ESPM 50AC - Units 3 & 4
California Doctrine
Riparian still>appropriative, but riparians must leave enough for others. Leads to PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE.
California's Mixed System
Riparians have first claim, appropriators have secondary claims based on order of priority of appropriation. ONLY appropriation rights can be bought and sold
transit and shipping hub
Ships bringing in cargo contribute to diesel emissions, as do the 9,000 trucks loaded with wood pulp, fruit, nuts and meat that drive to the port each year. As a result, West Oakland has 90 times more diesel pollution per square mile than the rest of California. Often used to leave their engines running (now they are not allowed to do that) "It's the economic engine of the region," Beveridge says. "It's just not the economic engine for West Oakland The port of oakland invested and made it a better competitor for containerized shipping than the port of sf
Extensive Production
Spreading out over large areas with huge numbers of livestock. Initial method in 1880s
Gold rush mythology
Story of a man who seeks fame and fortune in the great unknown during the mad rush for hidden gold - gold as a motivation that can turn anyone into a thief - generated a hierarchical structure within the frontier's community - created a frontier contact zone between prospectors and the native peoples of California
Commercial Revolution in Northern NM
Subsistence and Capitalist MoP. Changed by the RR in 1880s.
Capitalist production and exchange
System in which capitalist class controls means of production to seek profit through exchanges to accumulate wealth - key driver of natural resource management in California mid 19th cen
Federal Indian Policy 5
Termination-- Government stopped relations with the Native Am. Tribes, but still had the goal in mind of assimilation.
Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864
The Pacific Railway Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 1, 1862. This act provided Federal government support for the building of the first transcontinental railroad. The 1864 one did the same thing
Role of Power & Identity in Natural Resource Management
Those with power control resources (whites) → Power from race, money, class, etc.
Environmental & social causes of change in California's reception of Chinese immigrants
- Went from being celestial beings to enemies with the discovery of gold in California mines. - 1850's immigration law: Only natural born citizens could have rights. - Many different classes and races crowded around rivers - 1873: Long depression unemployment was 14%.
Property regime
- allows firms to access resources to institutionalize motivation and reward - white people claiming rights to land
Jenny Price's argument about "remaking environmentalism"
- environmentalism should remain an important figure in shaping justice - instead of fixing environmental issues, try using is resourcefully and respectfully
Japanese "ethnic solidarity"
- establishment of Japanese communities - enclaves have links between rural and urban areas - tenant farmers married and had families - women and children in labor force
Resource industrialization
- means of wealth growth through development of manufacturing processes that add value to natural resources - rural extractions - vertical integration commodity chains
Anglo commercial ranching
-Individualism -Competitive self interests -Private Property -Consumerism -Upward mobility -Profits -CPR degradation
pearl river delta imperial trade policy
-limited exports to the key cities -kwantgou was one of those cities so it was important for trade -want to reduce tariffs etc
1910-1940: angel island immigration station
-processed 53,000 ppl coming from china -used loopholes to get in -If u claimed to be a relative of a chinese american citizen -1906 fire ad earthquake destroyed citizenship records so ppl could get in, detained in barrow for a period , 30 % were sent back to china
green women
-women played a great role in preserving nature -preventing cutting of the red woods -In the 19th century what conservation efforts there were were led by upper-class white women
Anti Chinese sentiment and policy/resistance
...
Japanese pull factors
1. Wage labor opportunities, need for sugar plantations 2. Network based opportunities
settlement patterns
1940 Japanese -55% urban/ 45% rural -chinese 90% urban
Foreign miners' tax (1852)
3$ month tax on foreigners specifically to Chinese. Tax collector stabbed man bc didn't have money (from movie)
Jenny Price describes the history of environmentalism in
4 waves
policy
? of priorities
Externalized Cost
A cost that is not worked into the price of an item. IE affects society, environment, etc.
Union Pacific Railroad
A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH
The commons
A set of resources that a community views as accessible and beneficial to all members
Private Grazing
Acquire wealth thru ranching. Gained popularity after 1830s to "second sons" (ricos) of wealthy Mexicans
Active vs. passive role of Native Americans
Active: Protest, go to supreme court, try and fight the demise of their people Passive: Rolled over and let it happen to them
Gentleman's Agreement of 1907
Treaty between US and Japanese governments to limit Japanese immigration into the US. Loophole=family members.
Food desert
An area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh and nutritious food. - healthy food is difficult to obtain - west Oakland - prices higher for fresh food - increased risk of diabetes and obesity - public health crisis
Central Pacific RR/Union Pacific RR
Two corporations established by 1862 railroad act Central pacific - building east from sacramento Union pacific - building west from nebraska set up with competitive system, incentives to build as quickly as possible therefore take risks for peoples lives, lay as much track as possible to get goodies
Different forms of incorporation
Based on race/ethnicity. European migrants more incorporated than asian. Asian migrants were more likely to be kept separate but were motivated by being told they could be come capitalists themselves (not true). Weren't allowed to bring families so hard to live a normal life, but forced to assimilate because their native food was very expensive.
Querencia
Connects community, individuals, and spirituality. "Over troubled waters" or "tierra o muerte?"
Capitalist mode of production - culture & ideology of capitalism
Culture: Individualism, private ownership, competition, market based, never idle always working Ideology: Never wanted cheap labor to organize because they may realize their unfair treatment
People v. Gold Run Ditch & Mining Co. (1884)
Declared mining a public nuisance. Applied the public trust doctrine to resolve conflicts over water usage
2nd CA Constitution (1879)
Denied Chinese the right to vote.
Worster Framework
Environmental history: study of social and environmental change over time
Arkansas Swamp Act of 1850
Federal government gave swamp/wetlands to states, requiring them to reclaim it.
Combat Science
Financed by different interests--delegitimization of scientific evidence (CA water quality)
Chinese Immigration Means
Financed through credit ticket system. Basically became indentured servant upon landing until paid off.
Naturalization Act of 1870
Foreign-born Asians are designated as aliens ineligible for citizenship
Common pool resources - fringe resources & core resources
Forest, wood in the forest is a fringe resource, must harvest it sustainably. Different ways to control these: Private property, communal property, state property Open access
Workingman's Party
Founded by Denis Kearney. Anti-Chinese that went from local-state-national govt.
Thomas Malthus' ideas (18th century)
Geometric growth of population/arithmetic growth of resources
Community Grants
Given by the crown to an individual, but the land is understood to be communal. Can earn a privately-owned homestead
Liberalism
Giving individuals free reign in economy will eventually work for greater good of the people
Hispano transhumance pastoralism
Governance - decisions are made communally through land grant counsel, based on the Spanish institution of the Mesta, basically all the interested parties in the village having a say, participation, implementing, following rules. For most part it worked out well, but you could also account for that drawing on the different arguments Hardens/Ostrom's
Hispano Transhuman Pastoralism
Group of herders maintaining Mesta. Enforced rules thru collective decision making
Developmental Tenancy
Hire people to reclaim land rather than doing it themselves
Naturalization Act of 1870
Identified Chinese as "aliens ineligible for citizenship"
Environmental impacts of hydraulic mining & how it was stopped
Impacts: Floods in the central valley and elsewhere, the viability of agriculture and reclamation work in delta. Mercury contamination in river beds and water. Waste of water and timber. Stream bed and hill erosion, fires. Resulted in 30 years worth of natural erosion. How it was stopped: State intervention (Sawyer court case 1884) led to permanent injunction (lawsuit) against the mining.
Reasonable Use Doctrine (1928)
In times of scarcity, water has to be rationed reasonably among riparians
Ecological Indian
Indian lives in harmony with the environment, replenishes nutrients, doesn't waste, treats nature with respect.
Dependent Indian
Indians are assimilated, transitioned from traditional appearance to european appearance, ex. shorter hair, adopting white customs
allotment
Indians given their own land to get rid of their communistic ideals, but this land could be sold by the government to non-indians in an instant.
Independent Indian
Indians on their own in society, expected to fend for themselves in a capitalist, environment where theyre left on their own.
Third Wave of Environmentalism (1980s->)
Institutional role of large environmental agencies. Market-based and technological solutions
CA Delta Ecology
Inverted deltaic fan, levees, floods, peat soil, tulle grass.
Denis Kearney
Irish-born leader of the anti-Chinese movement in California
Acequias
Irrigation/water distribution system. Built sense of community in New Mexico.
Japanse Names for Generations
Issei: generation born in Japan - aliens "ineligible for citizenship" Nissei: 1st generation Sansei: 2nd Yonsei: 3rd Nikkei: Japanese pop in U.S
Anglo Commercial Ranching
Large herds competing for access. Fenced in with defacto access
Geary Act (1892)
Made the Chinese Exclusion Act permanent in 1902. Chinese immigrants could not go back to China and then return to the US
California drought relationship to global climate change
May increase the likely hood of high pressure zones. Increasing the air temperature causes high evaporation rates. Rapid melt in the Sierras leads to less water storage capacity.
Japanese Push Factors
Meiji Era=modernization, industrialization, and militarism. Also, urban migration.
Merchant's Framework- class
Middle class women in industrial era "turned their energy to domesticity" and taught children about nature and science. Women in the progressive era strongly supported the conservationist movement and the protection of the environment.
Rural migration
Migration from a rural area to an urban area
cycle of ∆ T, K, L, N
Mining causes declining productivity which causes a change in mining location which causes a change in technology which causes an increase in costs which causes a change in labor regime.
Hispano Subsistence Pastoralism
Nature: -arid -spacially and temporally diverse > different resources in different areas > grass in mountains during summer, river in valleys, etc. Social Organization: -village based subsistence agriculture - pastoralism -care, tending and use of animals - grazing and limited trade
situation of NOLA
New Orleans is located at the end of the Mississippi River's flow.
