EPSY 401 Study Guide - Exam #2
Danny recently disclosed to Sandy a very private piece of information. Which of the following responses should Sandy make if she wants to encourage the growth of their relationship?
"I completely understand how you must be feeling. Is there anything I can do to help?"
Research conducted by Surra (e.g., 1985) reveals that couples on a(n) _____ courtship trajectory move smoothly and rapidly to marriage, and spend relatively little time dating before becoming engaged.
(p. 87) Accelerated
Fary began to date Dan several months ago. Although she has fairly high expectations about romantic relationships, she has been pleasantly surprised by how many benefits she receives from her relationship with Dan. Last week she met Tim, who has made it clear that he is interested in dating her, but who does not seem as interesting or attractive as Dan. Which one of these figures best illustrates Fary's romantic situation?
Outcomes > CL > CL alt xxxCL alt > CL > outcomes xxxCL > outcomes > CL alt (p. 102)
Research on equity and inequity in close relationships reveals that people who are _____ in their relationships sometimes experience less distress than people who are _____.
Over-benefited; under-benefited
Relationship scientists have discovered several perceptual biases with regard to sexual attraction. In particular, men tend to _____ the extent of their partners' sexual interest, whereas women tend to _____ the extent of their partners' sexual interest.
Overestimate, underestimate
The following figures represent the ratio of benefits to contributions for the partners in a relationship. According to equity theory, which of the following relationships is inequitable?
Partner A 10/5; Partner B 10/10 xxxPartner A 2/2; Partner B 1/1 xxxPartner A 10/2; Partner B 20/4 (p. 98)
Which of the following is not an assumption of social exchange theories of relationship development?
People are motivated to minimize their own profits and maximize their partners' costs
Social exchange models of mating behavior suggest that:
People pay attention to the rewards and costs they experience in social interaction
Murstein's model of relationship development proposes that at the initial "stimulus" stage, an individual is likely to evaluate the potential partner's:
Physical appearance
Sometimes people fail to pursue dates with others to whom they are attracted. Research suggests that this may happen because of which two attributional biases?
Pluralistic ignorance; signal amplification bias XXXSignal amplification bias; fear of rejection
Doug and Danielle have been seriously dating for two years. Six weeks ago, they got engaged, and their wedding is planned for this week. If you had to label their courtship path or commitment trajectory, what would you call it?
Prolonged XXXIntermediate xxxAccelerated (p. 87)
Which of the following statements about process models of relationship progression are accurate?: 1) Relationships develop by passing through a series of separate stages; 2) Relationships develop gradually over time; 3) Relationships progress by traveling along a particular developmental path; 4) Relationships develop until they reach a final stage of commitment: 5) Relationship development is produced by changes in interpersonal processes that occur between partners.
xxx3 and 4 xxx1, 3, and 4 xxxAll of these
Ethnographic analyses reveal that about _____ of the men in polygynous societies have more than one wife.
xxx80 %
Research on friendship development reveals that the transitions from acquaintance to friend, from friend to close friend, and from close friend to very close friend, are marked by increases in:
xxxAll of these
Research suggests that the essential features and format of first dates have _____ over time.
xxxChanged moderately around the world xxxChanged dramatically (p. 84)
Dr. A has written a book about marriage. The title of his book is "Mate Selection: Shopping for A Partner in the Marketplace of Life." Which theoretical approach to marriage does Dr. A probably take?
xxxCollectivist
Data compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau indicate that the average age at first marriage has _____ over time.
xxxDecreased xxxIncreased for women and decreased for men (p. 116)
A relationship in which the ratio of one partner's benefits to investments is not equal to the ratio of the other partner's benefits to investments, would be called:
xxxDissatisfying
Extending one's arm across an adjacent chair, stretching so that both arms extend straight up in the air, and other similar behaviors, are known as _____ movements.
xxxFlirting xxxNonverbal
According to interdependence theory (e.g., Thibaut & Kelley, 1959), an individual's satisfaction with a relationship is a function of the individual's:
xxxInvestment level
Julia and Jerry are on their first date. Based on your knowledge of research on first date events, which of the following do you think is most likely?
