ESL Supplemental Practice Test 1

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A middle school ESL teacher is working with a group of ESL students whose English-language abilities vary. Which of the following would be the most appropriate strategy for evaluating the progress of students who are at different proficiency levels in English? A. Using multiple measures, such as observations, test scores and samples of daily work B. Selecting language achievement test that have been normed on a similar student population C. Establishing a grading curve and distributing students' test results along the curve D. Assessing students only in those areas of English in which they have achieved competence

A teacher is using literature circles in her third-grade ESL class. Which of the following explanations offers the best rationale for promoting literacy through literature circles? A. Because the groups select the text they want to read, the students' interest level in reading is higher. B. Literature circles allow the teacher to integrate more texts into the curriculum. C. Literature circles are based on books that are simple to read, so students have an easier time doing the required work. D. No reading skills are addressed in literature circles, so students enjoy the activity far more than routine reading lessons.

A third-grade ESL teacher creates a Home Words Homework Page. The teacher tells the students to ask their parents or siblings to help them write down 10 words describing their home or objects in their home. The teacher tells the students to put the words in two columns: one column for the English word and one column for the Spanish translation. This assignment best addresses which of the following ESL instructional strategies? A. The teacher is creating an opportunity for family involvement in the ESL students' education B. By having the students ask for help, the teacher is integrating a homework completion check into the assignment C. The teacher knows that students don't like to do homework, so the assignment is designed to be easy and student-friendly D. By having students write the words in English and in Spanish, the teacher is embedding vocabulary and spelling into this assignment

An elementary school teacher gives her beginning ESL students the following directions: • Form your reading circles in your usual areas. • Tell your reading circle partners your birth date (month, day, and year). • Talk with your reading circle partners to figure out who has the earliest birthday in the year. • Whoever has the earliest birthday hands out the reading circle books today. The ESL teaching method that this classroom interaction activity reflects is A. total physical response. B. immersion. C. basic interpersonal communicative skills. D. pragmatics.

An elementary school with a large number of students identified as ELL is aiming for 100 percent parental approval for placing students in the district's ESL program. Which of the following strategies would best address the school's goal to facilitate family involvement in ELL students' educational experiences? A. Inviting families to a meeting where several teachers do a class demonstration showing how ESL methods are integrated into daily instruction B. Meeting with each family individually to explain the benefits of ESL education C. Sending a letter to the impacted families explaining the ESL program guidelines stipulated by the Texas Education Code and the No Child Left Behind Act D. Inviting parents to a special parent-teacher organization meeting where a question-and-answer session on ESL is the only item on the agenda

ESL teachers at a high school with a sheltered instruction program present a workshop on Effective Teaching Strategies for Promoting ESL Student Success in All Content Areas. The workshop is a response to content-area teachers' concerns about not knowing how to adjust their teaching to meet ESL students' needs. Which of the following additional advocacy activities would best enable the ESL teachers to improve their content-area colleagues' instructional effectiveness? A. The ESL teachers team teach one or two classes with the content-area teachers to demonstrate how to accommodate instruction and integrate ESL strategies. B. The ESL teachers tell the content-area teachers to avoid difficult vocabulary and to repeat everything multiple times because ESL students have trouble hearing things correctly. C. The ESL teachers tell the content-area teachers that ESL students often lack parental support in challenging academic areas and explain that this very likely explains students' low achievement in content areas. D. The ESL teachers give the content-area teachers several books on teaching ESL.

Ms. Cisneros, an elementary teacher, has a class of beginning and intermediate ELL students. When she assigns an essay, the students tell her that they don't know how to write an essay. Which of the following strategies would be most effective in developing students' understanding of grade-appropriate writing requirements? A. Using the topic that she has assigned to the students, the teacher models the entire writing process, from prewriting through editing. B. The teacher hands out sample essays and asks for student volunteers to read them aloud. C. The teacher creates new, easier topics and tells students that the essays need to be only one paragraph long. D. The teacher arranges students into groups and assigns a different essay topic to each group. The students in each group collaborate to create a group essay. The groups post their essays and vote on which is the best one.

Ms. Eams, a high school history teacher, is starting a unit on the Great Depression. The class is mainstream but includes approximately 50 percent intermediate ELL students. She devises several activities designed to prepare students for learning the new concepts in this chapter. As an introduction to the unit, Ms. Eams shows clips from several movies set in the Great Depression. After she shows all the clips, she has students work in groups to complete this statement: "The Great Depression was a time when..." She tells students to use details from the film clips to support their response. The content-area learning strategy that this activity promotes is that students will A. demonstrate inductive and deductive reasoning. B. activate prior knowledge by comparing what they see in the clips to their experiences. C. demonstrate how carefully they have read the chapter. D. need to rely on strong content-area vocabulary to complete the assignment.

Ms. Newbry is starting a new unit on local plants in her middle school science class. Most of the students are beginning to intermediate ELL students. Ms. Newbry wants to make sure the activities in the new unit help her students understand science content but also promote language proficiency. As a culminating activity for this unit, Ms. Newbery asks students to interview one family member about a favorite or special plant. The students are to create a construction-paper poster with a drawing of the plant and a short written account of the interview. Ms. Newbery displays the posters on the wall outside the classroom. How does this instructional activity promote the ELL students' content-area learning? A. Students will use cultural and language background to support new content-area learning. B. Students will integrate new science vocabulary into their written accounts of the interview with a family member. C. Including a drawing of the family member's favorite plant will allow the teacher to test the students' understanding of basic unit information. D. After reading all the interviews, the teacher will be able to determine if reteaching is necessary in this unit.

Which one of the following is NOT included in the study of "semantics"? A. Culture. B. The definition of individual words and meanings. C. The intonation of the speaker. D. Meaning which is "stored" or "inherent", as well as "contextual".

A semantic map is considered a good strategy for promoting ESL students' content-area learning because it A. allows students to skim through a new text to identify keywords that will be important in understanding the content. B. provides a graphic structure for anticipating and organizing a core concept and associated sub-points. C. presents all the new vocabulary students will encounter in a content-area lesson. D. provides a graphic organizer for representing text structures.

A Texas high school has a program that integrates ESL instruction with academic instruction. The focus of the program is for students to learn English as a second language and use it as a medium to learn other academic subjects. In the program, a full-time teacher provides supplementary instruction for all academic subjects. Based on the characteristics, the program can best be described as A. sheltered instruction. B. content-based ESL. C. two-way immersion. D. pull-out ESL.

A high school ELL student routinely says "supposably" instead of "supposedly." This construction indicates that the student A. does not know how to spell "supposedly." B. is approximating the sounds she hears when other speakers utter the word supposedly. C. is not using her monitor in oral-language production. D. has never seen the word "supposedly" in print; if she had, she would not be mispronouncing it.

A high school teacher presents a unit on the 1960s civil rights movement in a sheltered social studies class. The lesson includes film clips, news stories, magazine pictures published in the 1960s, excerpts from speeches from key civil rights leaders, as well as textbook chapters. As a culminating activity, the teacher organizes the class into a large circle for a round-robin discussion. Each student completes the sentence: "I admire _____ (the person the student chose) because _______." Then, the teacher has each student write a letter to the historical figure they mentioned. Which of the following ESL instructional strategies does this activity best reflect? A. The teacher creates an assignment that ESL students can complete effortlessly. B. The teacher creates a learning environment in which students find meaningful connections to content-area knowledge presented in a multicultural setting. C. The teacher creates an assignment that allows for authentic assessment in contrast to the traditional end-of-unit test. D. The teacher makes an assignment that will encourage students to do additional research in order to complete the letter satisfactorily.

A middle school English teacher is having a writing workshop in which students will work on their essay drafts. The class is a mainstream English class evenly divided among native speakers and intermediate and advanced ESL students. On workshop day, the teacher gives each student three colored pencils and gives the class the following directions: 1: Underline the sentence that you are proudest of having written. This may be a sentence that you are proud of because of how you wrote it (the syntactic structure) or because of what it says (the content). 2: With a different color, circle the single word that you are proudest of having included in your essay. 3: With the third color, circle one or more words that you are unsure of (you think perhaps you are misusing them or you're not sure about the meaning or you're not sure if they fit the sentence, and so on). After the students complete this activity, the teacher has mini-conferences with her students, listening to them as they explain what they underlined and circled in their drafts. This teaching activity reflects the teacher's interest in promoting her ESL students' language proficiency in which of the following ways? A. The teacher wants her students to develop independence as writers. B. The teacher is providing her students an opportunity to demonstrate metacognitive awareness of their language choices. C. The teacher wants to make sure that her students use in-class workshopping to correct their sentences and word choices. D. The teacher wants students to understand that every sentence they write must be correctly structured and effectively worded.

A sixth-grade teacher creates a lesson focused on Sandra Cisneros's story "My Name" and Alice Walker's story "Everyday Use." She introduces the unit with the following book talk: These stories present characters who have issues with their names. Esperanza, a Hispanic girl is named after her grandmother, but says the syllables in her name feel like they're made of tin and hurt the roof of her mouth. In the end, she says she would like to change her name. In the other story, Dee, a young African American woman, is also named after her grandmother. She changes her name to "Wangero" after she goes to college and studies the civil rights movement. After the students read the stories, the teacher leads a class discussion starting with these questions: 1.) Why are their names so important to these characters? 2.) In what ways are their names more than just names? On her lesson plan, the teacher includes an explanation of how this unit addresses important concerns in ESL teaching. The best rationale is that the discussion A.) demonstrates the importance of using prior knowledge to launch a literature unit. B.) fosters students' respect for cultural and linguistic diversity. C.) encourages students to talk about the stories surrounding their own names. D.) illustrates the connection between names and individual identity.

A teacher new to the ESL program in her district wants to learn the state-mandated responsibilities for teachers in required bilingual and ESL programs. Which of the following offers the most thorough resources for ELL teaching in Texas? A. The Language Proficiency Assessment Committee Framework Manual B. The Texas Education Agency's English Language Learner Web Portal C. The Texas Education Code D. The Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

ELL students in a middle school English class do quite well on weekly vocabulary tests where they correctly match words and meanings. Which of the following instructional strategies should the teacher use to encourage students to actually use new vocabulary words in oral and written language? A. Students write paragraphs integrating the vocabulary words for that week. B. Working in groups, students pick one word from the week's vocabulary list and create a semantic web poster defining the word in their own words (instead of a dictionary definition) and providing synonyms for their word. C. Working in groups, students pick one word from the week's list and do a scavenger hunt to find examples of the word being used in books and the media. D. Students cut pictures out of magazines and create a collage featuring the meanings of words on the weekly vocabulary list.

Mr. Christopher, a middle school social studies teacher, has a mainstream class that includes a large number of intermediate ESL students. His ESL students are having trouble understanding the basic information in each chapter. Ms. Caranza, a colleague who teaches ESL classes, suggests two things: that he break up his lectures into mini-lessons, and that he create groups that include two or more native speakers in each group and allow students to network with each other after each mini-lesson. The value of mini-lessons in helping ESL learners acquire content knowledge is that A. mini-lessons are short in order to keep ESL students from getting bored when they don't understand. B. mini-lessons enable the teacher to divide a lesson into manageable "chunks" of information to help students receive comprehensible input. C. in mini-lessons, difficult concepts are omitted, so even beginning ESL learners are able to understand. D. mini-lessons are delivered very quickly so that the teacher is able to cover a lot more information in a class session.