1958
Nimitz, Macaurthor and grove-shifter plans approved in 1958
Alien Land Act of 1913/1920
Non-citizens (Asians) and Nisei cannot own land. Loopholes=land leasing and land cooperation-51% white, 49% Japanese
the route
Omaha Nebraska (the end of the existing rail network that runs east to Sacramento CA (already rails from the Bay Area to sac)
Order of people on Sangro Christo + views
Oshara- Pueblo indians --> hispanos --> Anglo Saxon intersubjective--> communal--> intrumental
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
Outcome of the Mexican-American war. Mexico lost lots of land and other resources. The United States never ratified Article X of the agreement, which guaranteed all Mexican legal land titles would be respected by the United States government. US acquires Arizona and parts of New Mexico. Article X: - US would recognize all the land grants of Spanish and Mexicans - US took it out before signing it, and Spanish/Mexicans signed it anyway - Has led to contention of land tenure and property rights, even today
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment First Finding
Over past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than any time period due to growing demands for resources.
Chinese/ Asian migration and labor
PUSH/ PULL Factors of Chinese Immigrants - escape harsh economic conditions - hoped to return shortly - opportunity in America - could send money back to family Gender - men did all of the hard labor - women were stereotyped as prostitutes and exotics, threatened domestic chinese ideal and symbolized disease and depravity.
Land Grants
Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 64 gave Large Land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad
Rural migration
People moving to urban areas from the countryside.
Rational Actor Theory
People try to maximize their personal utility
Ethnic Enclaves
Places like Chinatown. Miners grouped together based on race.
corn, beans, squash complex
Polyculture Shifting agriculture: fallowing mimics natural cycles, soil & nutrient retention Human needs: nutrition, food security, genetic evolution & improvement Social organization: gender-based division of labor, production & reproduction
Chinese Push Factors
Population growth, urban migration, British colonial policy after Chinese lose war created high taxes
Thomas Malthus
Populations grow exponentially, but we live in a finite world -Irresponsibility -There's a need to privatize all common property -Common property facilitates checks on population
Characteristics of 20th-century Hispano Village Life
Poverty, Cultural loss, Social problems, Dispossession - Used cattle over sheep b/c needed more money to survive - Dependent on Americans (need money) - Lots of young people moving out to make more money (out migration) - Loss of land→ Couldn't do subsistence anymore
Policy and law of Japanese immigration
Pre 1907: Gentle mens agreement, Japan agreed not to give passports to laborers coming to US, but the people found other ways. 1921 Ladies agreement: Women who were brides couldn't come. 1924 immigration act: Severe limitations on immigration
Chinese Exclusion Act
Prevents women and laborers from immigrating to America, but Chinese who are citizens or who have citizen relatives can/could immigrate
Grazing and ecological change
Primary productivity Resilience Biodiversity Soil aridification
Laissez-Faire Era
Private control of water: The control, distribution, and consumption of water was controlled by private interests - mining and farmers. Miner's practices: first in time, first in right
Enclosure
Privatization Dispossession Free Wage Labor
Private Property
Property owned by individuals or companies, not by the government or the people as a whole. A person's or corporation's right to exclude.
2nd Principle of Environmental Justice
Public policy based on justice, free from discrimination
First inhabitants of the Sangro Christo mountains
Pueblo Indians- Oshara
Pueblo Revolt of 1680 & Reconquista of 1692-96
Pueblo revolt against the Spanish started in Sante Fe, New Mexico. In Reconquista, Spanish came back in and retook Santa Fe, but did not re-establish encomienda system, giving leniency to swear allegiance to the Christian faith.
Push, pull, means of chinese migration
Push - war, famine, flood, drought, overpop Pull - Wage Labor, potential for gold, entrepreneurship Means - Boats, americans pay for passage and you work it off for 6 months
Chain Migration
Push and pull. Sending back money, information, and resources. Pulling=promise of future money and safe community
Push, pull, means japan edition
Push factors- Population growth-Government policy-Rural dispossession & migration Pull factors- Wage labor opportunities-Network-based opportunities Means- Government policy-Financial resources
Federal Indian Policy 2
Removal , Reservation and War-- Trail of Tears, Indian Removal Act via Andrew Jackson
Water Marketing
Voluntary transfer of water from those holding historical rights to others willing to pay for it
Conservationist (Water Wars)
Wanted to use national resources for greater good for as long as possible. Example: Gifford Pinchot
7)
accepted right of organization
use rights
assigning the right of use to another
-means:
changing government policy: 1884 following Chinese Exclusion Act: allow emigration, people must represent a proud Japanese nation, selected base on education blablabla, also allow women to go to promote family
receiving country
country to which they travel
labor power
labor exchanged for wages in the market place
formal property rights
legal property rights
decreased revenues for city of Oakland
major problems with services, public health, crime, education policing
6)
organized conflict resolution
Central Pacific Railroad
A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH
Common pool resources (CPR)
A resource produced by a core resource system, from which a limited quantity of fringe resources can be extracted without undermining reproduction of the system. Low excludability. Subtractability.
Gold mining ecology in California
Abandoned mines and mercury created risks to human health like the consumption of contaminated fish, contaminated sediments, and a whole bunch of contamination in general.
Alien Land Act (1913 & 1920)/ means of circumvention
California alien land act - Barred all aliens ineligible for citizenship from owning land or leasing land for more than 3 years at a time. Directed at Japanese, but also to Chinese and others. Loopholes - involved in leasing land and relocating, put privately held land in name of son/daughter, form corporations with whites 1920 alien land law - restrict further, ending ability to lease lands but still loopholes and entered into informal contracts with white landowners, and were "farm managers" Made farming a challenging activity yet still were fantastically successful in small farming, reclaim land and draw on knowledge, ethnic solidarity!
People v. Gold Run Ditch & MIning Co. (1884)
California attorney general brought suit in state court to prevent hydraulic mining in the watershed of the North Fork of the American River. Court prohibited continued mining, declaring it a public nuisance and holding that it must give way to the paramount public interest in navigation and commerce and to the burgeoning and agricultural development in the Sacramental Valley.
Environmental and social causes of change in CA's reception of Chinese immigrants
Chinese went from being "celestial beings" to enemies with the advent of gold being discovered in CA mines. 1850s Immigration law- Only those naturalized in the U.S. should receive state benefits and those immigrants shouldn't have the same privileges/ rights as these citizens. Many different classes and races crowded around rivers. United States viewed Chinese as opposition. 1873-1876- "Long Depression"→ 14% unemployment.
Commercial Revolution in Northern New Mexico - CPR degradation - Causes of invasive species
Commercial revolution: - Shift from subsistence to capitalist methods of production 1880s - 1st phase: Mexican commercial ranching after Mexican independence (1830s), limited because they did not barbed wire - 2nd phase: Anglo commercial ranching starting in the 1850s, which happened because of the railroads being built - Mexico wanted to develop itself as an independent country by gaining more natural resources, because natural resources are a source of power - Barbed wire (1860s), railroads (refrigeration cars), and capital allowed it to happen Mexican commercial ranching: - Commercialized production for the market and acquisitiveness: wanting to acquire more profits. - Increased stocking levels of cattle/sheep, overgrazed communal grazes. Degradation & Invasive Species: - CPR increased core resource depletion b/c resources were used in an unsustainable way - When cattle over-graze land it produces juniper trees - Overgrazing led to erosion, river siltation, change of ecosystem through juniper seeds, and gully erosion - Overgrazing decreased productivity of the land
Land Grants: Spanish & Mexican - Process of securing title to a Spanish or Mexican land grant - Compare to English settler land claim process
Community grant: - Most common kind - Governor of the province in the colony in New Spain would give a group of colonists who wanted to start a new community a bunch of land - Needed a bunch of land to produce from since it was arid land - Needed a leader who would petition for the land, and then the land would be treated as common property, but each family that was part of the grant would get some private property for their family - The rest of the land would be common property to be used for farming, grazing, etc. - This ties into the people in Tierra o Muerte because the people are fighting for the community grants that they were awarded in the past Pueblo community grant: - Spanish gave land to Pueblo Indians. - Private grazing land: land to 1 person for grazing Process of securing title to Spanish or Mexican land grant: 1) Petition for land - Rationale for why you need the land 2) Report by Alcalde (surveyor) the grant by gov for land - Grant by Governor 3) Act of Possession - Small ritual where Alcalde and property owner get land - Alcalde and petitioners would go to the land, throw some stones, and yell "god save the queen" - That established the land as theirs 4) Fulfillment of obligations - Owner of land had to be willing to protect the land from Native Americans. - Bear arms and be willing to fight Vs. English settler land claim process: - Hispano land grant maps were very vague compared to that of Europeans. - Spanish land grants were much different than the land grants of the English because there was so much more expansive land in New Mexico - Got lands through federal seizure: took land for national parks, chicanery and corruption; 1 person who owns communal land grant owns all of the land and can sell it
Hispano Herding vs. Anglo Commercial Ranching
Hispano: - Husbanding resources that come from animals (fiber, hides, meat, fat, power, food) - Transhumance pastoralism: moving animals seasonally to not harm ability of grass to grow (Put sheep around village around April→ June into mountains→ Winter back down to village) - Governance: based on common property; decisions made communally; relied on verguenza (no one wants to get too far ahead because people will shame them) - Economy: limited markets under Spain - Low population density: ideal when there is low net primary productivity (NPP) & subsistence is the goal - Barbed wire (cheap and easy to put up over land distances) was invented to control sheep and keep them in certain boundaries Anglo: - Put as many on as small a plot of land to maximize efficiency with no care for environment - Enclosed commons through privatization, dispossession, and grazing rights; physical manifestation of enclosure is fences - Privatization of the commons; grazing rights concentration (fewer people owned more land) - Decline in core resources and resilience of land - Individualist: competitive self-interest
Takaki Peace
Japanese!!!!!! used land, economical use of land -chinese exclusion act --> 70k to 140k of Japanese -the word "Jap" -japanese went to work, not to settle -always working under extreme conditions -early 20th century, about 3k establishments -japanese working a lot for ag in california -often talked about how experience wasn't the same -expanded business -commodities --> citizens -yet even further because citizens left outside of social contract I zoned a lot on this one... look into later :/
Ecological Indian Debate
Krech: Indians might not actually be in harmony with nature. Burning actually changed ecosystems and damaged them. Overhunting and non use of prey was common. Anderson: Indians knew how to manage fire, ecosystem functions, recycled nutrients, controlled wildlife and reduced pests, maintained habitat. Vine Deloria: Krech's work is nonsense, anti indian stuff.