xxxJulia is expecting a "good-night kiss," but Jerry is not XXxJerry is expecting a "good-night kiss," but Julia is not (p. 84) XXXNeither Julie nor Jerry are expecting a "good-night kiss" p.84
Scientist Z is conducting a study on marital satisfaction. The participants in the study are a group of newlywed couples, and Scientist X plans on measuring their satisfaction levels this week and then again in 3 years. What type of method is Scientist X using?
xxxMultiple-wave longitudinal xxxMultiple-wave longitudinal
Social exchange theories of relationship development assume that a person who is _____ relative to his or her partner will experience distress and seek to restore equity.
xxxNeither of these (p. 98) xxxUnder-benefited
Relationship scientists have found a strong positive correlation between self-disclosure and:
xxxRelationship conflict (p. 96) xxxOpenness
Most relationships that form online are _____ rather than _____.
xxxRomantic, friendship-based
Levinger's (e.g., 1965) Marital Cohesiveness Model proposes that relationship stability is a function both of _____ and _____.
xxxSatisfaction; investment xxxCommitment; cohesiveness (p. 104)
Research on friendship progression suggests which of the following conclusions?
xxxThe length of time it takes for people to move from being acquaintances to friends varies widely
According to Thibaut and Kelley's (1959) Interdependence Theory, comparison level for alternatives refers to:
xxxThe outcomes a person expects to receive from his or her relationship
Which one of the following statements about marriage is accurate?
xxxThe primary motivation for free choice marriages is to unite families and maintain social order xxxArranged marriage is the dominant marriage arrangement in individualist societies xxxLove-based marriage does not occur in collectivist societies (p. 115) xxxEgalitarian marriages primarily occur in individualist societies
Research on online romance reveals that people sometimes lie about:
xxxTheir intentions
In the ancestral environment, an "appropriate" partner probably possessed:
xxxTrustworthiness (p. 114) xxxAll of these
Andrew makes 10 contributions and receives 20 benefits in his relationships with each of his four friends. With which of his friends does he have the most equitable relationship?
xxxxDirk, who makes 5 contributions and receives 10 benefits
For some couples, cohabitation may function as:
Both of these
Leon met Martina in an online chat room. If he wants to convey his romantic attraction to her, which of the following should he do?
Incorporate emoticons and acronyms into his messages
One of the reasons online interactions facilitate relationship formation is because they:
Increase people's feelings of anonymity (p. 82)
Investigations of the early stages of romantic relationships (e.g., Tolhuizen, 1989; Clark et al., 1999) generally reveal that men and women use which of the following strategies to promote or intensify their relationships?
Increasing contact
J is about to enter an arranged marriage. If you had to guess, which country is J most likely from?
India
Which of the following refers to the ways in which a person is connected to his or her partner and bound to the relationship?
Investment xxxCommitment
Of the following people, who is likely to do the most housework?
Kimberly, a heterosexual married woman
Jesse and James cohabited before they got engaged and then married. Marika and Mario did not cohabit before they got engaged and then married. Based on your knowledge of research in the area of cohabitation and marital outcomes, what might the future hold for these two couples?
Marika and Mario are more likely to experience positive marital outcomes xxJesse and James are more likely to experience positive marital outcomes xxxThe two couples will have virtually identical marital experiences
Research on first dates suggests that:
Men and women agree on the sequencing of first-date events
Scientific research on flirting suggests which of the following conclusions?
Men and women use the same basic nonverbal behaviors to flirt XXXThere are large cross-cultural differences in flirting behavior
What conclusion can we draw from research on computer-mediated or online interactions?
Message content and speed of responding to messages are highly important in online communication
In all but a small percentage of societies, the predominant form of marriage practiced by both men and women is:
Monogamy
Research on the goals men and women pursue when initiating romantic relationships reveals which of the following?
More men than women initiate romantic relationships in order to obtain sexual intimacy
Which one of the following statements about marital satisfaction is accurate?
Most married couples are relatively satisfied with their relationships at any given time xxxSatisfaction tends to increase fairly steadily throughout marriage
At a party, Brian notices an attractive woman sitting alone at one of the tables. He approaches her and strikes up a conversation. What nonverbal behavior will be most effective in conveying his romantic interest to her?
Moving closer and gazing into her eyes
_____ refers to whether the two partners in a relationship possess compatible traits, behaviors, and interpersonal styles.
