Era of Jackson

Effects of Specie Circular?

Banknotes lost their value, land sales plummeted, credit not available, business started to fail, unemployment rose, all leading to the panic of 1837.

Why was it problematic that Jackson vetoed the bank?

Bring back compact v.s. Contract, many felt that he was messing with the checks and balances and giving his branch more power than the other branches.

National Republicans (Whig)

Clay and JQA

Why did Jackson declare "war" on the BUS?

Clay was using the bank against him in the election of 1832. He figured if Jackson approved the bank his middle and lower class voters would feel betrayed but if he didn't his higher class voters would feel betrayed. What Clay did not realize was that the "best people", higher class, were now the minority.

Population (South Atlantic)

Cut In Half, Decreased by 14%

Population (New England)

Cut in Half

Population By Race (Black)

Decreased 5%

Population (East-South Central)

Decreased by 4%

Population (Mid-Atlantic)

Decreased by 8%

Jacksons Response

Georgia citizens wreak havoc on NA land, he steps back and says that Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it, policy of Indian Removal. Jackson violates checks and balances by not enforcing a Supreme Court ruling.

Worcester v Georgia

Georgia was trying to extend their laws to the Cherokee tribe but they had no right to do so, under federal protection. sam Worcester, Cherokee nation was recognized as a distinct political community by the Supreme Court, Georgia couldn't regulate the Cherokee.

Where did the majority of immigrants come from?

Germany, Ireland, and England

How did Jackson's policies impact the economy?

He initially did all this to help the common man but it ended up backfiring because the pet banks were competing with each other, banks went bankrupt, people could not pay back their loans and ended up defaulting.

What do these actions tell us about Jackson the president?

He was following realpolitik, put his values aside for nation interest, appealed to Lower class interests, very states rights traditional jeffersonian. Even thou

Did his policies promote nationalism or sectionalism?

His policies promoted sectionalism because the reason he rejected the bank was because it favored the wealthy north over the poor south. This led to regional banks which caused different regions to fight for money and they ended up all going bankrupt.

To what extent was Jackson responsible for the "trail of tears?"

Jackson was responsible for the trail of tears to a degree because he went against the supreme court's decision and forcefully uprooted over 100,000 native Americans and during transportation countless died.

Significance of The Election of 1828

Jackson won, election of 1828 was significant because of the reemergence of political parties, the Democratic Jacksonites and the National Republican Adamsites.

How did Jackson's policies affect the economy of the US?

Many believed that his economic policies helped cause the inflationary boom of the mid 1830s (inflation was at an all time high) and may have even caused the economy to plummet after the panic of 1837.

Which regions were for the Indian Removal Act?

More southern states because they wanted to expand there influence westward and make more slave states.

impact of westward expansion; what were some of the issues about expansion?

New territories gave the U.S. access to greater natural resources in the pacific trade, southern influence expanded westward. Main issues of slavery were that the Indians were the debate over slavery and where the Indians should be relocated to.

Andrew Jackson

Old Hickory, first president for the west, Tennessee, aristocrat

Explain the debate over the extension of the institution of slavery:

People in the south thought that slavery had the right to exist in all territories of the U.S. and that it should exist. The north disagreed with this and said that it did not have the right to exist at all throughout the entire country. In 1848 about 300,000 men voted for a candidate of the Free Soil Party because they were big supporters of wanting to abolish slavery as best they could.

Jackson's Proclamation Regarding Nullification

Proclamation from jackson stating that the tariff of 1828 in South Carolina is no null and void. SC said that if they couldn't ignore the tariff they would secede.

How did the tariff debates affect national unity?

Promoted sectionalism because there was a tariff of abominations that favored the north and harmed the south.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson and then Adams chose Clay to be his secretary of state.

How did the establishment of the independent Treasury system affect the US economy?

Restricted the expansion of credit, revenue surpluses accumulated in the Treasury, reducing hard money circulation, tightening credit, and restraining inflation of trade and production

Reasons for opposing the BUS

Sees it as corrupt, so much power some like Jackson saw it as a 4th branch, Subversive of the rights of the states, dangerous to the liberties of the people, helps the wealthy elite, hurts the common man.

what did the compact and contrast theories had todo with the nullification debate?

Similar to previous issues, the compact and contract theories were debates on who had the right to in this case nullify bills passed by the government.

How does the Whig Party compare to the old Federalists?

The Whig and Federalist Parties were similar because they both had similar goals and appealed to similar groups. They both favored a strong federal government, protective tariffs, national banks, etc. They were different because even though both parties were made up of wealthy aristocrats, the federalists displayed that much more than the Whigs who catered to a more middle class audience.

How does the creation of the second party system impact nationalism during Jackson's presidency?

The creation of a second party system impacted nationalism during Jackson's presidency because it represented a shift toward greater public interests in politics.

Population (Mountains)

Went From 0% to 2%

Population (Pacific)

Went From 0% to 3%

How would the change in voting requirements impact the types of leader who are elected?

before leaders were able to only appeal to small percentage of wealthy individuals but now they were forced to think about all classes and they're wants and needs.

What was going on during the 1860s-1880s

civil war, severe economic depression, election of lincoln

Population Per Square Mile Trend

doubled

Who could regulate the NA?

federal government could but Georgia and other states couldn't.