Worster Framework continued
Nature- non-human world w/ geophysical and ecological elements. Natural resources: are materials useful to humans. Social Organization- social institutions, economy, infrastructure etc. influenced by technology and division of labor. Modes of production: adaptive strategies for engaging natural limits and opportunities. Culture- learned systems of meaning that shape perception and behavior
Hispano Subsistence Pastoralism
Nature: - Arid land→ infertile soil, limited water, relied on manure from animals to replenish soil; used rotation polyculture - Spatially and temporally diverse (different resources in different areas; grasses in the mountains in the summer, river in the valley, etc.) - Concentrated resources - Focused on cattle and sheep Social organization: - Village-based subsistence agriculture - Division of labor is gender based - Pastoralism (Grazing) - Limited trade Culture: - Communalism - About community (Verguenza/Shame based society) - Be a part of the community rather than try to get ahead -Acequia (organization of men who run the irrigation systems & organize the herding)
Role of Aridity in the West - Individualist vs. Communal natural resource management
Northern New Mexico: - Site: not very good for agriculture, not enough water, limited natural resources - Situation: on periphery of Spanish empire, not linked to transportation networks Individualist: - Overgrazed the land, which resulted in juniper chaining→ junipers crowd out the grasses so are chained together and removed - Only motivated by the accumulation of profits - Lots of externalities: costs that are not accounted for -Enclosure→ conversion of common property to private property - When cattle over-graze the land it produces juniper trees Communal natural resource management: - Grazing animals in different places at different times of the year, to deal with aridity - Risk mitigation: access to large landscape (Hispano village communalism) - Holistic range management: ecologically healthy that recognized the sacredness of nature and didn't overgraze
Chinese: push, pull, means
Push: - British colonial activity - isolated geography (rural area) - history of remission (sending money back overseas) - overpopulation - opium wars - flood and famine Pull: - California gold rush (labor shortage) - Chinese labor recruitment system - chain migration Means: - faster steamships - loans for passage - credit ticket system - no Chinese immigration restrictions
Chinese
Push: Opium wars, war, famine, disease, overpopulation, divisible inheritance Pull: Gold Mountain myth, chain migration Means: Brokers (credit system), chain migration, Big 6 companies Labor: mining, RR, niche labor, female role Settlement: urban areas Policies: Chinese exclusion act Time: 1850s, Gold rush - no knowledge about farming
Structural Racism
Racially coded disparities in society that prevent minorities from getting ahead
Mining and railroads ecological impacts
Railroads -Deforestation • Space for RR • Timber for fuel for engines (so much was needed) • Railroad ties • Buildings for RR (infrastructure) • Trestles -Dynamite: rock waste -Hurt wildlife and Indians -Opened up space for development Mining -Mercury contamination -Tailings: waste from mining -Floods from hydraulic mining -Streambed erosion -Fires out of control from mining camps -Deforestation • Timber for flumes • Flooding ruining trees • Hydraulic mining erosion
Naturalization Act of 1870
This Naturalization Act limited American citizenship to "white persons and persons of African descent," barring Asians - who were coming to california in large numbers - from U.S. citizenship.
Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Mining Co.
Too much mining damage led to injunctions against hydraulic mining (1884)
Regional Differences of Immigrants
US Regions (race and labor): -Asians in West, Irish (different "race") in NE, African Americans in South Chinese - Men, escape economic conditions, Gold rush, intended to return Japanese - Educated young men, moved b/c Meji restoration + high taxes, intended to return Korean - Men and women, escape political persecution by Japanese, poverty Filipino - Early 1900s, escaping poverty Asian Indians - 1907, 6400 people, smallest group, hoping to get their lands back in India
Surfacewater
Water on the surface. Most is already used, and lots is being evaporated quickly from the sun.
Era of Conflict
Water policies find balance between business and protection
Groundwater
Water underground. Increased use leads to sinking ground Cause of subsidence
Transhumance Pastoralism
When you shift grazing areas to maximize the land/ take advantage of spatial diversity. Put sheep around village around April→ June into mountains→ Winter back down to village
incorporation
acculturation vs. assimilation -chinese immigration early on was a forced separation but still integration into the labor force
Laura Polido
address poverty: livable wage/ equity -personal development -community development/capacity -build on cultural diversity / community.
U.S Forest Service
agency of the U.S dept of agriculture that deal with the the nation's 154 national forests, 20 national grasslands (193 acres or something)
Japanese types of labor
agricultural contribution - would build irrigation, fertilize, nurture land that they could harvest - worked in enclaves Produced a massive percentage of various vegetables
Ganados del Valle
agricultural development organization - helps locals establish economic base w the resources they already have - sustainable development -accessible to low income people
Alien Land Act 1920:
all leasing is prohibited, can't put land in name of the children, but more loopholes to increase landholdings and leasing
chain migration
appropriated by the right to suggest that there is a phenomenon in which 1 person gets into the US and then brings all their family -used by the right to demonize immigrants and the right -phenomnenon in which initial immigrants come and establish a foot hold, they get jobs, establish a settlement enclave, maybe they acquire land and all of this means that there are now opportunities and safety in that receiving country for other immigrants from their region (the foothold serves to pull ppl in)
Ladies Agreement of 1921
barred emigration of "picture brides", closed loophole for prospective immigrants
Gentlemens Agreement of 1907:
before 1907: Japanese aliens ineligible for citizenship -Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the U.S and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the U.S to join them.
Credit ticket system
broker loans money to migrant for the ticket for passage, would pay off loan with interest from earnings in new land.
Oakland capital accumulation
by 1900 and after 1906 -greater Oakland movement pushed for civic improvements and the chamber of commerces sought to attract investors -movement to create a livable place and community
Ganados
cattle and livestock - gained livelihood from land through sheep >> women weavers >> men growers - structured to support local tradition
change in mode of production of micmacs
change from subsistence/conservation to exploitation
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Second Finding
changes have led to economic/social benefits, yet exacerbated poverty, degraded ecosystem services and increased nonlinear changes.
intersubjective relationship
characterized as one between subjects; meant to be conducted with respect, spirit, meaning, and will.
Capitalist production and exchange
class based division of labor, means of production and labor, market exchange, profit motive,
unit 3 identity
class, race, ethnicity, citizenship etc -Immigration -social construction -Incorporation -sociocultural resources (what are ppl bringing in terms of financial resources, networks, the human capital they bring in terms of level of education etc -white supremacy and radicalized experiences
Land grants
community - issued to one person to represent the whole community private grazing
Acequias
community operated watercourse used for irrigation
Transcontinental Railroad
completed in 1869 at Promontory Utah and linked the Eastern Railroad system with California's RR system, revolutionizing transportation in the U.S
environmental problems
complexity and intractability -operate at enormous scales and also at micro scales
cypress free way
constructed thru the middle of West Oakland -razing hundreds of homes and displacing thousands (7th street corridor was the cultural heart of the neighborhood)
major transportation corridor
construction reinforced patterns of segregation, following redlining patters
Paper Sons and Daughters
could prove on paper that they were sons and daughters of resident citizens
4th wave
critique of second and 3rd waves -1991: environmental jsutice- first ppls of color env leadership summit (list of 17 principles published from that summit, intellectuals and academics trying to expose the weaknesses of second and 3rd waves) -1994: Cronon (uncommon ground and "the trouble with wilderness " : can't rly focus on wilderness as a refuge bc it reveres nature in places we don't live instead of the places we do live, can't have an environmental movement that assumes wilderness is separate -Richard white: "are you an environmentalist or do you work for a living?", ignores hybrid landscapes that ppl transform into working landscapes -2004 : Ted Nord Haus and Micheal Schellenberger ("The Reapers" ) -post environmentalism: "death of environmentalism" speech to grant makers -break through: from death of environmentalism to the politics of possibility (2007) : suggests that there is a failure of environmentalism in climate change, there has been a focus on technical and market based solutions and environmentalism still hinges on dualism -environmentalism has become just another special interest -need a post environmentalism: "integrated progressive politics focused on the nexus of environmental health, economy and social justice, -crisis of environmentalism -call for post-environmentalist" integrated progressive politics focused on nexus of environ health, econ and social justice" <<< Jenny Price challenges this, saying envois should remain an important discrete movement that recognizes the importance of nature in shaping society and serves as a means of integrating diverse cultural and ideological perspectives and interests -how do u integrate the environment we live in everyday life t environmentalism
acculturation
cultural incorporation through adoption of dominant cultural values and forms
Hard rock mining:
deeper and deeper in, made shafts, cut down all the remaining trees to put rail lines into mountains, etc., construct tunnels, pillars of wood: VERY DESTRUCTIVE quartz mining Dredge mining: river bottoms
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Third Finding
degradation of ecosystem services is bound to get worse over the 1st half of this century
1853 Hydraulic mining:
deliver water from high in the Sierra down through a system of flumes and ditches, the water is stored in a dam, miners shoot high pressure water stream at the mountains -silt and soil displaced, tremendous ecological impact, tons of mercury being diffused. -industrial activity - build infrastructure, tremendous problems with fire, wildfire problems, etc. -much greater capital investment, now have a wage labor system developing, golden age of individual miner is gone, Chinese labor/Chinese mining companies began to develop
US vs. Kagama
determined that federal government has jurisdiction on some reservations; implied that wardship is the essence of relationship between gov't and tribes. Tribes have limited sovereignty
hydraulic mining
developed in 1852/1853 -monitor cannons/ hydraulic nozzle as long as 12-20 ft long jet that allows u to shoot water at the side of the mountain -first black powder is use to blow it up and then the water is shot at the mountain side -lots of infrastructure that requires a lot of timber and brings massive industrial processes into the california forest -great deal of capital required and the emergence of a more class based labor system with the owners of the means of production and works -very hard on the land, great deal of infrastructure, sedimentation tasting the levels of the rivers, damns are breaking in the spring creating flash floods with the entire Central Valley flooding etc -conflict between mining and agricultural areas as the sediments have mercury in them degrading soil, -lawsuit with the farmer seeking a permanent injunction against dumping mine Debra in river (hydraulic ming wasn't that profitable any more so the judge issued a permanent injunction of mining
Cadillac Desert/Colorado River damming
development driven policies are having serious long term effects on the environment and water quality
Uneven development
development of core regions at the expense of those on the periphery - focus on certain areas while ignoring the inequalities forming in other communities
profit
difference between k expenditure on prod and the market price
divisibility
different and competing sovereigns can claim sovereignty over different things in the same place or among the same people.
