, including the intertidal zone
Where is the mouth of the flatworm located and what is it called?
in the middle of its ventral surface, pharynx
What type of crawling motion does the leech use that is different from most other annelids?
inch-worming
Compared to a simple sponge, a networked sponge has __________________ its surface to volume ratio, and therefore ______________ the time that food-bearing water moves past its cells.
increased; increased
The vast majority of bivalves have this mode of life
infaunal benthic
Organisms that live primarily inside the sediment are known as
infaunal benthic organisms
What does the term "bryozoa" literally mean?
moss animal
What were flatworms the first to do in the animal kingdom?
move with purpose in a particular direction
What are the two major layers of the mollusk shell called?
nacreous and prismatic
What are the stinging cells of cnidarians called?
nematocysts
The time of high/low tides increases by 50 minutes every 24 hours. This is because
none of the above (not The Earth moves faster in its orbit around the sun than the moon, The moon moves slower in its orbit around the Earth than the Earth does around the sun, An earth day is longer than a lunar year, or The moon is only above the equator during lunar equinox)
If the Earth had no moon, it would experience
none of the above (not no tides at all, much higher high-tides than with a moon, the same exact tidal magnitudes it experiences now, or an eternal state of low tide across the globe)
What habitats are segmented worms found in? (Check all that apply)
ocean. freshwater ponds, rivers, and streams, terrestrial soils and sediment, leaf and other organic litter, as parasites on other organisms
Which group of cephalopods has the most reduced skeleton?
octopus
Which mollusk is arguably the most intelligent member of its phylum AND the most intelligent invertebrate in the ocean?
octopus
This process of barrier island formation does not necessarily require a change in sea level
offshore bar accretion
Unlike most other mollusks, where is the greatly reduced skeleton of a squid located?
on the inside of its mantle cavity
In addition to the regular tentacles found in corals and sea anemones, jellyfish also have this type of tentacle
oral tentacles
What is the large opening at the top of a tubular sponge called?
osculum
What are the skeletal pieces of echinoderms called?
ossicles
What do zoologists call the external pores of sponges?
ostia
During storms, waves can breach the dune field and deposit large amounts of new sediment across the barrier island. Such deposits are known as.......
overwash deposits
What important element do earthworms help mix into the soil?
oxygen
What are the "skin gills" of seastars called?
papulae
What are the tiny "pincers" of sea stars and echinoids called?
pedicellaria
This flightless bird is more at home as marine nekton than it is on land.
penguins
The _______________ motion of many annelid worms not only allows them to move across the substrate but probably pre-adapted them to an infaunal lifestyle as well.
peristaltic
What is the peculiar motion of many annelids called?
peristaltic locomotion
Choanocytes and many other sponge cells can directly engulf and absorb food particles. This type of feeding is known as....
phagocytosis
Some sponge cells have the ability to directly absorb food particles through their walls. What is this type of food absorption called?
phagocytosis
Organisms that use sunlight to make their own food are known as....
photoautotrophs
The majority of living things on Earth rely on this process as the basis of their food chain.
photosynthesis
Which of the following categories represents the higher order of classification?
phylum
Before giant squid were found washed up onshore, the only evidence we had of their existence came in the following forms (check all that apply)
preserved beaks found in whale stomachs; sucker and hook scars on whale skin; eyewitness accounts at sea
The two most common symmetries found in sponges are.... (check all that apply)
radial; asymmetric
What are the feeding arms of feather duster worms called?
radioles
Foraminifera use these thread- or spine-like extensions to entrap food around them
reticulopodia
The process by which tall nearshore dune fields are cut-off from the mainland by increased sea level rise flooding, and become barrier islands is called....
ridge submergence process of barrier island formation
Shoreline cliff collapse, wind-blown sediment, and direct wave erosion pale in comparison to this primary source of beach sediments around the world.
river sediments
What are planktonic tunicates called?
salp
Which of the following mollusc groups has lost its gills through evolution?
scaphopods
Which sponge cells precipitate spicules?
sclerocytes
Which of the following cnidcytes bears cysts that entangle prey by wrapping a whip-like lasso around them?
spirocyte
Why does a sponge not feel pain?
sponges don't have nerve cells or a brain
The highest high tides and lowest low tides are experienced during...........
spring tides
Most coral reefs consist of the accumulated skeletons of _________________ and consist of _________________
stony corals; aragonite
Moon jellies are generally solitary creatures. How do Moon jellies assure that reproduction is successful?
they congregate in huge numbers during breeding time, assuring that when sperm is released by the males, it will reach a nearby female
How have sea turtles solved reproduction?
they crawl onto beaches and bury their eggs on land
Without jaws, hagfish and lampreys use what strategy to defend against would-be predators?
they create copious amounts of slime
What is an unusual way in which brittlestars defend themselves against predators?
they drop their arms
What odd form of sexual reproductive behavior is found in some flatworms?
they engage in penis fencing
How have sea snakes solved reproduction?
they give birth to live young. To be exact, sea snakes all give birth to live young. Sea kraits, snakes that spend significant time in the oceans but can return to land, lay their eggs on land.
How does the tube-dwelling "bristle worm" Diopatra protect and maintain shallow water tidal flats?
they stabilize the sediment with their burrow, much like the roots of plants do in soil
What classification convention, first introduced by Carolus Linneaus, is still followed by biologists today?
to classify all living things by assigning them to a genus and species
What purpose do the fancy colors and markings of marine flatworms have?
to signal to would-be-predators that they are not tasty and even toxic, to attract mates
To a taxonomist, dolphins and porpoises are just types of ____________________
toothed whales
Sand inside the dune field of a barrier island is directly deposited there by the following (check all that apply)
wind transport; overwash deposits
The commonly used and generalized term for the dinoflagellates that live inside coral tissue is...
zooxanthellae