Force Bill

gave the president power to use military force to collect tariffs if the need arose

Negatives of Spoils System

government employees all of one party, giving way too much power to that party, separates the country by making people more partisan

What was Jacksons appeal?

he appealed to more middle class citizens, gave the common man a voice.

Positives of Spoils System

increases efficiency, nationalism, runs more smoothly, more ordinary people elected.

Negatives of Jacksons Veto

is not as open minded to other perspectives, can shut down things that he doesn't agree with.

National Population Trend

it was a steady increases

Effects of immigration on the U.S.

many immigrants came to the U.S. in the mid 1800s seeking new opportunities, many moved to the north due to the absence of slavery and more jobs due to increased industrialization. They tended to avoid the south because since the south had slaves, there was little to no job opportunities for them.

Which regions were against the Indian Removal Act?

more northern states because they did not want more slave states to be implemented across the U.S.

How is the tariff debate also about slavery?

northern abolitionists send pamphlets to the south and Jackson "stops the press" and burns them. It is ironic because he was supporting the government and now he is violating the first amendment rights to the people.

Tariff of 1832

passed in response to the tariff of 1828, attempted to nullify it but could only dilute the tariff's worst "abominations" (reduced or eliminated measures passed by the tariff of 1828).

NJ Population Characteristics

size stayed the same, population decreased.

Land Area Trend

steady increases, almost doubled.

Tariff of 1828

tariff of abominations, surprisingly passed, near fifty percent tax on goods, first tariff to target goods specifically imported in industrial states (new england), therefore protected northern and western agricultural products from competition with foreign imports (sectionalist).

Why did Henry Clay want to become secretary of state?

the majority of former secretary of states then go on to win the Presidency.

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

Maysville Road veto (Jackson)

Jackson vetoed the bill because it was to build new infrastructure only in Kentucky and it only benefits one state, Henry Clay's state, so he vetoed it because he didn't like Clay.

What were the changes in voting requirements?

In the election of 1828, non property holding white males could vote for the first time in U.S. history which showed state voting laws shift to becoming more inclusive.

Population (Urban)

Increased 20%, almost 1/3 of the population was urban.

Population By Race (White)

Increased 5%

Population (East-North Central)

Increased by 10%

Population (West-North Central)

Increased by 13%

Population (West-South Central)

Increased by 5.5%

How was it possible for Jefferson to become a national leader?

It was possible for Jackson to become a national leader due to his win in New Orleans, his strong personal appeal especially in the west because of his campaign against the forces of corruption and privilege in government which resonated deeply with the American people.

Significance of The Election of 1824

JQA won, election of 1824 was significant because even though Henry Clay lost, he was still able to sway the House into electing Adams over Jackson, resulting in Clay being Adams' Secretary of State.

Democrats

Jackson

Positives of Jacksons Veto

Jackson is more involved and takes action towards his cause,

How did Jackson used the spoils system to inspire loyalty during campaigns and while he was in office?

Jackson used the spoils system to inspire loyalty during campaigns because he said that jobs in office are for those who support the party in power. I don't think this use of power was healthy for democracy because it kept one political party in the executive branch and didn't really keep multiple perspectives.

Reasons for supporting the BUS

Stabilize Currency, banks can regulate currency which can help bring inflation down, Provides loans, Provides nationalism (national currency), The Supreme Court had already decided in Mcculloch v.s. Maryland that chartering a bank is a delegated power.

Tariff of 1833

Tariff proposed to settle the dispute between nullies and Jackson, It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816, supported by southerners, influenced force bill.

Explain the debate over Indian removal.

The U.S. has agreed to only take territory from the Indians through formal treaties even though white settlers continued to move west. Many Americans thought that they could assimilate them into white society and Christianize them. This left Indians divided. They could fight back against the white settlers moving into their territory or they could join them and become a part of civilization. Jackson called for the removal of all Indian tribes in the Indian Removal Act with over 100,000 being forcefully removed

How is the United States becoming more democratic in the 1820s and 30s?

The United States was becoming more democratic in the 1820s and 1830s because they started valuing the opinions of lower class citizens.

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forceful relocation of Native Americans west to the Oklahoma Territory, many died on the way, they could not bring any of their belongings besides the clothes on their back, forced to leave everything behind.

Cherokee Nation v State of Georgia

The main issue was that even though the Supreme Court deemed the Cherokee Tribe as sovereign and independent, Andrew Jackson who clearly wanted to open Indian lands to white settlers refused to recognize the Court's decision. Ruled that Cherokees has no federal standing; not a foreign nation, nor a state, so they don't have the right to sue in federal court, says they are a domestic dependent nation.

In what ways did the United States change over time between the 1820s and the 1880s?

The major ways that the U.S. changed over time was we became more industrialized, many started to realize the injustices of slavery, and there was a large acceleration of immigration.

Second Party System

The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824 (National Republicans and Democratic Republicans)

How did the tariff debate affect national unity?

The tariffs between 1828 and 1857 divided the country because they could not come up with a compromise that benefitted both the north and the south without hurting the other.

compare and contrasts between the tariffs

The tariffs seem to be heading back and forth because the north and south could not agree on a right percentage of a tax. On one hand, the north needed higher tariffs to help stay competitive with European manufacturers but on the other hand, the south needed lower tariffs so they could still purchase goods from the north affordably.

In what ways was the United States the same between the 1820s and the 1880s?

They had similar values such as territorial expansion and industrialization.