timing
different frontier, different opportunities
sustainable development
difficulty of defining who sustainable development is for and who defines it 1. social: maintain a living wage, no racism or sexism 2. ecological: meet human needs with minimal impact on the earth
Hispano village life in the 20th century
dispossession of land, incorporated into the cash economy, faced poverty, had wage labor, cultural loss social problems and resistance
Reasonable Use:
disputes between riparians would be decided on the basis of reasonable use. • Riparians must exercise their rights in a manner that did not result in waste, was reasonably efficient under existing conditions, and account for reasonable demands of competing riparian users.
inclusionist
dont effect culture and dissolve
and urban renewal funding (1960s>)
drove and reinforced demographic shifts and geography of K investment in West and east Oakland industrial corridor as Oakland became even more a hub of transit and commerce in the bay area and the region (The whole area of West Oakland is surrounded by freeways)
pushe
economy, politics, religion, policy, population, war, disaster, environmental change etc -a person wants to or needs to leave -the limitations of a geographical location in terms of the availability of land and resources relative to population and what is available elsewhere
National Reclamation Act
eee
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
ended the mexican american war - U.S payed 15 million
Merchant's Framework- race
environmental status/condition is contingent on the race cultivating it. ex. Native American and African American use of polyculture prevented weeds/pests, and yielded many more crops, therefore affecting the environment greatly.
15th Amendment:
equal rights for voting, voting rights cannot be denied
Issues:
errand into wilderness, labor, development of resources, complex relations between different ethnic groups, distinct experiences of Chinese and Japanese immigrant groups/communities within the United States
San Joaquin Delta
fertile swampland that had to be reclaimed + wheelbarrow brigades, clamshell dredge + chills, pneumonia, malaria, heavy floods + white landowners recruited Chinese immigrants to reclaim land + Chinese tenant farmers and farm laborers intimately involved in every step of reclamation + Chinese formed communities, did own cooking, kept track of wages + 3rd, 4th, and 5th gen farmers still in area
Afong Moy
first female Chinese immigrant to the US + exhibited in museums as "The Chinese Lady" whose bound feet, clothing, and language appeased the curiosity of whites
First, second, third and fourth wave environmentalism
first miid 19th - 20th cen: - Romanticism thoreau: nature as an anecdote - Getting in touch with nature Preservation conservation john muir: nature is sublime - Nature is something that must be protected because it is precious - Utilitarian conservation gifford pinchot: use for greatest good - Using natural resources for the greatest good Progressivist second 1960-80: - environmental issues associated with industrialism (carson) - Save the Bay (politics) - upper middle class white women - Environmental organization -legislation> litigation (Limitation is the way environmental policy is made) third 1980s - : - Institutional role and larger big 10 environmental organizations - Pushing market based and technological solutions fourth: - See fundamental connections to nature in our everyday lives - Environmentalism as a passion to save the environment than as a passion to use and inhabit the environment wisely -Environmental justice movement - Willian cronon: trouble with wilderness 1994 (critique : wilderness as refuse erases history and revere's nature places we don't live rather than where we inhabit) (Doesn't want to romanticize the wilderness) - Ted norhause and michael schelnberger : the death of environmentalism (Suggests failure of environmental on climate change and other tissues) (Focus on technical solutions) (dualism environmental separate from society)
ritual of grant
grant getting was a ritual petition pluck weeds together etc must posses weap against indians must contribute to plaza must give crops to governor
ww 2 West Oakland
growth -jobs available -segregate housing in a redlined neighborhood -de Femey as a public space
labor resistance
had networks so they could leverage their labor
patterns of uneven development and demarcated devaluation
have characterized the historical development of Oakland's urban landscape
racialized farming
hierarchy of farming positions linked to race
Hard rock (quartz mining)
high tech elevators, life support systems, communication systems to support the work going on in the mine. - blowing up dynamite inside the mountain along the gold vein. -Outputs: gold/waste, and mercury/sediment > stamp mill - mill that crushes gold ore.
California Drought Ecology
higher temperatures lead to more evaporation higher air pressure leads to less precipitation Resilient Ridge diverts storms away
environmental racism
how can an environmental justice frame be a tool of empowerment in contesting procedural and distributional inequities associated with histories of uneven development and racial projects -demarcated devaluation leads to environmental racism -environmental justice frame= a way ppl have sought to address inequities associated with uneven development and histories of racial projects -procedural- who had access to planing -distributional= outcomes
production
how do u grow the volume of production -the state may play a role thru the use of tax for infrastructure
racial formation
how have specific policies, events, ideas and practices functioned as racial projects thru which economic, environmental and public health crises have been created and contested in diverse communities? -think about racial formation and the notion of racial projects as a tool we can use to understand history -how do u move from uneven development and demarcated devaluation to environmental racism
grove Shafter
hwy 24/ I-980) severed West Oakland from down town
New mexico movie
hydrology: get the water in spring and summer from rio grande b/c snow melted Subsistence pastoralism concentration
multiculturalism approach
idea that cultural diversity evolved within the selection policies of the dominant group Asian immigrants portrayed as victims of government legislation and anti-Asian movements
Japanese v Chinese
immigration, agriculture, policy, social construction, upward mobility Basic idea is account for why Chinese immigrants in mid 19th century faired poorly than Japanese 50 years later. Different time, place, opportunities available. Japanese came at gratuitous time when people were understanding where to grow crops to get greatest surplus. Came along at time when innovative technologies (ground water) allowed for developing agriculture at low costs and hard work. Put together that they had women, children, families, established communities, had education, government support Both started as cheap wage labor but Chinese were driven out of even these opportunities and excluded, pushed into urban population while Japanese had rural population making fortune on land. Japanese were even able to keep land in great depression (anger directed toward them!) and lead to hardworking middle class
Japanese vs. Chinese experiences in the United State:
immigration, agriculture, policy: - 1890-1900 opportunities open for Japanese to move in tenancy social construction: - structure of family formation allowed for more settlement of Japanese communities upward mobility: - Japanese rural upward mobility - Chinese Urbanization and economic decline
Sangre de Cristo mountains
in Colorado and New Mexico, 9 discrete wildlife zones 1. Pueblo Indians: lived there for 2000 yr, land is sacred 2. Hispanos: Spanish speaking settlers came 400 yr ago, land is mother and protector 3. Apaches and Comanches 4. Anglo-Americans: land as commodity, scientifically oriented
Ganados del Valle
in New Mexico's Chama Valley, ranching and weaving cooperative that tried to get a partnership with US gov't for grazing land in areas under State Game Commission jurisdiction + met with the "Green Wall" of environmental groups
share lease
involved a little more investment (the land owner would provide tools for the lease holder but then the leas holder would obtain a share of the profits from the crop)
Powell wrote a piece about this, 1900s policy
irrigation reclamation act
omi and winant: racial formation
is a process of historically situated projects in which human bodies and social structures are represented and organized -racial formation: how have specific policies, events, ideas and practices in the history of Oakland functioned as racial projects through which economic, environmental and public health crises have been created and contested in diverse communities -shaped historically by K investment and disinvestment cycles combined with zooming, redlining, neighborhood covenants, transport, infrastructure -so according to McClintock: a combination of industrial location, residential development, city planning, racists mortgage lending unevenly developed the city's landscape and concentrated the impacts of capital devaluation within the flatlands, a process that ultimately created the city's food deserts. I'll draw on walker's description of Oakland's industrial and residential history and the story of de emery park to round out the story
Rural migration
isolation & limited arable land in China
pearl river delta geography
isolation, concentrated and limited arable land, - areas in the pearl river delta are very fertile and then other areas are not
the vision for the market place is that
it is a market for white ppl
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Fourth Finding
it's possible to mitigate a lot of these damages, however, changes are not in place yet.
timeline of the gold rush
jan 24 1848: James Marshall discovers gold at Sutter's mil -feb 2 1848: treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (resolution of the Mexican american war prompted by american aggression and the desire to move into what became the american southewest) -dec 1848: president polk confirms discovery to congress -1849: the rush (1849-52): east coast, Mexico, Peru, Chile, France, china (experienced miners who are able to get a head start over whites coming from the east coast) ^ pop CA 1848-14,000> 1852-225,000 (95% of migrants= men) -1850: california made 31st state -1851: trinity gold rush -1852-55: Australian gold rush (the price of gold declined precipitously bc there was lots of gold on the market) lot of unemployment and a crash in CA economy bc gold is harder to find and the price had declined -1859-74: Comstock silver mine (Nevada): more or less financed in SF, able to develop industry and stabilize the economy with the accumulation of capital and manufacturing capacity in the state -late 19th century: gold rushes in Idaho, Colorado, Yukon, Alaska etc (repeated gold rush)
term refers to organizing for better wages etc
labor unions
Las Trampas Land Grant
land granted to 12 family heads, not upheld by the US, who promised to protect land grant commons + instead, suit of partition divided the commons into individual plots + land eventually sold without the owners' knowledge in exchange for timber for the US Forest Service
Commercial Revolution
late 19th century -timber mining cattle -refrigeration (meat can be transported) 3 components: 1. tech 2. labor 3. capital
capitalism as a social process fits within liberalism
liberalism = the notion that one should have freedom of consciousness, freedom in the markets and freedom in politics ) -underpins the notion that one can fulfill human nature (a desire to consume, a desire for status, a desire for wealth) -liberal ideas emerged while the market was expanding in the 1600s/1700s -rational for seizing and commodifying and other natural resources (land theft is essential to capitalism, we can take these things bc we have a superior right to them as we have a superior notion of ourselves as thinkers, often tied to racial identity)
commodities (capitalism in the 19th century west)
livestock, timber, minerals agricultural products
Group of 10
major environmental groups challenged in 1990s to evaluate their homogeneity and include environmental justice in their protocol
levees only approach
massive levees built around New Orleans to prevent flooding; it was counterintuitive because Mississipi rose very high. reclamation took place; wetlands were turned into farmlands and towns, stripping the city of a key aspect of drainage.