Ms. Contreras is reading a set of student drafts. The following sentence is in Remi's draft: "I knew that if I just had too more minutes, I could of finished." Remi's sentence demonstrates difficulty in A. using past tense correctly. B. distinguishing between the oral and written forms of homonyms. C. using modals correctly. D. spelling.

A fifth-grade teacher wants to promote her intermediate ELL students' understanding of content-area lessons. She has a word wall divided into content areas and each week updates new content vocabulary. She also has content cubicles decorated with posters and realia. Which of the following grouping strategies might further promote her students' content-area learning? A. The teacher uses a random grouping approach, creating new groups each Monday morning. B. The teacher creates two types of groups: one set includes only ELL students, and the other, only native speakers. C. The teacher creates base groups for cooperative learning activities. Each group includes native speakers and ELL students. D. The teacher allows students to self-select the groups they want to be in.

A high school English teacher is about to start a unit on Jack London's "To Build a Fire" in her sheltered class. As a follow-up, the teacher takes the class to the school library and assigns the following activity: - Work with your group members to find three facts about - Alaskan geography, topography, and/or temperatures. - Be ready to do a 3-min summary of your findings tomor. - Your presentation must include at least one photograph. - You can show a photograph from a library book, or you and your group members can draw an illustration. Which of the following descriptions best explains how this activity contributes to students' oral-language proficiency development? A. It allows students to connect research-based facts to the events of the story. B. It creates opportunities for students to negotiate about which facts are most relevant to the story. C. It promotes communicative competence by combining collaboration, research, writing, and oral presentation. D. It prepares students to understand the core conflict of the story.

A high school teacher has a class in which almost all the students are intermediate ELL students. Each day, he presents lessons through lectures followed by an end-of-class quiz. The class has a failing quiz average, so the teacher wants to implement an approach that encourages student achievement. An effective, initial change in this teacher's current approach would be for the teacher to? A. start posting the quiz-grade average each day and to announce that everyone will get a five-point bonus each time the average goes up by five points. B. start using a jigsaw approach with each new chapter. Instead of lecturing, he divides the chapter into sections and makes each group responsible for teaching its assigned section to the class. C. divide the lecture into mini-lessons of no more than 10 minutes each. At the end of each mini-lesson, the teacher writes the essential points on the board and asks students to write it in their daily notes. D. start making audio tapes of each lesson. He has students listen to each lesson as many times as necessary until they pass the quiz for that lesson.

A high school teacher is having a writing conference with Ana, an advanced ELL student. To most likely promote the student's oral-language competence, the teacher A. makes the student repeat the utterance until she uses only L2 language. B. corrects the student orally and has her write down the corrected L2 version. C. doesn't say anything because the insertion of the L1 word does not interfere with the speaker's communicative intent. D. repeats the sentence, correcting the student's L1 usage and tells her never to use L1 words in L2 utterances.

A middle school teacher is finishing up a unit on a young adult novel in her ELL class. She plans a culminating activity focused on developing oral-language proficiency in the context of discussing the complexities of the novel. Which of the following assignments would best address her goal? A. Working in groups, students create a poster with illustrations of key events in the novel. B. Each student picks his or her favorite passage from the book and reads it aloud, explaining why the passage is important to the story. C. Working in groups, students create and present a five-minute play focusing on key passages from the book, showing how the central conflict develops. D. Working independently, each student writes and then presents a three-minute speech that explains the ending of the novel.

A school district has an ESL program in which ELL students are integrated with English speakers for core academic course instruction in L2. The program components include biliteracy, biculturalism, and cross-cultural awareness, but the focus is to provide targeted L2 instruction that promotes academic achievement and L2 proficiency among ELL students. For which ESL education model does this program meet the criteria? A. Home-language enrichment B. Two-way dual-language immersion C. One-way dual-language immersion D. Mainstreaming

A teacher is using writing circles in her fifth-grade ESL class. She adjusts the typical writing circle framework to have students create stories based on family history and events. She gives the class the following assignment: I want each of you to ask a parent or another relative to tell you a story about an important person in your family. Make sure you write down some of the details, but you don't have to write the whole story unless you want to. In class tomorrow, you will work in your literature circles to select one story to turn into a book that you illustrate and then present to the whole class. Then we will turn our stories into short plays and invite your parents to see your plays. Which of the following tenets of effective ESL instruction does this class activity primarily address? A. The teacher is conveying to students the importance of looking for story material in familiar environments. B. The teacher is creating an assignment that integrates reading, writing, speaking, and listening. C. The teacher is promoting family involvement in ESL students' education. D. The teacher is taking into account the diversity of student abilities; students will be able to collaborate on art, writing, and presentation.

An elementary school teacher wants his beginning ESL class to participate meaningfully in an upcoming science unit on insects. A teaching activity that would be an effective introductory strategy for this science unit would be for the teacher to A. show a film on common insects and then ask students to talk about which part they liked best. B. conduct a short lecture on misconceptions about insects. C. put plastic models of insects all around the room and have each student pick an inset and draw it on a 3 x 5 card and on the back write three words that describe the insect. D. arrange the students in a circle and have each student complete the following sentence orally: "I think insects are scary because...."

An elementary school teacher with a class of beginning ESL students distributes a card with a consonant blend to each student. The teacher orally reads a list of words. Whenever the teacher reads a word that starts with the consonant blend a student is holding, the student is supposed to hold up the card. This activity promotes language proficiency in A. morphological knowledge. B. vocabulary development. C. phonological knowledge. D. oral language.

Language learners seem to acquire syntax: A. At the same rate in L1 and L2. B. Faster in L2 than L1. C. In the same order regardless of whether it is in L1 or L2 D. In different order for L1

The Bilingual Education Act, Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1968, was significant in the history of ESL education in America because it A. implemented federal guidelines for integrating children of undocumented immigrants into American schools. B. established the National Center for Bilingual Education as a resource center for teachers and administrators. C. initiated federal involvement in mandates, funding, rationales, and goals for bilingual/ESL education programs. D. established the "separate but equal" precedent for implementing bilingual education programs in American schools.

Toward the end of the first grading period of the year, a middle school teacher makes the following assignment in her ESL class: I want you to write a short letter to your parents. Write a letter that your parents will understand, so you can write in either English or Spanish or a combination. From your perspective, tell your parents the highlights of this six. Write neatly. Use some detail. You might want to add illustrations in the margins. You need to give your letter to your parents. Tomorrow, we will spend some time talking about what your parents said about your letter. The primary purpose of this assignment is to A. provide an authentic writing experience for the students. B. create an opportunity for students to self-assess their progress. C. communicate with ESL students' parents or guardians regarding school activities. D. measure the level of parental interest in ESL student educational activities.

A high school teacher is having a writing conference with Ana, an advanced ELL student. The teacher asks a question about a sentence in the draft. The student writer responds, "As I was reading the sample essay. It had a sentence like this one." The student's utterance is an example of A. interference. B. transfer. C. word coinage. D. code-switching.

A middle school social studies teacher has a sheltered class made up of beginning and intermediate ELL students. To introduce a lesson on different terrains in the United States, he shows slides of deserts, woods, lakes, mountain ranges, river valleys, farmland, mountain valleys, and so on in various parts of the United States. Miguel is a student in this social studies class. He brings a photograph of a small wooden house with a mountain looming in the background. When he is writing his paragraph, he raises his hand to ask the teacher for help. He points to his photograph and says, "Uhm . . . Very big mountain. Like fall on the house." What language-learning strategy is Miguel demonstrating in this exchange with the teacher? A. Student-initiated question B. Dependence on teacher support C. Resistance to dictionary usage D. Circumlocution

A school district in a border area of Texas establishes an ESL program for young students who have recently arrived in the United States and who have limited or no academic background in their native language. The program addresses acculturation, language, affective, and academic aspects of the children's educational experience. The program is a temporary "stop over." The goal is to transition these students into a traditional ESL program. This type of program is typically labeled as a A. transitional ESL program. B. language-intervention program. C. SIFE program (students with interrupted formal education). D. newcomer program.

A teacher is conducting a read-aloud session in a sixth-grade language arts class. George is a newcomer ESL student. When it's his turn to read, the teacher says, "George, how about continuing where Aimee left off?" George says, "No, thank you." George's response can be explained by which of the following language concepts? A. Register B. Semantics C. Monitor hypothesis D. Pragmatics

A teacher replies to an incorrect response from an ELL by recognizing the student's effort through positive reinforcement. By recognizing the student's effort, the teacher is demonstrating an understanding of which of the following? A. Enhancing linguistic development B. Incorporating various learning modalities C. Promoting cognitive development D. Lowering the affective filter

According to the LPAC Framework Manual, a student is identified as an English Language Learner if he or she A. demonstrates significant deficiencies in writing a short passage in English. B. is unable to respond readily to instructions in English. C. has had no academic experiences in L1. D. is in the process of acquiring English and has a language other than English as a native language.

Which one of the following is NOT a factor in people changing their register? The: A. Relationship between the speakers. B. Formality of the situation. C. Attitude towards the listeners and the subject. D. Culture of the speakers.

The study of morphemes may provide the student with: A. The meaning of the root word. B. The meaning of the phonemes. C. Grammatical information. D. All of the above.

A high school ESL teacher is having students take turns reading aloud. Every time someone stumbles or hesitates over a word, the students who know the correct pronunciation laugh at the reader. The teacher continues the read-aloud, but the next time someone laughs at a mispronounced word, she stops and says: "Reading aloud can be scary. You're on the spot. You're sort of performing. Let's listen politely and pay attention to the words we are reading, not to words we're hearing. And if you want to help your classmate, instead of laughing, how about saying the word he or she is trying to pronounce?" The teacher's actions focus on which of the following ESL learner needs? A. By choosing to explain instead of rebuke, the teacher is supporting the students' affective learning domain. B. By continuing the read-aloud, the teacher is demonstrating that linguistic growth occurs by working through a problem independently. C. By choosing not to embarrass the students who are laughing, the teacher is promoting a sense of camaraderie among the students. D. The teacher is supporting the cognitive domain; instead of focusing on the students who are laughing, the teacher keeps the students' concentration on the content.

A high school English teacher is about to start a unit on Jack London's "To Build a Fire" in her sheltered class. She starts a whole-class discussion by asking: "When the temperature is very high and you feel very hot, what are some things you are supposed to do to stay safe?" She writes their comments on the board and encourages students to follow up on some of the things they say. Then she tells students to work in groups to respond to this question: "When it's very, very cold, what are some things you should do to stay safe?" She gives students five minutes to prepare their group response. How does this oral language activity promote students' communicative language competence? A. The teacher activates prior knowledge to help students connect their real-world experiences to the context of the classroom lesson. B. Using the students' group responses, the teacher will be able to create a semantic map to introduce the story. C. The teacher knows this story will be challenging for ELL students, so she starts with this activity in order to boost their comprehension. D. The teacher wants to promote students' active listening skills by making them realize how little they know about extreme cold temperatures.

A high school advanced ESL student included the following in her essay: "(1) When one talking about improving the education quality, many ideas such as smaller class sizes, teachers quality, and lack of resources. (2) One issue that people believe is crucial, the low budget that schools get from the government. (3) Although increasing funds might be a solution, other ways to improve the education qualities without more funds." This passage suggests that the student writer has difficulty with A. completing main clause subject-verb combinations in complex sentences. B. using the apostrophe correctly. C. writing effective subordinate clauses. D. maintaining a consistent point of view.