Need complementarity
Which of the following behaviors do men sometimes misperceive as signaling a dating partner's interest in sexual intercourse?
All of these Accepting his invitation for a date (p. 85) Maintaining eye contact All of these Smiling
Research reveals that self-disclosure plays an important role in the development and maintenance of which kinds of intimate relationships?
All of these xxxRomantic
Given that Andrew makes 10 contributions and receives 20 benefits in his relationships with each of his four friends. Dirk, who makes 5 contributions and receives 10 benefits Bartholomew, who makes 10 contributions and receives 30 benefits Catherine, who makes 20 contributions and receives 20 benefits Emma, who makes 15 contributions and receives 5 benefits Who is the most over-benefited from the relationship with Andrew? Who is the most under-benefited?
Bartholomew; Emma xxxDirk; Emma
According to the textbook, the use of relationship intensification tactics is associated with which relationship outcome?
Commitment xxxMarriage xxxPassionate love
Research on romantic relationship rewards and costs reveals that most people view _____ as a particularly important benefit.
Companionship xxxSecurity
According to social exchange theories, anything that involves a person's time and effort, or that represents lost opportunities, is known as a(n):
Cost xxxInvestment (p. 97)
Scientist X is conducting a study on marital satisfaction. The participants in the study are three groups of married couples: a group of newlyweds, a group of couples who have been married for 5 years, and a group of couples who have been married for 15 years. Scientist X plans on comparing the satisfaction scores of these three groups of couples. What type of method is Scientist X using?
Cross-sectional
Altman and Taylor's (1973) Social Penetration Theory predicts that as relationships develop, they change in which two dimensions?
Depth and breadth of self-disclosure xxxDepth and strength of influence
Survey data reveal that most men and women _____ infidelity and hold _____ attitudes about "cheating spouses."
Disapprove of; negative
On which dimension do cohabitors experience more beneficial outcomes than their married counterparts?
Division of household labor
In Reiss's Wheel Theory of Love, which of the following describes the mutual dependency stage?
Each partner needs the other partner's cooperation to fulfill certain habits or goals
Which of the following elements form part of the common definition of marriage?
Economic, social, and reproductive cooperation xxxHoneymoon (p. 110)
Rewards and costs are an important component of social exchange theories of relationship development. Which one of the following statements about rewards and costs is accurate?
Events that were once rewarding may become costly over time
Dr. B has also written a book about marriage. The title of her book is "Mate Selection: Following the Genetic Legacy of Our Ancestors." Which theoretical approach to marriage does Dr. B probably take?
Evolutionary
Which of the following behaviors has cross-cultural research on flirting identified as not appearing to occur very often among U.S. populations?
Eyebrow flash xxxTouch
Which of the following nonverbal behaviors does not convey attraction or interest in initial encounters?
Facing away from the partner
"I used to love how mysterious he seemed," a woman confides to her friend. "Now he just seems uncommunicative and morose." The woman in this scenario has experienced a(n):
Fatal attraction xxxCommitment crisis
Collectivist cultures are characterized by ____ group boundaries and tend to focus on____.
Firm; group loyalty
Marriages based on mutual attraction and feelings of personal compatibility are generally known as _____ marriages.
Free choice
According to Interdependence Theory, Fary's relationship with Dan is probably best described as ____ and _____.
Happy; stable xxxUnhappy; unstable
The mate selection pattern in which people marry successive partners over their life spans is known as:
Serial monogamy
Several researchers have investigated the ways in which people attempt to intensify their romantic relationships. Which of the following strategies do people not commonly use?
Threatening the partner
Sharon and André met 2 weeks ago at a party. While having coffee together yesterday, they each disclosed some unique information about their personal values and beliefs. Reiss's Wheel Theory of Love model would characterize this relationship as being in which stage?
The self-revelation stage
Research on pathways to commitment among romantic partners suggests that couples:
Vary in the amount of time they take to reach commitment XXXGenerally follow the same developmental path toward commitmen XXXAll of these (p. 87)
The signal amplification bias occurs when:
We feel we are expressing more romantic interest to a potential partner than is actually the case XXXAll of these (p. 83)
Research on (heterosexual) first dates suggests that:
Women are generally more willing than men to initiate a first date XXXWomen actually initiate first dates more frequently than men do xxxMen and women believe that it is more appropriate for a man to initiate a first date than for a woman to do so XXXAll of these (p. 82)
_____ are more likely than _____ to have had their "friendliness" mistakenly perceived as a sign of sexual interest.
Women; men
According to research on how dating relationships progress over time (e.g., King & Christensen, 1983), which of the following events is likely to occur last?