intergenerational equity
meeting the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs
placer mining
method of extracting mineral ore by hand using simple tools like picks, shovels, and pans
Sojourn
migrating somewhere and moving back to the origin country
Socioeconomic Change of the Native Americans
migration into new ecosystems, new economic roles, political and economic conflict, Lost their ability to implement traditional economic knowledge and their myths
Chain Migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
hard rock mining
mining that requires cutting deep shafts in solid rock to extract the ore
Chinese experiences with gold mining
mistreated, attacked, stolen from, imposed harsh laws, racism Social construct: learn quickly, don't fight, cleanly in habits, have no strikes - put in hard, taxing, and dangerous work and were rewarded with 25-35 a month, which led to 15-18 a month after their own expenses
Lockean Property theory
mixing sweat with the soil suffices as property
Meiji Japan
modernization, industrialization, militarism, democratization Involving developing industrial strength, railroads, fleets for navy, manufacturing, to pay for this a land tax was imposed so displacement of farmers, but by time they embark of rural migration they are lower middle peasantry, they may well be educated with experience and complex techniques in rice farming/vegetable system modernizing economy Militarism: behind nature of relationship between US government and Japanese, Japanese beat Russians, then they start coming to Hawaii and California - Anti-Japanese sentiment. Effort to separate them into different schools. creates tension between two government, and knowing that there is political support for japanese exclusion act
Japanese immigrants in 1900s
narrative: migratory labor in the early 1900s, then seeking social equity and justice in workforce identity: persistent, tenacious, challenging stereotype of docile, cheap labor representation: no voting rights or political representation, then political resistance in response culture: denied participation in American culture
Environmental impact of hydraulic mining and how it was stopped
needed huge amounts of water taken from flumes. Dumped mercury (7000 tons in CA rivers by 1880) infrastructure, stream bed and hill erosion, caused floods, fires, etc. Sawyer decision (1884)- stopped hydraulic mining.
Resistance strategies: niche production, enclaves, etc.
niche production: - Chinese labor experience with mining and farming allowed for them to take on specific jobs - took jobs undesired by white people - laundry, agriculture, restaurants enclaves: - forged common Chinese identity - common maltreatment for being Chinese - Chinese knowledge and culture shared extended kinship
National Hmong-American Farmers
nonprofit organization for the preservation of Hmong-American farm culture and economic wellbeing of minority farmers, focusing on Central Valley, CA
• Thomas Malthus
o 18th cent Anglican cleric, founding figure out political economy o Principles of Population book • Wrote about what Harden later described • Population expands geometrically every generation • The production of an agricultural system only progresses arithmetically given increases in land area, cultivated, technologies to increase yield • You'll be fine for a few gen, but after some gen, the population will be much greater than production • As soon as pop passes production it'll go for a bit but then you'll see positive checks on population: excess population: war, famine, disease • Again will exceed possible agriculture production, then another check • Allow the checks to work their magic, kill off the excess population
Geography and climate: Sangre de Christos, Rio Grande, aridity
o Always been a place of conquest, Hispanos came in and settled o Rio grande river coming down out of Colorado: central source of water o Aridity requires irrigation o Dry summers, monsoon storms o Importance of mountains: snow melts, water flows down, only certain areas along main river areas during drought that would be good • Key ecosystems at different altitudes o Sangre de Christos: mountains
Land grants: community, private grazing
o Community grants: title issued under 1 individual's name, individual represented community under Spanish law, 10-100 families o With rights to land, each individual would get rights of private property to a homestead and a private garden, then everything else was held in community: pastures, the commons, the entire area of the common grant. Those tracts of private property carried grant to communal property: acequia, grazing lands o Private grants issued in 1830-40s by Mexican government, putting land particularly in NE NM would be a good way of retaining control should Americans invade, which they did, also to develop cattle industry o Became an issue as to who owned the land when US became involved
• Grazing and ecological change:
o Decline in primary productivity, decrease in livestock carrying capacity o Decline in resilience to disturbance o Decline in biodiversity o Soil aridification caused by soil compaction/exposure to sun/erosion o Invasive species outcompete native species
• Tragedy of the commons
o Harden's notion that in a large grassland commons with many sheep grazing, the benefits of putting 1 extra sheep onto commons CPR goes to the individual. Incentive to keep putting more sheep on. o Eventually though the costs of putting on those additional sheep will be born by everyone - will not have enough grass, system will collapse = Tradgedy of the Commons o You must have private property if the pop is above the production o Really about population - moral is don't reproduce - don't have any kids o Harden couldn't express these solution notions, focused on optimizing ratio between population and production capacity of agriculture, making sure pop does not exceed capacity - allocation of resources, pop control, work it out through the marketplace some way or another o Doesn't matter what property rights you have as long as pop is below production line, then communal property undermines optimization o Best is to allow private hands to allocate private property - to avoid tragedy of commons o Cannot privatize fisheries, stop people from stealing fish unless you have private property
• A fringe core resource system in which resources can be extracted but can reproduce still
o If grazers take a certain amt of grass every year and can reproduce, this is a fringe resource system, the core resources are still there to reproduce
Hispano communalism & Verguenza
o Live in communities with shared communal property o Verguenza: shame, ideal of civic virtue and social justice→ acting humbly, helping out those around you, not exploiting resources or others (social structure based on kinship) o Acequia: irrigation ditches, channels water, requires labor to be built/sustained, becomes focus of political organization, symbolic of Hispano identity→community o Pastoralism o Communalism over individ, humility before god and the church, obligations to members of the community, deemphasize notion of getting ahead of your neighbor o Plays out in Verguenza, used different than in other Spanish speak areas, literal translation of shame is an ideal of civic virtue and justice - limited resources, everyone needs some access to survive o Calls for a long term perspective based on kinship obligations and intergenerational responsibility o Reverence and modesty in relation to nature o You need to be able to conserve resources for generations to come. An inter-subjective relationship with nature embodied through Verguenza and through forms of Catholocism adapted from traditional religion
• Commercial revolution in northern NM: Not until 1880s that you have expansion of the economy
o Subsistence pastoralist MoP: Small-scale subsistence agriculture • Corn-Bean-Squash / crop rotation→ polyculture • Mediterranean crops • Technology: irrigation / animals (manure+plowing+transportation) • Division of Labor: gender-based o Capitalist MoP: • Capitalist class (in control of MoP), hire wage labor to produce things for exchange in the marketplace with a goal of realizing profit, accumulating capital and reinvesting • Class based division of labor: capitalists (own MoP) / workers (wage labor) / managers • Profit motive / capital accumulation/ commodification of natural resources • labor force: deprive people of land to move them into wage labor force (foreigners) • Free wage labor: workers free to participate in labor system who are dependent upon wage labor to live, if they can support themselves on their own land, then they are not "free" wage laborers • Driven by cattle drivers driving cattle west from Texas, and the RR offering the first high speed link between NM to east and eventually west coast - opens up markets - raw materials, grasses for cattle, timber, some mineral and agricultural • Called for conversion of public lands into private property • Physical inputs used means of production: land, machinery, NOT LABOR = a force of production, material
• Anglo commercial ranching
o Think of in terms of: Ostrom or Harden o Involved loss of primary productivity, biomass produced on CPR, loss of biodiversity o Hispanos are burning these pastures every few years to regenerate, stopped this practice which led to a lot of large scale catastrophic fires o Decline of 1/3 - ½ of rangeland productivity o Reduced absorbtion of watershed, soil dries out - further micro aridification of soils o Invasive species coming in, exotic and native, displacing established native species, reducing primary productivity, biodiversity, the animals that can be supported on land o Enclosure: • Dispossession of Hispano community members from access to common (some continued de facto access) • Privatization of the commons through legal institutions/incentives from marketplace • Grazing rights concentration: much land in private hands/fed government, more cattle, but rights to graze cattle concentrated in fewer hands o Ranching/Livestock Management: • Large-scale production, market demand, higher population • Extensive: expanding over more areas to graze cattle • Intensive: low land herding in winter, high country during summer, small, concentrated area of production (FEED)→ permanent residence as "factory farms" • Drives extensification of agriculture, takes away range land o Technology: barbed wire fencing o Management decisions: Logic of capital, everyone wants to maximize profits o Core resource decline
culture ideas and government
part of the broad interaction of nature society and culture -as we say TEK is the basis of myth that serves to offer values that allow for certain social production based on the reproduction of ecosystems with capitalism the goal of capital accumulation defines rationality in a capitalist system -what is rational= seeking to accumulate wealth -economic rationality is what governs decision making (more than simply economic rationality that goes into your decision making but that is afforded by the luxury of extra money -decisions as a firm or individual are constrained by the market place but you need to make decision based on economic principles (if u are firm seeking to compete against another firm you are limited in your options -decisions are based on an universally accepted abstract concepts (ex: increasing productivity); not based on the availability of resources (you might get. a price signal that would indicate that but besides that price signal that wouldn't affect ur decision making)
instrumental relationship
person characterizes nature as an object that can be used freely. Can assemble and manipulate for personal purposes
Gold Rushers
phases of gold mining - technology, capital and labor
Chain migration
phenomena where initial immigrants establish a foothold i a new country leading to opportunities and safeties allowing other related people to migrate
The Tragedy of the Commons - Hardin
population problem can not be solved in at technical, just like one cannot win a game of tick tack toe; there are no solutions, such as the growth of wheat or the farming of the seas that can help. - must assume in the near future that the world and its resources are finite -You cannot possibly maximize the greatest good for the greatest number of people like Bentham proposes - people in the commons want to "add 1 positive component, but theyre taking one component from the commons -privatization of common resources as a solution -private property favors pollution -overbreeding is rewarded; society is committed to the "welfare state" -relinquishing the freedom to breed will preserve other more important freedoms.