A high school biology teacher is starting a unit that addresses state assessment standards on knowledge of interactions among biological systems in plants. Which of the following instructional activities would most effectively promote his ELL students' achievement in this area? A. The teacher assigns a group project. Each group identifies a specific plant and uses visuals and props to demonstrate interaction of its biological systems. B. The teacher has students fill out a questionnaire about their prior knowledge on plants' biological systems. C. The teacher takes his students on a walk around the campus to point out different types of plants growing on the school grounds. D. The teacher shows students the state assessment standards in biology and explains the concepts and defines all the content-specific terms in each standard.

A high school teacher is preparing her ELL class for the state-mandated writing exam. She wants to familiarize her students with the format of the writing exam as well as to teach them writing-on-demand strategies. The teacher creates a prompt modeled on the state-mandated writing exam. She leads a discussion on how to break down the topic and do quick planning. To most effectively promote students' understanding of the writing task, the teacher A. does a think-aloud and a demonstration of how she would respond to the prompt, writing her response in front of the class. B. tells students that the exam will require quick writing. She distributes new prompts and gives students 15 minutes to write an essay. C. breaks students into groups and has each group create a collaboratively written essay. D. arranges the class into a large circle. She composes a starting sentence for the essay. In a round-robin approach, each student in the circle contributes a sentence to the developing essay.

A high school teacher is preparing her sheltered class for the mandated state assessment in writing. She displays the following paragraph on the overhead: "Dead Poets Society (Dir. Peter Wier, 1989) illustrates a conflict of father and son. (2) We see this conflict between Neil and his father, it appears every time Neil's father visits him. (3) Neil's father visits Neil when Neil join any extracurricular activities. (4) Like most students at Welton Neil's future is already planned for him by his father." The teacher tells the students that each sentence has one error in grammar or language use. They have five minutes to find and correct the errors in the sentences. This activity allows the teacher to assess students' proficiency informally in A. editing. B. revision. C. writing on demand. D. comprehension.

A high school teacher presents a unit on the 1960s civil rights movement in a sheltered social studies class. The lesson includes film clips, news stories, magazine pictures published in the 1960s, excerpts from speeches from key civil rights leaders, as well as textbook chapters. Additionally, the teacher creates a Civil Rights Around the World bulletin board and adds a first entry on Nelson Mandela. She tells students that each group needs to contribute a picture and small explanation of civil rights activists from other countries or cultures to add to the bulletin board. She integrates computer-assisted instruction and tells students they may do their computer work in their L1 if they choose. Which of the following explanations best addresses the connection between this instructional strategy and ESL student learning? A. The integration of technology with the option to use Internet resources in their L1 will promote students' content-area knowledge and language acquisition. B. By integrating materials other than the traditional textbook, the teacher demonstrates how history books present limited views of historical events. C. The students will be able to create multimedia products to connect knowledge of this important period in American history to historical events in their home countries. D. By integrating electronic resources, the teacher creates a class environment that reduces the effort that learners need to expend and reduces anxiety over required class work.

A high school teacher wants her intermediate and advanced students to write sentences of increasing syntactic complexity. Which of the following instructional strategies would most effectively promote students' ability to construct sentences using subordinate and coordinate clauses in a variety of patterns? A. Sentence-combining exercises B. Grammar drills in which students correctly identify written compound and compound-complex sentences C. Daily oral language sentences that include errors in subordination and coordination D. Memorizing lists of subordinate and coordinate conjunctions

A high school teacher wants to promote his ELL students' vocabulary development but does not want to administer vocabulary tests. To best meet his literacy development goal, the teacher A. has students pick vocabulary slips out of a box. Each student creates an illustrated poster to introduce her or his word to the whole class. B. makes a list of challenging words from the class texts and has students guess at the meaning of the words. C. makes a list of challenging words from the class texts and has students find where the words occur in those texts. D. posts a new-word-a-day calendar and has a student volunteer read the word of the day at the beginning of each school day.

A high school with a 75 percent ELL student enrollment has an ESL program in place that meets the following criteria: • It promotes language proficiency by addressing the needs learners with a of a diverse range of language competencies. • It enhances students' competence in content areas through classroom experiences that reflect the learner's development while fostering readiness for higher levels of learning. • It provides instruction through certified ESL instructors who promote learners' L2 competence and uses L2 as a medium for learning in academic subjects. Which of the following ESL program models do these criteria describe? A. Content-based program B. Immersion program C. Pull-out program D. Grammar-based ESL and content-area enrichment

A middle school social studies teacher has a sheltered class made up of beginning and intermediate ELL students. To introduce a lesson on different terrains in the United States, he shows slides of deserts, woods, lakes, mountain ranges, river valleys, farmland, mountain valleys, and so on in various parts of the United States. As a follow-up activity, students brings photographs or illustrations of terrains where they have lived or which they have visited. They write short paragraphs describing the area in the photos. Each student is invited to sit in the Author's Chair and briefly talk about his or her picture. This follow-up activity reflects the funds of knowledge approach in which of the following ways? A. Students discover meaningful connections between class activities and their own experiences. B. In listening to each other, students recognize the broad parameters of the topic covered in class. C. In writing paragraphs about their photographs, students are able to use vocabulary they already know instead of struggling with new content-area vocabulary. D. The writing activity prevents learners from relying on L1 words and sentence patterns.

A middle school social studies teacher has a sheltered class made up of beginning and intermediate ELL students. To introduce a lesson on different terrains in the United States, he shows slides of deserts, woods, lakes, mountain ranges, river valleys, farmland, mountain valleys, and so on in various parts of the United States. As he shows each scene, he asks students to brainstorm about words suggested by each scene (for example, farmland might elicit words such as rows, neat, planning, harvest, and so on) and writes the list on the board. Then he asks for student volunteers to describe each scene orally in a few sentences. This activity primarily supports which of the following ELL instructional goals? A. Students practice oral language in a low-stress class activity B. Students gain new knowledge through activities that develop language and content concepts in a meaningful context C. Students learn new vocabulary by connecting images to word lists D. Students demonstrate comprehension of important content-area knowledge.

A middle school teacher assigns her class of intermediate ELL students an expository essay on the topic "what responsibility means." As a prewriting strategy, she has each student bring a photograph or an illustration that depicts some aspect of responsibility. Students volunteer to be on a panel to discuss the illustrations they brought. Students in the audience ask questions and make comments as the panelists present their illustrations. This teaching strategy prepares students for the writing task in which of the following ways? A. The panel discussion will trigger students' prior knowledge on concepts related to the essay topic. B. The panel discussion will enable the teacher to determine which students are using original ideas when the essays are submitted. C. The discussion will introduce new vocabulary that students should include in their essays. D. The discussion will ensure that all students include correct information in their essays.

A middle school teacher wants to promote his ESL students' understanding of social studies content-area vocabulary. His students frequently tell him that they think looking up every word they don't know is boring. In order to meet this instructional goal, the teacher A. identifies a focal concept in the next reading assignment and models how to create a semantic map. B. reads part of the next chapter aloud while students read along silently. Every time he comes to a word he thinks that students don't know, he writes it on the board and defines it. C. has a student volunteer read aloud the chapter title and all the subheadings. Then he asks for another volunteer to predict what topics the chapter might cover. D. shows a short video on the key concepts covered in the chapter prior to reading the next chapter.

A ninth-grade speech communication class is evenly divided among ELL students and native speakers. The teacher has assigned an informal speech. As part of the preparation for this assignment, she shows several movie clips with the sound turned off. The rational that best explains how this activity will promote student achievement in this informal speech assignment is that A. watching film segments with the sound off will provide an opportunity to analyze how nonverbal cues, body language, and gestures contribute to communication. B. watching a film prior to a challenging assignment reduces anxiety and helps students perform at a higher level. C. watching film clips with the sound off and then rewatching with the sound on will enable students to recognize how important good elocution is in being understood by an audience. D. watching film clips will show students how important staging is in delivering a good speech performance

A second-grade ELL teacher asks her students to bring a special object from home (for example, a toy, a photograph, a book, a gift, and so on). On Story Telling Day, each student describes her or his object and tells the story of why it is special to her or him. Which of the following English Language Proficiency Standards expectations for listening and speaking is best addressed by this instructional activity? A. Narrating, describing, and explaining B. Distinguishing sounds and intonations in English C. Integrating new vocabulary into day-to-day language D. Using grade-level content-area vocabulary

Educators in the ESL program at an elementary school involve students families in program decision-making and support families' participation in other school activities and projects. These practices best reflect an awareness of which of the following factors affecting language development? A. ELLs whose families have positive opinions about school and learning are more likely to develop English language proficiency B. Family members are students' first teachers, and the more they know about language instruction, the better they can teach ELLs specific aspects of language C. Family involvement in school activities provides students with a model of the kind of purposeful communication that is the ultimate goal of language instruction D. ELLs' family members are better able to evaluate the effectiveness of language instruction when they are familiar with the curriculum

In an elementary class of beginning ESL students from various countries and cultures, which of the following strategies would best help students transfer L1 knowledge to L2? A. The teacher posts pictures of events, artifacts, geographical areas, and foods from the students' culture and labels them in L2 terms. B. The teacher insists that students speak only in L2 throughout the day. C. The teacher adds books in the students' L1 to the class library and has students read in their L1. D. After each read-aloud, the teacher asks for a volunteer to translate the story into his or her own L1.

Mr. Christopher, a middle school social studies teacher, has a mainstream class that includes a large number of intermediate ESL students. His ESL students are having trouble understanding the basic information in each chapter. Ms. Caranza, a colleague who teaches ESL classes, suggests two things: that he break up his lectures into mini-lessons, and that he create groups that include two or more native speakers in each group and allow students to network with each other after each mini-lesson. Mr. Christopher plans to use Ms. Caranza's mini-lesson and networking suggestion to promote his ESL students' understanding of social studies content. Which of the following additional classroom activities would help him meet his goal? A. After each networking session, each group offers the following report to the whole class: "We think the most important information in this mini-lesson is ________, but we want more explanation of ________." B. Before each networking session, Mr. Christopher asks each student to write down one word she or he doesn't understand, and he creates a class list of vocabulary words. C. As part of each networking session, students silently reread the section of the chapter just covered in the mini-lesson. D. At the end of each networking session, each student writes a paragraph summarizing the information in the mini-lesson.

Ms. Eams, a high school history teacher, is starting a unit on the Great Depression. The class is mainstream but includes approximately 50 percent intermediate ELL students. She devises several activities designed to prepare students for learning the new concepts in this chapter. Before having students read the chapter, Ms. Eams organizes the class into groups and assigns one of the 1930s articles to each group. She tells the groups that, as they read the articles, they need to come up with at least three questions about the Great Depression. When the groups make their presentations before the whole class, Ms. Eams writes all the questions on a poster board. How will this activity reinforce students' preparation for reading the chapter content? A. The students will have activated some prior knowledge of the historical period they are about to study. B. Students who have difficulties in content-area reading will still know a fair amount about the new history content. C. Students will know the most important points that will be presented in the chapter. D. Students will develop a broad understanding of major issues in the history unit they are about to study.