XXXPerception of the two people as a "couple"
According to research on how dating relationships progress over time (e.g., King & Christensen, 1983), which of the following events is likely to occur first?
XXXPerception of the two people as a "couple" xxxExpression of feelings of love (p. 87) XXXExpression of mutual attraction XXXPursuit of joint interests
Luis and Lisa got engaged two months after they first met. Three years later, they got married. If you had to label their courtship path or commitment trajectory, what would you call it?
XXXProlonged
Research suggests that most men and women initiate romantic relationships in order to obtain:
A loving relationship
Research on pathways to commitment among romantic partners supports which of the following conclusions?
A number of different courtship patterns exist
The concept of "fatal attractions" refers to:
A situation in which a partner's initially appealing attributes later come to be viewed as unpleasant or costly
Which scenario illustrates the most romantic attraction or flirtation?
Abby touches Andy softly on the face
The different expectations that the sexes bring to their initial romantic interactions may contribute to which of the following?
All of These Perceptual differences of sexual interest (p. 85) Miscommunication Potentially negative relational outcomes All of these
In peer marriages, both partners are expected to contribute to the relationship:
All of these
In their longitudinal study of Iowa families coping with financial troubles, Conger and his associates (e.g., 1990) found that economic pressure was associated with:
All of these
According to Reis and colleagues' (1988) Intimacy Theory, which of the following is the key mechanism in creating intimacy and promoting relationship development?
Responsiveness of the partner
Martin and Gina have been dating for a long time. They are attracted to each other and feel that they are very compatible in terms of their attitudes and values. Recently, they have begun to think about marriage and how suitable they would be as husband and wife. According to Murstein's stage model, Gina and Martin are in the _____ stage of relationship development.
Role
Research on romantic relationship rewards and costs reveals that more men than women view _____ as a particularly important benefit, whereas more women than men consider _____ to be a valuable benefit.
Sexual gratification; enhanced self-esteem
Tom and Piper are in a class together. Piper likes Tom and wants to go out with him, and she's pretty certain that he feels the same way about her. According to research on first dates, which approach should Piper take in this situation?
She should ask Tom out or hint to him that she is interested in going on a date
Betty really likes Barney and would like to ask him out. At a party one night she finds herself alone with him. They talk for awhile about nothing in particular, and then both rejoin their friends. Later that evening, Betty thinks to herself, "I can't believe I threw myself at him like that. He probably doesn't want to go out with me - I mean, I made my feelings pretty clear. I feel like such a fool." Betty may have fallen prey to:
Signal amplification bias
According to Filter Theory, people evaluate their potential partners initially in terms of:
Similarity on social attributes
Research suggests that people use which of the following nonverbal behaviors to convey attraction or interest to another person in initial encounters?
Smiling
Research suggests that the most flirtatious type of touching behavior is a:
Soft touch on the face
Most young adults hold _____ attitudes about using the Internet to find a romantic partner.
Somewhat negative
Which of the following statements about stage models of relationship development is not accurate?
Stage theorists generally agree on the number of stages romantic relationships pass throughxxxCouples differ in the rate at which they pass through particular developmental stages
Winona recently met Wyatt. "He is very attractive," Winona says to her friends, "and really polite - such a courteous, kind person. I really like him and I think he likes me, too." According to Murstein's stage model, Winona is in the _____ stage of relationship development.
Stimulus
The concept of "depth of self-disclosure" refers to:
The degree of intimacy and detail in partners' disclosures xxxThe number of areas or topics that partners discuss
The concept of "breadth of self-disclosure" refers to:
The number of areas or topics that partners discuss
Research indicates that marriage has changed considerably over time. How?
The number of arranged marriages has decreased in many cultures
According to Thibaut and Kelley's (1959) Interdependence Theory, comparison level refers to:
The outcomes a person expects to receive from his or her relationship