How have asians in american extended the social contract. what is the social contract. define it and then state ways in which asians extended it
potential essay Q
cash lease
ppl putting in their own inputs and seeing all of their own profits -each step is a greater level of risk to the farmer but also greater reward
social relationship: claims to land
property,
structural racism
racial coded disparities in access to power, resources, opportunity that affect quality of life
Oakland: History of industrialization
redlining: - showed high risk lending areas - marked spaces for industrialization - pretty much a map of race and class - shaped environmental racism post industrial Oakland (1960s - present): - disinvestment and devaluation of infrastructure - shipbuilding, canning, manufacturing leave Oakland - white flight - west Oakland becomes predominately black/ minority and low income
Crisis of reproduction
resolved through cycle of ∆ T, K, L, N: Placer mining: - mining of stream bed deposits for minerals. This is done through open-pit or other various surface excavating equipment or tunneling equipment. First of many methods of gold mining Hydraulic mining: - form of mining that uses high pressure jets of water to dislodge rock material or move sediment. It was successful in extracting gold, but it also caused extensive environmental damage. Hard rock mining: - using water canons to excavate hard minerals, mainly those containing metals like gold, silver, iron, copper, etc.
Page Act of 1875
restricted the immigration of any individual deemed "undesirable" + assumed that all Asian women immigrating to the US were doing so for prostitution or criminal purposes
transfer rights
right to give someone else your obligations/rights with respect to certain property
-Sojourn:
round trip - Chinese intended to return home after making money, grounded in expectations of kin and family, returning home, but in many cases they did/ could not return home.
5)
sanctions, increased step by step
California Constitutional Amendment (1928)
sdf
• Hispano transhumance pastoralism:
seasonal migration of people/livestock in winter/summer to find land for animals to graze on
verguenza
shame culture of hispanos... dont get ahead
Henry kaiser
ship building magnate
Placer mining:
simple tools, the rocker, the pan, mix it with mercury to amalgamate with gold dust. -low capital investment, small groups can do it, no wage labor, but after a while this industry dwindles. -some effect: timber cut down, some streams downed, etc... not a big effect
encomienda system
small-scale plantation export agriculture / subsistence MoP -- limited by land, water, labor, and transportation * indians were given protection from Christianity but would have to give labor/goods for this protection. De Jure: indians would keep the land Actually: indians did not keep land and lost their sovereignty
society makes a living, modes of production, laws, economic systems
social organization
Racial formation, racial projects
sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, destroyed racial formation is a process of historically situated projects in which humans and social structures are represented and organized Macro level: culture, ideology, social structure Micro level: everyday interaction, internalized meaning, "common sense"
Sojourn/settlement
sojourn= temporary stay; settlement=where a community is established
Building the transcontinental RR
starts with 19th century expanding territory etc pop increasing, gold rush, etc californians have been waiting for a long time for mail can either travel land or around tip of s. america white workers want high wages and aren't good workers so they hire chinese -chinese risked their lives with crazy explosives -excluded from ceremonies
Commons two types of resources
subtractability v. low excludability fringe resources v. Core resources -F: extract them w/o undermining repro system E: produced
sovereignty
supreme political authority in a geographic region or over a group of people; has the ultimate authority to grant and take property
"prospector capitalism"
system centered on discovery and extraction and capital acuumulation, set up to allow for the exercise of a PUSH for discovery and extraction, preconditions for capitalist accumulation, expropriation of private land from mexi landowners
ideological racism
system of perceived biological differences that form stereotypes and ultimately racial hierarchies
Bay Area rapid transit (BART)
system which began in 1964. had a similar impact on the flatlands. In most of the flatlands Bart tracks were placed above ground to reduce costs. construction of the BART line between downtown and the trans bay tunnel destroyed 7th street in West Oakland (known as the Harlem of the west) the cultural and economic center of Oakland's African american community and displaced 100s of families
Gold Rush myth
that the land was empty>>> this further influenced the rush
Holistic Range Management
that trampling the earth, by wild or domestic animals, is necessary to keep lands open and productive: seeds need to be dispersed, grounds need to be disturbed for seeds to take hold.
1873-77>96
the "long depression" -first known as the Great Depression -a precipitation of problems in the US by a railroad based scandal the banking crisis precipitated by the credit mobile scandal -also a movement off of silver that was the larger percipitating factor driving the econ down (rly changed the silver market, the comstalk mine was a silver mine v important to California econ , precipitates a rly disastrous crash) -14% national unemployment rate (got worse in cities in CA)
Manifest Destiny
the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. "destiny" "subdue american continent" "immortal mission" "Progress is God" "Empire plants itself upon the trails" Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benson "white race alone received the divine command" "subdue & replenish the earth" "hunts out new & distant lands" Major justification for westward expansion in mid 19th century: linked westward expansion & colonization with american progress. Explicitly racist ideologically
People versus Gold Run Ditch & Mining Co, 1884,
the California attorney general brought suit in CA Supreme Court to prevent hydraulic mining along the N Fork of American River. • Context: Hydraulic mining caused flooding, water quality problems, and risks to commerce and navigation • Public trust doctrine: Court drew on the public trust doctrine (PTD) to resolve the case. • Common law: Under English common law, the Crown held particular resources in trust for use by all of the people, e.g., navigable waters. Private landowners could not exclude the public from using rivers for navigation, commerce, and fishing, nor could landowners develop or alter lands to impair public trust uses. Government had the duty to administer resources to the highest public interest. California incorporated the public trust into state law in 1850. Expanded scope to environment: Over the course of the late 19th and 20th centuries, the California Supreme Court applied the public trust doctrine to preserve public rights of navigation, fishing, and recreation along the state's beaches, the San Francisco Bay waterfront, and inland waters including the American and Sacramento Rivers and Lake Tahoe.
productivity
the basic notion that specialization and the division of tasks and labor allows for greater productivity -an individual clock maker who can produce a wonderful clock a day -or have a 100 ppl on an assembly line= 1000 clocks a day -have a much higher productivity with specialization of tasks -this can also be built upon by technology, management efficiency and keeping the labor cost down the productivity increases. If ur able to lower the costs of production in relation to profit this also increases productivity (key to the accumulation of capital over time)
social relations of production
the economic system and social relations required to support capitalist production -can be understood in assembling the division of labor in production -web of relationships move out from the core of capitalist activity to encompass the experience and roles of every individual and social actor in society -everyone is in a sense engaged in the social relations required for capitalist production -looked at worster's framework and we want to think about what drives what -does at any point the limits of nature or tech constraints does that drive social relations and ideas -does ideas about race, class etc shape society -It is all shaping society dialectically
labor (capitalism in the 19th century west )
the labor process involves the capitalist ownership of the means of production and the application of labor -need a free labor force, u don't need labor that is able to work for itself u don't need ppl who have enough land on their own and can move in and out of the labor force at their own free will -free of the ability to provide for themselves without wage labor= free wage labor -not working for free but the capitalist requires disciplined free labor -Immigration has always been the source of free labor -Incentive to incorporate Irish immigrants (also Italian, portages, ppl from south and east asia, Latin America, Mexico) -come into a labor system in which the more ppl arrive the more disempowered they are and less able to act as a single coherent interest -allows the capitalist to drive down wages and the abilities of ppl to interact in politics
value (of labor power)
the socially necessary abstract labor embodied in a. community -externalities
exchange value
value of a given commodity relative to that of other commodities in market exchange (mediated by the "price" mechanism)
divisions of labor
vertical integration - all levels of production were Japanese-owned
West Oakland
very impoverished/ RR area declined
Capitalist mode of production
wage labor + control of production profit=motive class based division of labor equipment + Natural resources because of labor--> force of production grow the pie, dont cut it into more pieces
US v Walkin Arch
walkin was born in the US and the supreme court upheld that the 14th amendment applied to asians born in the US
Colorado River diversion
water diverted for agricultural and urban use - made through dams.
Resistance strategies:
ways that workers express discontent with their working conditions and try to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor
Mark DuBois
wef
Fringe Resources
what you produce from the core resources
sojourn
when some ppl immigrate somewhere but eventually return to their home country
contract
where the Japanese farmer would lease land that would allow efficvitively a wage (the land owner would provide the seeds etc)
guardianship theory
whites are superior and therefore have to protect the well being of native americans
dualism
wilderness and society exist as separate entities; leads to instrumental approach to society.
Women in the US
wives=hawaii prostitutes=Cali
public trust doctrine
wooo
what is place
yi-fu tua: place means 2 things: one's position in society and spatial location... yet clearly 2 meanings overlap a great deal. one seems to be a metaphor for the other -ur position in society is mapped into place -Doreen Massey: places are networks of social relations" which have over time been constructed, laid down, interacted with one another, decayed and renewed, some of these elations will be as it were contained within the space, others will stretch beyond it tying any particular local into wider relations and processes in which other places are implicated too -capital was accumulated in sf and has over time grown and accumulated and stretches out in many directions into the natural resource areas in labor networks through the americas, trade networks -Rebecca solnit: places are leaky containers: places matter. their rules, their scale, their design include or exclude civil society, pedestrianism, equality, diversity (economic and otherwise) understanding of where water comes from and garbage does, consumption or conservation. they map our lives.