Ms. Gorman, a high school English teacher has a ninth-grade class that includes a significant number of ESL students ranging from newcomer to advanced levels. She is introducing a thematic unit on change as the theme, using a frequently taught poem as the anchor text. On the first day of the unit, she writes the word "CHANGE" in big letters on a poster board. She tells students to complete the following sentence: "To me, change means ________. " She marks off a 3-inch x 5-inch box on the poster and models the activity by writing: "To me, change means that something is different." After students complete their sentences, they briefly explain their sentences to the whole class and write them on the poster board. Which of the following statements best explains how this activity promotes English-language proficiency in the context of the teacher's unit? A. This prereading activity promotes oral-language proficiency by allowing students to focus on shared experiences relevant to the unit theme. B. This comprehension activity gives the teacher an opportunity to create a semantic map using some of the concepts suggested by the students' sentences. C. This writing activity allows students to create a short text (the single sentence), which they can expand into a full essay as a culminating unit activity. D. This grammar activity allows the teacher to correct the sentences as the students post them on the poster board.

Ms. Oliver has an elementary class of beginning ESL students. During reading time, she integrates nonfiction picture books that focus on science, history, and social studies topics. She reads a book to her students orally and then rereads it several times. After several re-readings, she stops at key points in the book and asks students to fill in what comes next. Which of the following statements best explains how this teaching strategy reinforces students' content-area learning? A. The repeated readings and student participation reinforces' students familiarity with discipline-specific terms and concepts. B. The oral reading reinforces students' phonological awareness. C. Reading picture books instead of the actual textbooks simplifies the content area material for learners who are not yet ready for challenging content. D. Working with picture books allows students to learn to spell high-frequency words in a meaningful communicative context.

Ms. Pierce teaches a sheltered class of fifth-grade intermediate ESL students. During their language enrichment period, she hands out the following exercise. Her students are clustered into base groups, but she instructs them to work independently for five minutes and then network with their group members to complete the exercise. "Read the following passage carefully. Fill the blanks with words that make sense in those slots. Remember that to make sense, the words need to fit both in meaning and in grammatical structure. The playground can _________________ kids how to work hard to _____________ anything. Whether kids are trying to swing by __________? Ms. Pierce discovers that some of her students are frustrated because they can't figure out the "right answers." Which of the following modifications should she make to support students' efforts to complete this activity effectively? A. She provides a list of possible choices for each blank, including some alternatives that are inappropriate for the context of the blank. B. She asks for volunteers to read the passage aloud in front of the class, saying "blank" every time they come to a blank. C. She tells students who are frustrated to look up words they don't know in the passage. D. She provides picture books and elementary-level storybooks on the general topic of the passage and tells students to read several of these books if they don't understand how to fill in the blanks

Ms. Sahid teaches at a high school that includes The Great Gatsby as mandatory reading for all students in eleventh-grade curriculum. Her classes include many intermediate-level ESL students. To help her students appreciate the literary language in The Great Gatsby, Ms. Sahid arranges her class into groups and assigns each group an especially vivid passage from the novel. To promote students' understanding of literary language, she asks each group to dramatize the passage they've been given. The instructional strategy that would be most effective in helping students complete this activity meaningfully and effectively is for the teacher to: A. model the activity by acting out a passage and explain how her actions, movements, and gestures reflect the language of the text. B. ask students to underline and label the literary devices they recognize in their passages. C. join each group and ask group members to read the passage aloud and then correct all mispronunciations and incorrect intonations. D. ask each group to explain why the passage is important to the reader's understanding of the scene.

Myra is an advanced seventh-grade ESL student. The passage on the next page is an excerpt from an essay she wrote: "During the week, I would give up my afternoons just to go to band practice. Regardless of me having homework. Our paractice would usually last from six to eight. Except for Wensdays. My weekends were never true because I either had a football game to go too. Sometimes it was because I had to show up for practice the next day. It got to the point to where I became close to losing some of my friends. Beeing that I had a busy schedule." Which of the following statements offers the best analysis of the writer's syntactic performance in this excerpt? A. The writer treats subordinate structures as independent elements. B. The writer demonstrates spelling difficulties. C. The writer does not seem to have any strategies for varying sentence structure. D. The writer does not know what constitutes a complete sentence.

Parental notification that a student has been classified as an ELL and is recommended for placement in the school district's ESL program comes from A. the Language Proficiency Assessment Committee. B. the student's English language arts teacher. C. the school principal. D. the school district's ESL coordinator.

Research findings suggest that a key challenge in two-way dual-immersion programs is ensuring that both native speakers and nonnative speakers are receiving comprehensible input during the dual-language lessons. In a two-way dual-immersion setting, the strategy that would best enable a teacher to create comprehensible input for all the learners is A. paraphrasing and repetition to provide redundancy in listening and speaking situations and integrating objects, visuals, dramatizations, and modeling to introduce new concepts. B. setting up class rules that require learners to listen quietly so that they miss no information presented by the teacher. C. providing all instructions and lessons in both L1 and L2. D. separating learners into L1 and L2 groups, providing instruction in the learners' native language, and reconvening to have members of each group share their new knowledge.

The best rationale for integrating culturally relevant literature into ELL curricula is that A. students are better able to connect meaningfully with stories and characters that reflect their culture and/or native country environment. B. books categorized as "multicultural or culturally relevant" literature are easier than canonical literature. C. culturally relevant literature is written in the students' home language. D. the only type of literature that ELL students can understand is literature written in language or dialogue that reflects their L1.

The following verb forms occur in an essay written by a fifth-grade ESL student: "haded, knowed, ated, thinked, knewed, runned, breaked, broked, had" These forms indicate that the student? A. is overgeneralizing in his use of the past morpheme. B. has limited understanding of verb tense forms in English. C. has not yet internalized rules for irregular verb forms in English. D. lacks phonological understanding to recognize that the -ed suffix sounds "wrong" when attached incorrectly.

The fundamental purpose of federal and state regulations regarding ESL education is to A. provide equal educational opportunities for all learners. B. develop a citizenry that is fluent in English. C. promote English as the official language of the United States. D. reduce immigrant students' dependence on L1 in everyday social and academic activities.

The teacher's use of literature response groups and journals demonstrates a strong understanding that A. language development is an integrated process. B. language instruction should emphasize oral development over written development. C. language development is a sequential process. D. language instruction should emphasize receptive language skills before expressive language skills.

To best support and encourage students' ongoing interaction with literature, it would be most effective for the teacher to A. help students learn how to select books that are likely to be comprehensible and of interest to them. B. encourage students occasionally to read literature independently without talkingor writing about it. C. monitor the reader response groups and journals and correct students' misconceptions about the books. D. make presentations to students about standard guidelines for literary evaluation and criticism.

Which of the following best characterizes the education of language minority students in the United States before World War II? A. There was no concerted effort to assistELLs in school B. ESL programs were common in largerurban school systems only C. Students who did not speak English could be legally prevented fromregistering in school D. The majority of ELLs with limitedEnglish proficiency attended bilingualparochial schools

Which of the following best explains why ELLs need to receive direct instruction in the use of nonverbal elements of English? A. The meanings of gestures and body language vary from culture to culture B. People need explicit instruction in nonverbal communication because they lack instinctive communication skills C. Cultures associated with English tend to have more taboos related to the body than other cultures D. Nonverbal gestures only have meaning when they are connected to specific phrases in the oral language

Which of the following establishes the federal foundation for ESL programs in Texas schools? A. Public Law 107-110 (Elementary and Secondary Education Act) B. The U.S. Department of Education C. The Texas Education Agency D. The Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System (TELPAS)

Which of the following is a cornerstone of dual-language immersion programs? A. All students in the program develop language proficiency in both L1 and L2. B. Paired with one or more L1 students, L2 students serve as literacy coaches for the nonnative speakers. C. The curriculum is modified, allowing teachers to reduce the amount of content-area material that needs to be taught in both languages. D. Dual-immersion programs extend only through the end of elementary grades because the increasing complexity of content is impossible to address in the two-language framework.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects knowledge, research, and practices involving ESL students' acquisition of academic language proficiency in content areas? A. Acquiring academic language in L2 is a much longer process than acquiring conversational proficiency in L2. B. Academic language proficiency is significantly promoted when ESL students are taught in an immersion approach. C. Academic language proficiency proceeds at a faster rate when teaching focuses on distinct L2 skills rather than holistic teaching. D. Scaffolded ESL instruction provides immediate increases in content-area proficiency but creates dependent learners in the long run.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the way an ELL teacher can use results of mandated assessment to improve student achievement in the classroom? A. Although scores on mandated state exams provide summative assessment data, teachers can use information about performance in discrete areas of the exams to devise formative assessments embedded in day-to-day class activities. B. Because mandated state exams create a great deal of anxiety among teachers and students, the teacher should concentrate on improving students' comprehension of academic content instead of integrating state testing requirements. C. Because state exams are high stakes for students and teachers, teachers should revise their curriculum to cover only material included on the mandated exams. D. Teachers should adapt all course content to reflect the format of state assessments and administer benchmarks every few weeks.

Which of the following strategies would be most effective in helping intermediate and advanced ELLs improve their reading fluency? A. Providing frequent opportunities for students to read and reread texts written at their independent reading levels B. Expanding students' vocabulary knowledge by assigning challenging texts at and beyond their instructional reading levels C. Encouraging students to use various comprehension strategies, such as self-monitoring, predicting and questioning D. Administering timed reading tests to students monthly to motivate them to read more quickly and accurately

"Ms. Newbry is starting a new unit on local plants in her middle school science class. Most of the students are beginning to intermediate ELL students. Ms. Newbry wants to make sure the activities in the new unit help her students understand science content but also promote language proficiency." The teacher gives each student three resealable zipper storage bags and asks them to collect leaves from three different plants they see each day on the school grounds, in their yards, or in their neighborhoods. This introductory strategy helps to promote students' understanding of the science content in the unit on local plants because A. students can have fun while completing the assignment. B. new content will be reinforced through hands-on activities. C. students will not need to use language strategies in completing this assignment. D. students will demonstrate the extent to which they can follow basic instructions.

A high school history teacher realizes that his ELL students are having significant difficulties in understanding the content of each new chapter. To introduce the next chapter, he creates an outline of the key points. Prior to starting the chapter, he projects the outline on the overhead and has students copy the outline. Which of the following adjustments should the teacher make to this activity to promote his students' better understanding of history content? A. After they finish copying the outline, the teacher should have several students read the outline orally. B. As a next step, the teacher should model how to create a graphic organizer connecting the key concepts in the outline. C. After the students finish copying the outline, the teacher should check all the outlines to ensure the students copied everything correctly. D. As a next step, the teacher should give students time to work in groups to discuss the outline and then administer a quiz to determine the students' understanding.

A high school history teacher wants his ESL class to develop a deeper understand of historical events. He develops the following list of essential questions: - Who are the pivotal participants? - How does each participant impact the outcome? - Why is this event important? - Could the participants have taken diff. course of action? Following each unit, students discuss the questions in groups and make brief oral reports on their findings. This instructional strategy promotes students' content-area proficiency by ? A. integrating several levels of Bloom's taxonomy. B. engaging students in critical thinking through activities that foster communicative competence. C. impressing upon students the need to memorize the names of key historical figures. D. encouraging students to create a historical timeline that helps them remember when pivotal events happened.

A middle school teacher shows her ESL class film clips of people from different countries and cultures greeting each other. This instructional strategy primarily focuses on A. showing students that shaking hands is not a universal greeting. B. developing students' awareness of cultural diversity. C. emphasizing the need to watch videos set in other countries. D. reinforcing students' understanding of body language in communicating.