• Alien Land Act (1913 & 1920) / means of circumvention
• 1913 CA Alien Land Act: copied by other states. Barred all aliens ineligible to citizenships from owning/leasing land for over 3 years at a time in a given place • Were loopholes: involved being able to lease land and rotate, put privately held land in the name of son/daughter citizen, if living in a community, could move through lands of kinship group and rotate farming operations within same community, suited truck gardening • 1920 Land Law: Restricted further. Ended ability to lease lands. Still ways to get around this - informal contracts with Whites • Made farming challenging but were wildly successful, citrus
• Foreign miners' tax (1852) & The People v. Hall (1854)
• 3$/month imposed on foreigners directed at Chinese, Hispanics. • Tax collector stabbed a man who didn't pay, took his money • People v Hall: a case before Supreme CA Court: Chinese could not testify against Whites even if Chinese were accusing Whites of violence etc.
• Chinese niche production in the California mining economy
• Agriculture, reclamation of deltas • In terms of geographical enclaves, certain industries and certain jobs in industries • Traditionally female jobs - no females around • Social organization: enclaves, clan-based communalism, mutual aid societies • Niche production: Opportunity on the margins, areas unappealing to Whites • Initially welcomed, mined amongst Whites, later became driven out with more competition, went to abandoned mines to work • Placer mine tailings: excluded from placer mines until Whites were done. With White's leftovers, often extracted large amounts of gold • Sociocultural resources
Lux v. Haggin, 1884
• Argument: Miller and Lux suggested a violation of their property rights, in that they had purchased land naturally containing water, and Haggin's upstream diversions had caused the water on their land to dry up. Decision: The court upheld the validity and primacy of riparian rights. • The California Supreme Court agreed with Miller and Lux's appeal for riparian rights and overturned the lower court's ruling by a four to three decision Implications: • Court recognized both water rights systems. • Appropriative rights were secondary to riparian rights • In cases of conflict, riparians would be entitled to "the natural flow of the watercourse undiminished except by its reasonable consumption by upper [riparian] proprietors." • Created chaos for the state with two incompatible water allocation systems. Priority: Millions of acres of arable land in the Central Valley has no riparian rights, and their water rights were now effectively subordinate to those of riparians. This meant that: • for agriculture: Downstream riparians could claim the full, unencumbered flow despite the burdens on upstream appropriators. • for cities: Riparian rights became an obstacle to developing water supplies for California's cities
• Japanese vs. Chinese: immigration, agriculture, policy, social construction, upward mobility
• Chinese faired more poorly than Japanese 50 years later • Different time and place, already developed, agriculture had developed to the point that poeple knew how to grow certain crops in certain places. Took a long time to figure this out, Japanese came at this time. Technology such as groundwater systems helped • This plus support from gov, education, cultural knowledge plus communities made it possible • Both started as cheap wage labor, but Chinese were even driven out of this, discriminated against in Chinese Exclusion act, 90% urban population by 1920, Japanese had a 45% rural population - making their fortune on the land. This led to a great deal of hatred • Were able to entre into the hard working middle class
Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902
• Created the U.S. Reclamation Service. • Federal Government to construct dams, reservoirs, and canals - to irrigate the West. • Reclamation projects were intended to encourage the establishment of family farms. • Federal lands that could be sold for funding. • Those who developed farms on Reclamation projects were limited to 160 acres, required to reside on the property, and use at least half of the property for agriculture. • This served as the basis for funding the Central Valley Project.
• Placer mining: People coming in, extracting resources, changing eco system, seeking new technologies or locations to extract resources.
• Deposits of gold in riverbeds • Easy to access, use of simple technology (panning for gold, grinding wheel) • Limited need for capital investment • Large labor force not required
hydraulic mining
• Digging in quartz veins in hillsides to find gold • Larger scale, more complicated, infrastructure development, capital investment • Mining companies: controlled by Whites more effectively than Chinese, but some Chinese companies made for diverse dispersion of wealte • Labor force were wage laborers • A lot of timber used • More industrial form of mining→ sparks flying→ fires • 1952 invention of large scale hydraulic mining : new forms of investments in technologies, developed a wage labor force • Mineral extraction became capitalist, concentrated • Affects on streams, siltation, contamination of chemicals, floods associated with dams breaking in the Springs, river levels rose with silt build up, • Mercury is legacy, 7000 tons of mercury dumped into water, now in soil and bay etc. • 1884 Sawyer decision: permanent injunction on Hydraulic mining - farmers neg affected
• Hydraulic mining
• Digging in quartz veins in hillsides to find gold • Larger scale, more complicated, infrastructure development, capital investment • Mining companies: controlled by Whites more effectively than Chinese, but some Chinese companies made for diverse dispersion of wealte • Labor force were wage laborers • A lot of timber used • More industrial form of mining→ sparks flying→ fires • 1952 invention of large scale hydraulic mining : new forms of investments in technologies, developed a wage labor force • Mineral extraction became capitalist, concentrated • Affects on streams, siltation, contamination of chemicals, floods associated with dams breaking in the Springs, river levels rose with silt build up, • Mercury is legacy, 7000 tons of mercury dumped into water, now in soil and bay etc. • 1884 Sawyer decision: permanent injunction on Hydraulic mining - farmers neg affected
Extractive cycle of delta T, K, K, N
• Dynamite loosens rock • Introduced to access resources that weren't previously considered • Resource intensive infrastructure necessary, more capital investment needed • Rigid class based division of labor • Environmental destruction of hillsides, forests chopped, water storage systems in place, setting fires because it is an industrial system - trains • As these shallow areas became depleted, go further into the hillsides - drilling mines, far into hillsides.
• Hard rock mining: ∆ Technology, Kcapital, Labor, Nature
• Dynamite loosens rock • Introduced to access resources that weren't previously considered • Resource intensive infrastructure necessary, more capital investment needed • Rigid class based division of labor • Environmental destruction of hillsides, forests chopped, water storage systems in place, setting fires because it is an industrial system - trains • As these shallow areas became depleted, go further into the hillsides - drilling mines, far into hillsides.
• Japanese ethnic solidarity (Ronald Takaki)
• Educational programs sponsored by communities • Outreach to farmers • Development of a vertically integrated ethnic enterprise • In east bay, Japanese nurserymen who supplied seeds to those in valleys, sell through Japanese marketing cooperatives - whole system through one ethnicity
• Chain migration
• Establishing a settlement community, industry, in a receiving country where people would be able to establish themselves, to send info back to kings, regents, villages • Chinatown • First group of immigrants arrive, establish foothold, send money back home/words encouraging people back home to go to new land with them
• Means
• Financing: $50 passage • Loans: clan-based rotating credit associations • Credit ticket system: form of debt bondage to Chinese labor brokers, - ticket from dock, spend time in US paying off your fare with your wages. • Labor recruitment networks (railroads pay passage for you to work there)
• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
• Forbid all laborers and women from China from coming in • Exceptions for merchants and for citizens and those who had citizen relatives • First US restriction based on nationality • Originally only 10 years, renewed in 1892, made permanent in 1902 • 1906 earthquake destroyed documents, made for loopholes
• Push
• Geography: isolation, limited arable land, sub-regions • Social institutions and land tenure: • Clan, village-based social organization, loyalty, obligation • Tenancy, divisible inheritance • Population growth /density: • 1850-1873: decline in population of China - migration / starvation • Population grew a lot. Pushed younger sons off land, not enough plot • Economy: poverty, chaos, insecurity, starvation, British domination of trade • Subsistence agriculture, handicrafts, textiles, remissions • Imperial trade policy • Geopolitics: Opium Wars • British trying to important textiles, opium - 1839 opium wars • Treaty of Nanking-1842: Chinese required to cease Hong Kong to open up trade and pay for cost of war (indemnity) to British • Land taxes which people had small surplus for and could not pay. • Civil wars between groups in China, many killed • Taiping Rebellion • 1840s: floods, famines
• Pull
• Gold mountain myth • Jobs, high wages, labor shortage, highest wage level in the world • Chinese desired as cheap, docile labor, recruitment networks • Chain migration: economic and social networks
• Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864
• Gov loans companies $ per mile depending on terrain, making it a competitive system • Authorized federal loans that covered 1/3 of cost per mile • So, the companies would pay back gov by selling these lands for a profit cause they will be profitable to people after that. • Companies got 5 miles on either side of the tracks to sell of land to pay off gov loans • BUT, land wasn't worth much - out in desert • Subsidize this enough to stimulate private investments. • 1862 act didn't work: land grants from federal gov (Central Pacific Railroad=8 million acres, Union Pacific Railroad=12 million acres) • 1864: congress doubled size of grants: 10 miles on each side, mineral rights, authorized to sell bonds based on the land grants: kind of a ponzi scheme. Bonds are based on loans from federal government. • This worked though tricking people, and were able to bring in a lot of private capital: sell bonds guaranteed by loan of federal government backed up by worthless land • Raise money by selling land: 129 million acres • Mineral rights important for discovery of coal
Race and labor in building the transcontinental railroad
• Hired by Union Pacific: Irish • Central Pacific: people didn't want to be working for so little, wanted to mine. • Weren't able to muster labor force from Irish labor. Turned to Chinese. Brought in up to11,000 workers at one time, 1,200 were killed. • Whites were paid about 35$/month plus room and board = 55$/month, Chinese got about 25/month, no room and board = not making any money. 1867 strike brought up to equal pay but no room and board still. Also won the right not the be beaten • Segmentation in terms of more hazardous jobs given to Chinese, fewer opportunities to get into skilled labor - foremanship, track layout • Chinese & Irish: competed against one another in railroad building to make building faster/labor cheaper
• Race and labor in building the transcontinental RR: Chinese & Irish
• Hired by Union Pacific: Irish • Central Pacific: people didn't want to be working for so little, wanted to mine. • Weren't able to muster labor force from Irish labor. Turned to Chinese. Brought in up to11,000 workers at one time, 1,200 were killed. • Whites were paid about 35$/month plus room and board = 55$/month, Chinese got about 25/month, no room and board = not making any money. 1867 strike brought up to equal pay but no room and board still. Also won the right not the be beaten • Segmentation in terms of more hazardous jobs given to Chinese, fewer opportunities to get into skilled labor - foremanship, track layout • Chinese & Irish: competed against one another in railroad building to make building faster/labor cheaper