A middle-school teacher shows her ESL class the "line game" clip from the film Freedom Writers. In the film, teacher Erin Gruwell lays down a strip of masking tape on the classroom floor, tells her students (who come from a variety of cultural and ethnic backgrounds) to step up to it, and then asks them a series of questions based on their cultural and family backgrounds. She starts with questions about films they've watched, progressing to questions about friends and family killed through neighborhood violence. They are to step away from the line if they can respond positively to the questions. At the end of the game, only a few students are still standing at the line, and students are looking at each other with apparent new understanding about shared experiences. How does this class activity address the primary components of effective ESL instruction? A. It demonstrates that film offers a highly effective means of presenting meaningful classroom lessons for ESL students. B. It creates a venue for discussion of how sociocultural factors and home environment impact ESL students' classroom experiences. C. It enables the teacher to enrich ESL students' learning experiences by integrating kinesthetic learning into traditional delivery methods. D. It allows ESL students to contrast real-world events with cinematic representations of those events.

A third-grade teacher in a two-way dual-language immersion program is conducting a geography lesson in her class. She has large pictures of geographical sites such as volcanoes, rivers, rain forests, deserts, canyons, and so on. She gives each group a picture and directions for the geography assignment. Which of the following directions for further class activity would best reflect the characteristics of a two-way dual-language immersion program? A. Each group collaborates in writing a paragraph in English describing their picture. B. Each group creates a T-chart showing words that describe the picture with L1 words on one side and L2 on the other. C. The teacher creates a master list of English words that describe geographical sites. Each group selects the words that fit their picture. D. Each group collaborates in writing a paragraph in L1 describing their picture.

A writing teacher has shown intermediate-level ESL students how to brainstorm, how to do webs, and how to pose questions about the topic. An additional strategy that would help students during the planning stage of writing would be to A. create an outline. B. draw a simple illustration. C. write the essay in Spanish and then translate it into English. D. write a thesis statement.

An elementary school teacher is planning to introduce a new read-aloud story to a class of beginning and intermediate ELL students. Which of the following pre-reading strategies would best enable students to understand new vocabulary in the story? A. The teacher posts a list of new words and has students look them up prior to the read-aloud. B. The teacher posts labeled illustrations of the new words, with each illustration showing the new word in large letters. The teacher explains each new word prior to the read-aloud. C. Prior to the read-aloud, the teacher has students skim through the story and write down all the words they don't know. D. The teacher gives the students a short summary of the new story prior to the read-aloud and tells the students that once she starts the read-aloud, they should raise their hands each time they hear a word they don't know.

An elementary teacher has a class of beginning ESL students. During oral reading times, the teacher notices that the students are using many L1 phonemes in pronouncing L2 words. The most effective strategy in helping students use their L1 phonological knowledge in producing L2 strings would be for the teacher to A. correct the students each time they mispronounce a word during oral reading. B. have students read along silently as she plays an audio recording of a short book they are familiar with. She plays the recording once more, with the students reading along chorally. C. make a list of all the words the students mispronounced during reading time and give them a spelling test on this list. D. write simple sentences using words with the L2 phonemes that the students are having trouble with and have the students copy the sentences into their notebooks.

Each Monday, a third-grade teacher introduces new content vocabulary to her beginning ESL students. To reinforce their initial understanding of the new words, she posts labeled pictures of the words. She wants to promote their listening and speaking proficiency in the context of content instruction. Which of the following instructional activities most effectively addresses the teacher's goal? A. The teacher puts up the lists of new content words, pronounces each one, and then calls on student volunteers to pronounce them, too. B. Working in groups, students pick one of the new words to explore by looking in their books, using the dictionary, and using other class resources. Each group does a short presentation to introduce the class to the new word. C. The teacher gives students two days to learn the words. They spend a few minutes each day pronouncing the words out loud in unison. On the third day, they have a spelling test on all the new words. D. The teacher shows an animated video in which animal characters introduce the new words on the list. After the video, the teacher gives students a short test to determine which words they seemed to understand best.

Early in the school year, a middle school ESL teacher gives each student a 4 x 6 card and makes the following assignment: On the blank side, please write in large letters a single word that you think describes you perfectly. On the ruled side, write a little story or just a paragraph explaining how and why that word fits you. The word you pick can be either English or Spanish. After the students complete their cards, the teacher has each student read his or her statement. Then the teacher posts all the cards, word side showing, on the class community board. Which of the following components of creating and maintaining an effective multicultural learning environment does this activity primarily promote? A. By sharing information about themselves, the students will work more effectively in groups. B. By sharing information about themselves, students will develop awareness of and respect for each other's cultural diversity. C. By displaying the cards on the board, the teacher will have readily available examples of L1 and L2 words for grammar and writing lessons. D. By having students read their statements orally, the teacher will establish a baseline for tracking students' speaking skills throughout the year.

Idioms pose particular challenges for ESL students because A. idioms frequently are based on sophisticated allusions that ESL students are not likely to recognize. B. the meaning of idioms cannot be derived from the literal meaning of the component words in the expression. C. idiomatic expressions can be understood only if the speaker knows the genesis of the expression. D. idioms usually have ambiguous meanings.

If you are studying phonology, then you are studying: A. The smallest unit within a language system to which meaning is attached. B. The way in which speech sounds form patterns. C. Individual letters and letter combinations. D. The definition of individual words.

In an upper elementary class of beginning to intermediate ESL students, the teacher displays the following exercise on the overhead. Look at this set of sentences. With your group members, come up with a "rule" that explains the text structure that you see repeated in all of the sentences. - Growing up, I spent a lot of summers with my grandparents in Mexico. - On my grandparents' ranch, the mesquite trees, dirt piles, and watering holes were my playgrounds. - Almost every day, I would wake up with the first light, gobble my breakfast, and dash out the door. - At the end of the summer, it was time to return to my home in Texas. This teaching activity is designed to address which of the following cognitive processes in L2 acquisition? A. Syntactic variation B. Generalization C. Transfer D. Error analysis

In assigning listening and speaking class activities, an ESL teacher needs to take into account individual differences in language and culture because A. in a class with diverse languages and cultures represented, the teacher needs to figure out how to get everyone to understand each other. B. culturally based behavioral and social norms impact oral-language interactions in the class environment. C. most ESL students are very uncomfortable about speaking in public. D. rates of oral-language acquisition vary significantly among individual students.

Mr. Sauls teaches a high school biology class made up of native speakers and intermediate to advanced ESL students. A good bit of the course work involves conducting experiments in class by following written directions provided by the teacher. Students work collaboratively on each experiment. Mr. Sauls notices that each time a new experiment is assigned, the ESL students turn away from their assigned groups and talk in their native language with the other ESL students. Which of the following strategies would most effectively support the teacher's goal to use collaborative work to promote his ESL students' language competence? A. The teacher tells the ESL students that to learn science content, they must speak in English rather than in their L1. B. The teacher restructures the groups to include two or more ESL students in each group. C. Using an Internet translation tool, the teacher translates the experiments into the students' L1. D. The teacher moves from group to group and reads the instructions orally to each group.

Ms. Sahid teaches at a high school that includes The Great Gatsby as mandatory reading for all students in eleventh-grade curriculum. Her classes include many intermediate-level ESL students. Which of the following accommodations might best help Ms. Sahid's ESL students understand the novel? A. Showing a film version of the novel before reading it B. Integrating historical photographs, period music, art, and brief historical overviews to contextualize the themes and events in the novel C. Handing out a chapter-by-chapter summary of the novel D. Listening to a professional recording of the novel as students follow along in their books

Ms. Sierra has a class of beginning to intermediate fifth-grade ESL students. She puts the following assignment on the board. Prefixes- In- and Re- Suffixes- -s, -ed, -ing, -ment, -able With your group, combine the root word state with each of the prefixes and suffixes. Write a sentence correctly using each of the words you created (you may use the dictionary if you need to) By having each group report the results to the whole class, Ms. Sierra is promoting her ESL students' language proficiency in which of the following ways A. By using a simple class activity to assess the students' understanding of affixes B. By giving students the opportunity to increase their L2 competence through authentic oral-language classroom experiences C. By shifting responsibility for L2 learning from the teacher to the students through collaborative work D. By using a collaborative approach instead of independent work to keep students from making errors due to limited L2 proficiency

Research on ESL instruction shows that use of multiple scaffolds promotes young learners' social adjustment and academic learning. Which of the following descriptions provides the best examples of learning scaffolds? A. The teacher reinforces daily instruction with a quiz at the end of the school day. Students score each other's quizzes and ask questions about the right and wrong responses. B. The teacher uses props and pictures to support new learning in all subjects, makes extensive use of print throughout the room, and structures lessons to integrate cooperative learning. C. The teacher uses short, animated videos to introduce every lesson in content areas and asks students to summarize their understanding of each video. D. The teacher uses instructional materials that offer L1 and L2 versions of every lesson to create a learning environment that addresses the affective needs of all the students.

Students in an ESL class play a game in which they are split into teams. One member of each team picks an index card that has a verb written on it, and that student must act out the verb using movements and gestures. The other members of the team must state what action the student is in the process of doing, such as "Jiawen is driving." The game will most likely help students learn how to correctly form and use the A. simple present tense. B. present progressive tense. C. simple past tense. D. present perfect tense.

The entity that is not officially involved in formation of the Language Proficiency Assessment Committee (LPAC) is A. the local school board. B. the school's parent-teacher association. C. the school district. D. The Texas Education Agency.

The list that best reflects research- and practice-based instructional practices designed to create educational equity for ESL students is A. grammar drills, frequent testing, and limited L1 support. B. students' prior knowledge, scaffolding, and collaborative work. C. oral-language precedence, simplified curriculum, and targeted teaching to standardized tests. D. parental involvement, curricular accommodations, and L2 immersion.

This sentence below appears in an essay written by a high advanced ELL student in high school: "Some of the valuable lessons that teachers teach us include self-determination, the necessity of education, and the belief that anything is possible if you have the desire to accomplish goals." Which of the following descriptions accurately explains the syntactic structure of this sentence? A. The writer has written a run-on sentence, suggesting a lack of understanding of sentence boundaries. B. The sentence is a compound-complex sentence that includes several embedded clauses and items in a series. C. The sentence demonstrates some redundancy that should have been corrected during revision. D. The sentence includes several subordinate clauses that are incorrectly punctuated.

To promote her fifth-grade ESL students' academic language proficiency, a science teacher takes her students to the school library once a week and has the students check out books on topics related to the unit they are currently studying. The teacher notices that students talk constantly in the library, showing each other their books, and reading each other's books. She recognizes this as an opportunity to promote her students' communicative language development. Which of the following instructional activities best addresses the teacher's intent? A. Assigning students book reports on the books they pick and posting the reports on the class writing wall B. Having each student do a book talk on his or her book C. Having each student post the title of her or his book on the class notes wall. D. Having a question-and-answer session where the teacher asks each student one question about the book he or she checked out

Use the writing sample below to answer the question that follows. The students, who had studied hard for their examination, which was given at the end of the school year. Based on the sample, the student writer is struggling to A. make the subject and verb of a sentence agree. B. write a sentence containing a subject and predicate. C. place a subordinate clause after the word it modifies. D. use the correct pronoun to begin a subordinate clause.

Which of the following best describes the individual teacher's role in the responsibilities of the LPAC as described in the Texas Education Code and the Texas Administrative Code? A. To inform parents of each students' progress in language acquisition and core course performance at the end of each semester B. To provide a subjective teacher evaluation when the committee considers whether a student is English proficient for exit from the ESL program C. To work closely with the LPAC to determine ELL students placement options at the end of each academic year D. To complete and submit yearly reports on ELL students' academic progress as measured by the TEA Class Performance Matrix

Which of the following programs provides federally mandated accountability data on the progress of ELL students in Texas in meeting language proficiency goals? A. The State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) B. Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System (TELPAS) C. Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) D. English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS)

Which of the following sentences best demonstrates the use of "must" in an imperative sentence? A. The lights are off; they must not be at home. B. You must not eat candy before sleeping. C. The trip to the zoo yesterday must have been fun. D. You must be tired after such a long journey.

Which of the following skills will ELLs primarily develop when creating their own semantic maps? A. Distinguishing fact and opinion B. Organizing and categorizing information C. Evaluating the reliability of information D. Predicting the results of a sequence of events

Janie is a middle school student whose family recently emigrated from Mexico. On the first day of class, she told her teacher that she had to drop out of school in her native country a year ago. In the interval, she has had no tutoring or formal schooling. She has the following conversation with her English teacher regarding a missed homework assignment. Janie: Is because I lose...uhmmmm...USB [pronounced "uəsbi"]. Is no finish. Uhmmmmm...the homework. Teacher: You were unable to complete your assignment, Janie: [speaking slowly and clearly enunciating] Yes. No do it. Teacher: Do you think you could complete your homework during your study period? [speaking slowly and clearly enunciating] Janie: Uhmmmmm...study time. Yes. Finish. Teacher: That's great, Janie. I hope to get your completed assignment later today. Janie: Is good. 1.) Based on this brief exchange, which of the following statements offers the best description of Janie's L2 development at this point? A. Janie has virtually no understanding of English grammar. B. Janie's syntactic and phonological output point to interference from Spanish grammatical structures. C. Janie is not capable of completing a logical utterance in English. D. Janie is unable to use her L1 competence as scaffolding for her L2 development. 2.) The L2 acquisition strategy that Janie's pronunciation of USB as "uəsbi" is indicative of A. transfer. B. incorrect translation. C. risk-taking. D. inactive filter.

B A

A middle school ESL teacher regularly includes news and magazine articles in the ESL curriculum that focus on multinational organizations or businesses and highlight careers in which it is advantageous or essential to have knowledge of more than one language. The use of such materials in the ESL program is most beneficial for ELLs because they can help students A. identify the features of different types of bilingual communities and networks. B. recognize the benefits of being bilingual in a global society. C. understand the circumstances that may have brought their families to the United States. D. decide where they would like to live and work when they grow up.

If you are studying "syntax", then you are studying: A. Intonation and accent when conveying a message B. The rules for correct sentence structure. C. The definition of individual words and meanings. D. The subject-verb-object order of the English sentence.

A high school English teacher plans a unit focused on a frequently taught short story from American literature. Because half of his students are intermediate to advanced ESL students, he needs to provide appropriate accommodations to create comprehensible input. Which of the following instructional activities should the teacher select to meet this goal? A. Before starting the unit, the teacher writes 20 vocabulary words on the board and gives students a class period to look them up. B. Students watch a film on the author's novels and stories, focusing on the shared thematic elements. C. The teacher begins the unit with a "book talk" in which he introduces the characters, the initiating event, and touches on the conflict. He then reads a few pivotal passages from the story. D. For homework prior to the first unit day, students are required to read the story and answer a set of questions.

A high school chemistry teacher wants his ELL students to pay more attention to the language of the reports they submit after each experiment. His students seem to understand the procedures and outcomes of each experiment, but their grades are low due to problems in language use and mechanics. Which of the following instructional strategies would best promote ELL students' communicative competence in chemistry assignments? A. The teacher starts putting two separate grades on each experiment: a content grade and a grammar grade. B. The teacher distributes a checklist that students must complete before submitting each report. The checklist includes items such as "I looked up words that I might have misspelled," "I used punctuation correctly," and "I spelled all scientific terms correctly." C. The teacher integrates a writing workshop into each experiment unit. Working in small groups, students share their drafts with each other, conference with the teacher, and revise their work in class. D. The teacher stops taking language use, grammatical correctness, and effective expression into account and scores the reports only on chemistry content.

A high school teacher is preparing her ELL class for the state-mandated writing exam. She wants to familiarize her students with the format of the writing exam as well as to teach them writing-on-demand strategies. After the introductory activity, the teacher writes a new prompt on the board. Students are given a class period to respond to the selected prompt. Which of the following would be a good next step in meeting the teacher's goal? A. Students take the drafts home to revise them and submit them the next day for a grade. B. The teacher collects the essays written in class, scores them, and returns them to the students the next day. C. The teacher collects the essays, covers each name with a label, and distributes the essays for students to score using a rubric based on the state-mandated expectations. D. The next day, the teacher has one-to-one conferences with each student to point out the problems in the student's essay.

A high school teacher wants his ELL students to understand the importance of using vivid details in writing that describes or explains. Which of the following instructional strategies would best enable students to recognize the power of details in writing? A. The teacher hands out a short passage from a story the class has recently read and asks students to highlight sensory details in green and explanations in yellow. B. During a writing workshop, the teacher puts students in groups of three. The students are to read each other's drafts and underline every detail in the draft. If the peer readers cannot identify any details in their group members' drafts, the writer has to add details. C. Group members collaborate in writing a three-minute description of a chocolate chip cookie. The teacher collects all the descriptions and redistributes them to different groups. Then, he collects all the cookies and arranges them on the front desk. The students try to match the descriptions to the cookies. D. The teacher gives each group of students a simple verb (for example, run, walk, talk, sit, look). Each group is asked to come up with five different synonyms for their assigned verb. Each group picks one of their new words and acts it out for the class.

A school district has six elementary schools, all of which enroll a large number of ESL students who come from more than twenty different countries. Which of the following is the most appropriate program model for the district? A. Pull-out ESL classes B. Early-exit bilingual C. Sheltered English D. Late-exit bilingual

A school district is implementing a new ESL program. Which of the following is required in order for the program to be in accordance with the criteria established by Castañeda v.Pickard ? A. The program must allocate funds tosupport high-quality professionaldevelopment for all staff that educates ELLs B. The parents of ELLs must be informedof their rights to deny any and allservices provided by the program C. The program must be evaluated andfound to be effective in achieving itsinstructional goals in language for ELLs D. The district must ensure that ELLs arenot discriminated against because theydo not speak English

A school district on the Texas-Mexico border has implemented a two-way dual-immersion program to meet federal and state mandates for teaching ELL students. Which of the following statements accurately characterizes a key outcome of this district's approach to ESL instruction? A. Native speakers of English will receive 75 percent of their daily instruction in English. B. ELL students will be taught exclusively in Spanish for most of the day but will have to take all tests and complete all homework assignments in English. Additionally, only English will be allowed during class discussions. C. All learners will acquire proficiency (or developing proficiency) in a second language. D. After one year of two-way dual-immersion classes, ELL students will be automatically moved into English-only classrooms.

A teacher in a newcomer program has a "Parents Are Stars" segment every Friday. The teacher invites parents to offer demonstrations and instruction in L1 culture-specific topics, which the teacher translates into L2. Which of the following ESL teaching recommendations does this strategy primarily address? A. The teacher is demonstrating that learning takes place at home as well as at school. B. The teacher is providing downtime to keep students from being overwhelmed by the linguistic and academic content of the ESL program. C. The teacher is fostering meaningful parent participation in their children's school activities. D. The teacher is partnering with parents in order to fulfill requirements of the Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System (TELPAS).

A third-grade teacher is conducting a phonics lesson in her class of beginning ELL students. She writes the following words on the board, pronouncing each word and having her students respond chorally. "Brink, wink, pink, drink, stink, sink, think, link" She has volunteers come to the board to draw a line under the part that is the same in all the words. She asks for other volunteers to draw a vertical line between the underlined part and the beginning sound(s). Which language-learning strategy does this activity reflect? A. Developing vocabulary B. Applying morphological knowledge in creating new words C. Recognizing patterns in language D. Reinforcing orthographic knowledge

According to the Texas Administrative Code (TAC) Chapter 89, the basic requirement for implementing an ESL or bilingual program in a school district is A. a district-wide enrollment of 50 percent or more students whose families are classified as Hispanic, Asian, African American, or other in the U.S. Census Data. B. campus demographics that include 80 percent speakers of languages other than English. C. an enrollment of 20 or more ELL students in any language classification in the same grade level district-wide. D. an audit from the Texas Education Agency that finds disparities in educational approaches used for native and nonnative speakers of English.

An ESL teacher works in a middle school with a diverse studentpopulation. In addition to providing ELLs with language and content instruction, the teacher helps studentslearn how to articulate their feelings, provides them with practice in takingthe perspective of others (e.g., through role plays, debates) and encourages the expression of diverse points of view. The practices are primarily effective in? A. recognizing and responding to the linguistic diversity of the students. B. promoting students' academic achievement. C. reducing student conflicts that result from cultural and other misunderstandings. D. resolving students' cultural identity crises.

An English teacher reads aloud a chapter from a novel to her middle school ESL students. The chapter is about Rey, a Hispanic boy, who jumps out of a tree to prove to his friends that he's a man. The chapter includes quite a few sentences that show code switching between English and Spanish as the narrator muses about how he has to jump to fulfill cultural expectations. At the end of the read-aloud, the teacher asks, "How many of you have done something similar to what Rey did?" She invites students to share their stories. This teaching activity creates a multicultural learning environment primarily by A. showing students that even a simple childhood event can be turned into a story. B. encouraging ESL students to talk comfortably in a classroom oral-language activity. C. showing students connections between shared common childhood experience and culturally driven behaviors. D. showing students how integrating L1 is essential to presenting an experience in L2 effectively.

An elementary school teacher has introduced word problems in his ESL class. The teacher knows that word problems pose conceptual difficulties even for native speakers, so he wants to provide appropriate instructional support for his ESL students' understanding of this math concept. Which of the following strategies would best reinforce his ESL students' understanding of math word problems? A. The teacher suggests that students translate the word problems into their L1 before trying to solve them. B. The teacher puts the students in a large circle and has each student read a word problem orally. C. The teacher organizes students into groups and gives each group 12 pencil cap erasers. Each group writes a short word problem focusing on math operations about the erasers. D. The teacher divides the class into two teams. He puts a word problem on the board and gives the teams five minutes to solve the problem. The winning team gets five extra points on their daily math grade.

Which of the following statements correctly expresses current understandings about ESL students' acquisition of L2 listening and speaking competencies? A. In order to read and write in L2, students must first acquire L2 oral language. B. If they are motivated to learn, ESL students acquire oral language naturally with little or no need for formal instruction. Proficiency in the other language domains follows. C. In learning L2, proficiency in the reading, writing, speaking, and listening domains develops simultaneously rather than sequentially. D. To help students succeed academically, teachers should focus on reading and writing proficiency.

In an elementary class of beginning ELL students, the teacher wants to introduce more writing. However, many of her students live in homes where only L1 is spoken. Consequently, they have not yet developed sufficient L2 vocabulary to write complete sentences. Which of the following strategies would best promote these students' writing development? A. The teacher has each student pick his or her favorite book from the class library. Each student has to copy five sentences from the book into his or her writing notebook. B. The teacher has an Author's Chair day. Each student brings a favorite toy and tells a story about it. After the student tells the story of the favorite toy, the teacher writes a one-sentence summary and has all the students copy it into their writing notebooks. C. The teacher organizes the class into writing circles. Each group picks an object out of the class surprise box. Each writing circle writes a storybook, with illustrations, about the object they picked. Each group presents their story to the whole class. D. The teacher concentrates on reading until students acquire sufficient vocabulary and syntax knowledge to write meaningful sentences.

Mr. Brentwood is collecting data for his yearly classroom assessment of the ELL students in his middle school science class. Which of the following adjustments should Mr. Brentwood make in his classroom presentations to promote his ELL students' language development? A. Whenever he notices students speaking in Spanish, he should interrupt them, tell them they have to speak in English, and have them come to his desk for reteaching. B. As he lectures, he should stop occasionally and ask an advanced ELL student to translate the information for classmates who are having trouble understanding the content. C. He should model think-alouds that illustrate how to express understanding, confusion, questions, need for more explanation, and other responses to typical class situations. D. He should have a question-and-answer session at the end of each lecture, requiring every student in the class to ask one question

Mr. Reyes teaches fourth grade in a South Texas school district. He wants to create a multicultural and multilingual environment in his math classes. One day, he brings in materials for students to make their own piñatas. Mr. Reyes creates a math unit structured around the piñatas as manipulatives. In what primary way does the introduction of the piñatas contribute to creating a multicultural and multilingual environment? A. The students will be unable to talk about the piñatas in English and will have to use Spanish. B. The students will want to talk in Spanish, and this will provide the teacher an opportunity to direct the students into English-only math. C. Because he is using piñatas as props, the teacher will have to create the math problems in Spanish. D. The math lessons the teacher creates around the piñatas will connect students funds of knowledge to academic course content.

Mr. Sauls teaches a high school biology class made up of native speakers and intermediate to advanced ESL students. A good bit of the course work involves conducting experiments in class by following written directions provided by the teacher. Students work collaboratively on each experiment. Which of the following teaching activities would enable Mr. Sauls to promote his ESL students understanding of science content? A. To help the students understand the scientific concepts addressed by the hands-on experiments, Mr. Sauls has the ESL students read elementary-level books on the relevant science concepts. B. Before the next experiment, Mr. Sauls schedules a computer lab period so that ESL students can search for information on the experiment on websites in their native language. C. Before the next experiment, Mr. Sauls models a similar experiment and posts illustrations throughout the room to reinforce the ESL students' understanding of the procedures. D. Before the next experiment, Mr. Sauls administers a pretest to predict areas in which students may have comprehension problems.

Ms. Crawford, an ESL teacher, administers a multiple-choice test to her middle school ELLs. The majority of the students do not pass the test. She discusses the test with the students after ward, and they state that they did not understand the directions or the format of the test. Based on the discussion with the students, Ms. Crawford's most appropriate plan of action is to: A. reduce the number of questions on future multiple-choice assessments. B. use performance-based assessments for the remainder of the semester. C. break instructions into steps to be read aloud for future multiple-choice assessments. D. provide future assessments in the students' native languages.

Ms. Eams, a high school history teacher, is starting a unit on the Great Depression. The class is mainstream but includes approximately 50 percent intermediate ELL students. She devises several activities designed to prepare students for learning the new concepts in this chapter. On the first day of the unit, the students walk in to discover the class has been transformed: posters of Great Depression scenes are on the walls; old books written in the 1930s are piled on a desk; copies of newspaper articles from the 1930s are tacked on the bulletin board; a small table is covered with an old table cloth; and the table is set with old dishes. By using this instructional strategy to support ESL students' content-area learning, the teacher A. wants students to imagine what it was like to live in the historical period they are about to study. B. wants to demonstrate that learning history is much more than reading a history book. C. is enhancing the contextual support for new history information. D. wants students to connect the new history content to their own backgrounds and experiences.

Ms. Gorman, a high school English teacher has a ninth-grade class that includes a significant number of ESL students ranging from newcomer to advanced levels. She is introducing a thematic unit on change as the theme, using a frequently taught poem as the anchor text. Which of the following teaching activities would enable Ms. Gorman to promote her ESL students' Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency in this poem-based thematic unit? A. The teacher has students visit an Internet site that provides biographical information on the poet. They then submit a short written report on what they learned about the poet. B. The teacher has students memorize the poem, and, for a quiz grade, has them write the poem from memory. C. The teacher reads the poem aloud, and then rereads it, stopping to explain the metaphors and imagery using photographs and other props that reflect the pivotal images in the poem. D. The teacher has students write a response essay explaining what they like or don't like about the poem.

Ms. Sahid teaches at a high school that includes The Great Gatsby as mandatory reading for all students in eleventh-grade curriculum. Her classes include many intermediate-level ESL students. The accommodations Ms. Sahid makes in teaching The Great Gatsby to intermediate ESL students are likely to be most effective if her teaching activities reflect A. sheltered instruction. B. English-language development (ELD). C. specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE). D. content-area reading strategies.

Myra is an advanced seventh-grade ESL student. The passage on the next page is an excerpt from an essay she wrote: "During the week, I would give up my afternoons just to go to band practice. Regardless of me having homework. Our paractice would usually last from six to eight. Except for Wensdays. My weekends were never true because I either had a football game to go too. Sometimes it was because I had to show up for practice the next day. It got to the point to where I became close to losing some of my friends. Beeing that I had a busy schedule." Which of the following strategies should the teacher use to promote Myra's syntactic performance in writing? A. The teacher should mark all the errors in the passage and have Myra rewrite the passage making all the marked corrections. B. The teacher should give Myra grammar worksheets in identifying complete sentences and fragments. C. The teacher should have Myra read the passage aloud, calling Myra's attention to her intonation and inflection as she reads the sentences. D. The teacher should give Myra a new topic and ask her to write a new draft without making all the errors evident in this passage.

Remi's draft ends with this sentence: "You should never feel bad just cuz u didn't finish." Which of the following strategies should Ms. Contreras use to help Remi understand the difference between social and academic registers? A. She should mark an X through "cuz" and "u" and write "misspelled" in the margin B. She should use Remi's sentence in the next day's daily oral language exercise and have students try to correct the sentence C. She should have a minilesson on texting language versus academic language, explaining expectations for each register D. Since the sentence occurs in a draft, she should expect that Remi will correct the forms during editing and revision

The ESL teachers in a South Texas school district want students and their families to become more familiar with community resources that can promote their students' literacy goals. Which of the following strategies most effectively targets the teachers' goal? A. Teachers send home a flyer from the public library explaining how to apply for a library card. If they get a public library card, students are rewarded with bonus points. B. The teachers set up a book contribution bin in the main school hallway for teachers and staff members to donate books. Teachers display the donated books under a "Free Books" sign during lunch. C. The teachers work with the public library to identify grade-appropriate children's and young adult fiction and nonfiction books. The teachers set up an after-school reading hour for parents and children. D. Teachers create a class-specific supplementary reading program. In order to encourage students to patronize the public library, they select books they want students to read but which aren't available at the school library.

The following sentences are from a high school student's essay about the day he and his classmates made a teacher cry. "Instead of starting the new lesson like we did everyday, she asked us what we thought about her and her teaching. That's when an explosion of comments erupted from us like lava flowing from a volcano." Which of the following terms is the best label for the underlined phrase? A. Hyperbole B. Imagery C. Simile D. Alliteration

Which of the following descriptions represents the initial procedure for designating students as Limited English Proficient (LEP) in Texas school districts? A. The LEP designation is made by individual teachers any time they notice that students demonstrate deficiencies in social and academic language proficiency. B. When parents request in writing that their child be placed in bilingual or ESL classes, the student is automatically designated LEP. C. Upon entering a school district, any student whose home language is not exclusively English (as determined by a home language survey) is tested to assess language proficiency. Results are evaluated by the Language Proficiency Assessment Committee (LPAC) to determine LEP or non-LEP status. D. Initial LEP designations are based on students' performance in the previous academic year. In the case of kindergarten students, the designation is based on teachers' observations of the learner's performance in the first six weeks of school.

Which of the following passages shows correct use of a modal? A. He got his first pen when he was eight. He wrote his first story and felt he had grown up. He felt the story or the words he wrote won't be erased. B. He got his first pen when he was eight. He wrote his first story and felt he had grown up. He felt the story or the words he wrote will not be erased. C. He got his first pen when he was eight. He wrote his first story and felt he had grown up He felt the story or the words he wrote would not be erased. D. He got his first pen when he was eight. He wrote his first story and felt he had grown up He would feel the story or the words he wrote won't be erased.

"Bite" and "byte' are examples of which phonographemic differences? A. Homonyms B. Homographs C. Homophones D. Heteronyms

The Texas Administrative Code stipulates that required bilingual and ESL programs in Texas follow one of four program models. Which of the following programs is NOT listed as one of those four models? A. Two-way dual immersion B. One-way dual immersion C. Transitional/bilingual early exit D. Transitional/bilingual stable

"Ms. Newbry is starting a new unit on local plants in her middle school science class. Most of the students are beginning to intermediate ELL students. Ms. Newbry wants to make sure the activities in the new unit help her students understand science content but also promote language proficiency." When they bring in their three leaves, Ms. Newbery gives the students this assignment: Each of you is going to present your three leaves and explain where you found them. As you show them to the class, try to identify some of the features that make each leaf distinct from the others or features that the leaves have in common. Don't say "they are all green." How does this instructional activity address Ms. Newbery's concerns about her ELL students' content-area learning? A. The oral-language activity forces students to speak in L2 without relying on L1 vocabulary. B. The activity reinforces new science vocabulary for this unit. C. The activity creates a nonacademic environment, which should reduce students' anxieties over participating in class discussions. D. The activity integrates oral language and prior knowledge as a beginning point for new content-area learning.

A high school ESL teacher is working with a class of beginning-level ELLs. The teacher asks one student to stand up, then asks another to pick up a pencil. The teacher involves each of the students at different points during the activity. According to proponents of Total Physical Response (TPR), the activity helps students develop English-language skills primarily because it A. encourages them to use English within authentic contexts. B. allows them to discover a wide range of concepts and rules related to English grammar. C. prompts them to use English to accomplish different goals. D. helps them to develop kinesthetic connections to various English words and phrases.

A high school teacher has his ESL class listen to excerpts from several types of music: a classical piece, a popular rap song, a country-western song, a classic rock song, and a Mexican corrido. Each group picks a song and completes the following sentences about the person who might listen to that song: My listener's favorite food is ________. My listener usually wears _______. My listener drives a ________. My listener would never, ever _______. My listener's hobby is _______. This activity is likely to help students understand that cultural bias is connected to A. different preferences. B. closed-mindedness. C. conflicts between old and young persons. D. stereotyping.

A high school teacher works in a newcomer program in her district. She wants to make sure she integrates all of the Texas Administrative Code (TAC) regulations about meeting learners' needs. She knows newcomer ELL students may be shy about asking questions in class, so she puts up a poster showing students raising their hands. The dialogue bubbles show some questions in English and some in Spanish. The teacher in the poster has a smile on her face, and her thought bubble says, "Great questions!" This classroom strategy is designed to address which of the following learner needs? A. Conversational B. Classroom decorum C. Linguistic D. Affective

Acting in his role as advocate for ELLs, an ESL teacher has asked if he could conduct a presentation at an upcoming staff meeting on ways mainstream teachers can improve communication with ELLs. Which of the following kinds of information would be most helpful and appropriate for the ESL teacher to share with colleagues? A. Techniques for introducing and reinforcing new language constructions and how to coach students on pronunciation B. Details about the cultural heritage and religious beliefs of the various ethnic groups represented in the school and how these might impact student achievement C. Suggestions on ways to correct student errors in ways that avoid damaging a student's self-esteem and reward student initiative D. Strategies for clarifying information, checking for comprehension, and controlling the use of complex phrasing, idioms and cultural references

An ELL included the following sentences in her essay: "When one talks about improving the education quality, many ideas such as smaller class sizes, teacher's quality, and lack of resources." "Although increasing funds might be a solution, other ways to improve the educational qualities without more funds." The explanation that the teacher should offer to enable the student writer to understand the L2 problems shown in these sentences is that A. the student is overusing the definite article: "the." B. the student should keep the sentences short so as not to make so many errors in syntax. C. the student needs to proofread the writing more carefully. D. in English, abstract concepts such as education and educational quality generally do not take an article.

An ESL teacher pre-teaches the following expressions before having a class discussion: "If I were you," "Why don't you" and "You should." The expressions are most appropriate for practicing which of the following language functions? A. Clarifying B. Disagreeing C. Interrupting D. Advising

An ESL teacher provides training to content-area teachers on ways to simplify one's language when talking to ELLs. The training will primarily reinforce the importance of which of the following for the teachers? A. Collaborating with other teachers of ELLs B. Facilitating parental involvement in students' education C. Incorporating community resources within an ESL classroom D. Implementing ESL strategies within the classroom

As part of each experiment, each student has to write a report explaining the results of the experiment. Because Mr. Sauls wants to ensure that his teaching strategies address English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS) for writing, he invites an English teacher colleague to conduct a writing workshop as the students complete their reports. Which of the following strategies would best enable Mr. Sauls to meet ELPS expectations for writing? A. During the workshop, the English teacher reviews each report and marks all errors in spelling, punctuation, and word choice. The students then rewrite the reports reflecting the corrections made by the English teacher. B. As part of the workshop, students exchange reports for peer editing. Mr. Sauls tells students that they need to find at least five errors in each report they read and correct them for their classmates. C. Because the ESL students probably lack sufficient vocabulary to write their reports correctly, the English teacher encourages them to write their reports in L1 first and then translate their writing into L2. D. The English teacher and Mr. Sauls conference using directive and non-directive strategies to help the ESL students describe and explain the results of their experiment in well-written sentences using terminology that reflects their understanding of the science content.

Culture and cultural differences: A. Must be addressed by the teacher in the ELL classroom by pointing out cultural similarities and differences. B. Should be the starting point for learning about how culture affects the ELLs attitude towards education. C. Positively affects how well ELLs perform in the language classroom. D. May have strong emotional influence on the ELL learner.

ELL students in a third-grade class are having trouble learning the names of math figures (for example, hexagon, quadrilateral, pentagon, and so on). Which of the following instructional strategies would most effectively promote students' learning in this area of math? A. The teacher devises a quiz in which students have to correctly match the figure to its name. The quiz is administered every day until all the students get 100 percent correct. B. The teacher draws each figure on the board and has students copy the figures into their notebooks. The teacher asks for volunteers to come to the board to label each figure. C. The teacher creates a poster for each figure. In addition to an illustration of the figure, the name is written in large letters, with the root underlined and the corresponding number of sides written in large print on the poster. The poster includes pictures of words with the same root. D. The teacher puts students into groups and assigns a different figure to each group. Their task is to make several models of their figure using a variety of resources such as craft sticks, twigs, pencils, construction paper strips, chenille sticks, and any other materials they can think of.

Early in the school year, a middle school ESL teacher gives each student a 4 x 6 card and gives the following assignment: On the blank side, please write in large letters a single word that you think describes you perfectly. On the ruled side, write a little story or just a paragraph explaining how and why that word fits you. The word you pick can be either English or Spanish. After the students complete their cards, the teacher has each student read his or her statement. Then the teacher posts all the cards, word side showing, on the class community board. Which of the following components of creating and maintaining an effective multicultural learning environment does this activity primarily promote? A. By sharing information about themselves, the students will work more effectively in groups. B. By sharing information about themselves, students will develop awareness of and respect for each other's cultural diversity. C. By displaying the cards on the board, the teacher will have readily available examples of L1 and L2 words for grammar and writing lessons. D. By having students read their statements orally, the teacher will establish a baseline for tracking students' speaking skills throughout the year.

For a class that is made up of students from various language backgrounds, the ESL teacher prepares to introduce several vocabulary words. To most effectively introduce the word "actor" the teacher should A. use synonyms of the word "actor." B. translate the word "actor" into the students' native languages. C. model the word "actor" with facial expressions. D. elicit meaning from a sentence with the word "actor."

Homework assignments are sometimes created with the expectation that parents will be able to help students complete the assignment. At a school where the majority of ESL student parents have limited L1 education and no L2 education, which of the following strategies would best promote family involvement in ESL students' homework assignments? A. The teacher sends parents a list of all the homework assignments for the week and asks parents to initial the assignment when the student completes it. B. The teacher sends parents a video explaining how homework reinforces students' progress in content-area classes. C. The teacher sends a package of textbooks to each family so that family members can familiarize themselves with the content-area materials their children are covering in class. D. The teacher invites parents to attend content-area classes and models how they can facilitate their children homework completion even if they don't understand the subject.

In a mainstream middle school science class that also includes beginning to intermediate ELL students, which of the following instructional strategies might best promote the teacher's goal to develop the ELL students' academic English proficiency? A. Focusing instruction on the native speakers and having the ELL students participate as best they can B. Assigning supplemental homework to the ELL students to ensure that they catch up with material they did not understand in the day's lesson C. Pairing each ELL student with students of similar language backgrounds so they can help each other understand the science content of each lesson D. Providing a class library of illustrated books at various reading levels to present science concepts at language and cognitive levels accessible to the ELL students

In most cases, basic communication skills take markedly less time to develop than academic language skills. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates this phenomenon? A. A student can use common idioms and slang but is often unable to conjugate verbs correctly B. A student can read and understand American short stories but cannot summarize them coherently C. A student demonstrates perfect pronunciation but frequently omits articles and prepositions D. A student speaks English fluently but is having difficulty understanding content-area lectures

In their August orientation, teachers at a Central Texas school discuss the following statement from the school's Handbook of Daily Operating Procedures: "The teacher creates an environment that values the beliefs, backgrounds, home learning, home language, and sense of belonging to a group that every learner brings to the classroom and fosters a sense of community that brings diverse learners together." In the context of ESL teaching, this statement refers to A. linguistic diversity. B. pedagogical tolerance. C. identity preservation. D. multiculturalism.

Mr. Brentwood is collecting data for his yearly classroom assessment of the ELL students in his middle school science class. Mr. Brentwood records the following notes about Rosario, a recent immigrant currently categorized as an intermediate ELL: • Never asks questions when I introduce a new assignment. Instead, speaking in Spanish, she turns to ask a classmate. • During informal class activities, she interacts comfortably with classmates but speaks in Spanish. • When asked a question during class discussions, she responds monosyllabically. • In group work, she sits quietly, nonparticipatory, but seems to understand what her group members are saying. • When asked about incomplete homework assignments, she shrugs her shoulders. If I ask for details, she usually says, "Didn't do it." This teacher's notes will be useful in making an informal assessment about the student's achievement in ? A. academic language proficiency. B. listening and speaking C. content-area knowledge D. general language proficiency

Mr. Gregory can best support Lana's English-language acquisition and content understanding by A. extending the due dates on Lana's content assignments. B. implementing the use of a variety of content-specific textbooks in Lana's native language. C. administering an assessment to determine Lana's current level of content academic language. D. implementing strategies to make content comprehensible for Lana.

Periodically, a high school ESL teacher asks each student to complete the following checklist as a self-assessment tool. Yes or No: I look for word patterns in a sentence to help me read and understand it. I use note taking and flashcards to reinforce new language and vocabulary I have learned. I make word associations when learning new language and vocabulary. I use visualization to help me remember new vocabulary. The primary purpose of the checklist is to help students: A. become effective at determining their own language proficiency. B. develop strategies for overcoming misunderstandings when communicating. C. compensate for gaps in their current language knowledge and skills. D. use various cognitive strategies for internalizing language.

The 1974 Supreme Court Case, Lau v. Nichols, is important in the history of bilingual and ESL education in America because the court ruled that A. bilingual and ESL programs in American schools must be exclusively and entirely funded through federally granted resources. B. all students in America are entitled to an education that guarantees fluency both in English and in at least one other language. C. establishing separate but equal educational programs for native speakers and nonnative speakers of English adequately safeguards all students' constitutional rights to fair and equal treatment. D. without access to education designed to promote proficiency in English, nonnative English-speaking students could not receive equality of treatment in the delivery of education.

The Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System (TELPAS) is used to provide which of the following types of data about ELL students? A. Information about the effectiveness of classroom ELL instruction in addressing state standards in writing and reading B. Average yearly progress ratings for ELL students as mandated by the Language Proficiency Assessment Committee C. Correlations between state-mandated exam scores and ELL students' end-of-year grades in math, science, social studies, and English D. Individual proficiency level ratings of ELL students (beginning, intermediate, advanced, advanced high) in listening, speaking, writing, and reading

The document that is not an official, integral component of bilingual and ESL educational policy in Texas public schools is A. the Texas Education Code. B. the No Child Left Behind Act. C. the Texas Administrative Code. D. the National Center for Education Statistics annual Condition of Education Report.

The math and science teachers at a South Texas high school tell their principal that they need guidance in assessing their students' oral-language proficiency for spring TELPAS evaluations. Which of the following strategies would best address the math and science teachers' request? A. The principal gives the teachers a packet of materials from the Texas Education Agency. B. The principal observes each teacher and gives them critiques on how effectively they are integrating oral language into content-area instruction. C. The principal gives the teachers a packet of articles on good ESL teaching practices. D. The ESL teachers do a demo during the next faculty meeting to illustrate how oral-language assessment can be integrated into daily class instruction.

The sentence: "The bus was late and he was late, but John still managed to catch it." is an example of a _________. A. Simple sentence. B. Compound sentence. C. Complex sentence. D. Compound-complex sentence.

To promote students' understanding of social studies content, a third-grade ESL teacher writes keywords and focal points on the board as he lectures. Which of the following additional strategies would best promote students' understanding of content knowledge during each class lecture? A. The teacher starts each class with a pretest and ends with a quiz on the material covered that day. B. Students read aloud from the textbook, and the teacher corrects any mispronunciations. C. At the end of the class, the teacher asks students to submit questions about anything they didn't understand from the lesson. D. The teacher stops every 10-15 minutes to conduct a "state of the class" session, during which he asks questions about key points and encourages students to explain what they understand and identify what they don't understand.

A high school has a large populationof ESL students who recently immigrated to the United States. The high school ESL teachers plan to host an orientation for the students and their families to help them better understand the school's culture and protocols prior to the beginning of the school year. In order to most effectively present useful information,and facilitate understanding during the orientation, the teachers should first: A. ask the students to serve as interpreters for their parents. B. provide a detailed analysis of the school district's ESL program. C. organize discussion groups based on the native language of the families. D. ensure that relevant materials are available in the families' native languages

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