• Rural migration: rural to urban
• Hispanos, southeastern china, southwestern Japan • Disclosure, possession, seeking opportunities in cities • Going to the city because there were opportunities in the
• Naturalization Act of 1870: "aliens, ineligible for citizenship"
• In context of reconstruction, sign of ambivalence pushed by CA politicians. • Chinese foreign-borns were labeled aliens, no naturalization. • Anti-Chinese sentiment grew, waxed and waned with economic rises/falls • 1873-96: series of depressions/recessions. The Long Depressions. High unemployment. Irish were some of the first to be let go. Chinese were seen as complicit with capital: servants of wealthy, provided services. • Political tension between reactionary and progressive forces, in deciding who can become a natural citizen, Asians are "aliens ineligible for citizenship" unless born here
Central Pacific/Union Pacific Railroad
• Incentives to build as fast as possible - often bad work, risked lives • Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864 • CP builds east from SF, Union builds West from Omaha
• Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
• Integrated schools in SF open to Japanese, no longer excluded • Japanese no longer issue passports for people to go to US immigrants • Family members of residents here could come - opens up floodgates for picture brides
• Denis Kearney: Workingman's Party
• Irish immigrant, 30 years old • Effective orator, rabble rausing. • Gets crowds focused against chinese, against capital • "Chinese must go", Chinese outcompeting white laborers, labor movement • Attacks Chinese and capital with Workingmans Party in SF • Elect a mayor, become a national force • Become seen as a threat to establishment. Series of exclusion actions, president signs the Chinese Exclusion Act
Push, Pull, Means
• Land tax, population rise, government policy, education - English as a required topic, lots of women were working in manufacturing, more than other places : push factors • Military and through supporting emigration: education, literacy, etc to limit • Push: population growth, land price increase/availability decrease, higher land taxes push people out, government policy, rural dispossession & migration (migration to urban areas b/c couldn't afford land for farming) • Pull: wage labor opportunities, network-based opportunities • Means: strong, central government concerned with building up nationalism, emigration policy as a means of establishing national identity, promoted emigration of women to provide greater stability for immigrant communities, financial resources
• Migration: push, pull, means
• Land tax, population rise, government policy, education - English as a required topic, lots of women were working in manufacturing, more than other places : push factors • Military and through supporting emigration: education, literacy, etc to limit • Push: population growth, land price increase/availability decrease, higher land taxes push people out, government policy, rural dispossession & migration (migration to urban areas b/c couldn't afford land for farming) • Pull: wage labor opportunities, network-based opportunities • Means: strong, central government concerned with building up nationalism, emigration policy as a means of establishing national identity, promoted emigration of women to provide greater stability for immigrant communities, financial resources
• Japanese internment: Executive Order 9066 / farming and economic loss
• Loss and Redress • Lives were suddenly abandoned, nobody know what would happen next • Loss of profits, property, and wages • Restitution and redress • 1948: Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act • 1983: Commission on wartime relocation and civilians • 1988: Japanese American Redress Bill- 20$K for all survivors • Agriculture and Loss • 45% were employed in agriculture, 2/3rds depended on it. The coveted lands were particularly vulnerable. Loss of crops, access to leased land, water rights, debts, • Lost 6,000 farms • Vulnerability of Japanese agriculture due to annual crops, soil quality/equipment decay over time, lost productive capacity • Displaced b/c couldn't get back leases once released from camps • People in debt before camps, debts grew while in camps
Gold rush mythology
• People were pulled from all over the world for lone prospector: you and mule, pans, simple tools you could take up into the mountains and make your fortune • Gold Mntn is a Chinese myth: people coming are men, single men, coming to make their fortune, hardened, risk takes, will do whatever it takes, rugged individualists • Coming to mine resources not coming to engage in lockean labor, establish. Come in, get what you can, move on. Doesn't provide basis for a Jeffersonian vision. • Myth of the 49er is a charter for a chaotic, brutal society - which is what CA was. Spoke to ruthless male population, geographically free, rugged "49er", highly individualistic, risk taking→ attracts people • Myth ignores racially diversity, investment necessary to sustain mining operations, industrialization of system through complicated machinery • Myth ignores racially diversity, investment necessary to sustain mining operations, industrialization of system through complicated machinery • Wealthy people who came, as well as foreign poor, obscured importance of technology, capital • Ignored ecological and social externalities
• Gold rush mythology: lone prospector & Gold Mountain
• People were pulled from all over the world for lone prospector: you and mule, pans, simple tools you could take up into the mountains and make your fortune • Gold Mntn is a Chinese myth: people coming are men, single men, coming to make their fortune, hardened, risk takes, will do whatever it takes, rugged individualists • Coming to mine resources not coming to engage in lockean labor, establish. Come in, get what you can, move on. Doesn't provide basis for a Jeffersonian vision. • Myth of the 49er is a charter for a chaotic, brutal society - which is what CA was. Spoke to ruthless male population, geographically free, rugged "49er", highly individualistic, risk taking→ attracts people • Myth ignores racially diversity, investment necessary to sustain mining operations, industrialization of system through complicated machinery • Myth ignores racially diversity, investment necessary to sustain mining operations, industrialization of system through complicated machinery • Wealthy people who came, as well as foreign poor, obscured importance of technology, capital • Ignored ecological and social externalities
• Entrepreneurship: Mining companies, merchants, etc.
• Provisioning and services: • Truck gardening, agricultural labor (small scale vegetable farming) • Fishing • Trade / supplies • Laundry/ Cooking • Construction • Domestic service • More resilient in boom-bust cycles
• Financial paradox of RR building
• Railroads are necessary for economic development, minerals, resources, lumber, but only useful once industries have been developed in areas railroad runs through • Takes a lot to recover initial investment→difficult to gain capital, go to state for $ • Economically good, but expensive to build. If you invest in RR, you don't know if that agriculture or mine is going to pay off. Takes a long time to get the return • Hard to get people to invest in transcontinental railroad: too risky • Turned to the state to solve financial paradox.
California Doctrine - "Dual rights:
• Riparians generally have first claim. • After riparian use, water goes to appropriators in order of priority of appropriation. • Originally, appropriators could not challenge a riparian's use as wasteful or unreasonable. However, after several decades of lawsuits, voters amended the CA constitution in 1928 to make all water rights subject to the requirement of reasonable use, including rights of riparians competing with appropriative rights.
• Resistance strategies: niche production, enclavement, etc. & Extending Democracy's Reach
• Social and cultural resources • Cultural heritage • Social institutions and networks • Social Incorporation(assimilation) • Enclaves: China town, rural Chinese areas a forced form of separation in terms of social incorporation • Geographic mobility, migration (east coast, sojourning, paper sons and daughters) • Economic strategies • Niche production • Labor resistance • Political resources • Constitutional rights • Litigation • Extending Democracy's Reach
• Meiji Japan: modernization, industrialization, militarism
• To pay for the modernization, industrialization and naval ships, etc a land tax was imposed • This forced people out. Lower middle class, possibly entrepreneurial, educated, complex agricultural techniques • Land tax, population rise, government policy • Education focus - English as a required topic • Living standard/lifespan increase→ population increase • Lots of women were working in manufacturing, more than other places: push factors • Military and through supporting emigration: education, literacy, etc to limit • Militarism is behind nature of relationship between Japan and USA • Japan defeats Russians: lots of anti-Japanese sentiment • Exclusion from schools, segregated oriental schools • International level of tension, great dal of political support for Japanese Exclusion Act, so Japanese enter in Gentlemen's Agreement 1907 with Jefferson
Alternatives identified in "Contemporary Issues Related to California's Water"
• Urban water conservation • Agricultural Water Conservation • Increase surface storage by building dams and reservoirs • Dam Removal • We must solve the Delta issues • Water Recycling • Agricultural to Urban Water Transfers • Desalination • Capture and retain stormwater and urban runoff
Appropriative rights
• Use: Right to water based on actual use, not ownership of land • Use restrictions: no place-of-use restrictions. • Scarcity & Priority: apportionment by seniority of appropriation - first-in-time, first-in-right. Not based on reasonable use. • Transfer: Appropriative rights may be sold or transferred. • Title: can be lost through nonuse.
Walker's argument
"with due regards to the gifts of nature, the secret of California's success is to be found in its social relations of production, especially open property rights and a syncretic class system, rapid capital accumulation and a redoubtable state based firmly on the capitalist society that crafted it"" (abstract) -not just the gifts of nature but the social relations of production which ultimately in a sense eclipsed the resources themselves and became the basis of a very successful economy due to the particular property rights regime associated to a syncretic class system (diverse and open) rapid accumulation of capital within the stat as opposed to capital to being generated here and taken out (redoubtable state/ prospector state very much oriented for facilitating the accumulation of capital) -CA as a place, apart from the east coast, the centers of capital accumulation in the 19th century (a region of capital formation, a resource capitalism aka prospector capitalism) -model that explains the existence of resources and economic development are reciprocal and dialectical inCA (the resources stay in the state bc there is industrialization there that uses the resources that leads to prosperity that leads to a reproduction of that economic system -resoucre bananas = think of mining at the start of this (ex: gold, copper, petroleum in social in the 20th century) timber, fish, boom in wheat production, areas in the 1860s and 1870s in places you would have never expected, water based industries, the development of water irrigation systems, hydroelectric systems -the ability of CA entrepreneurs and capitalists to retain those gains in the state is rly important, CA doesn't have more/ better resources than a lot of other places
Chinese immigrants to Delta
+ formed communities among themselves + did own cooking and built camps + made joint decisions + kept track of wages independently of their bosses
Commercial Revolution in Northern New Mexico
- Capitalist mode of production, profit motive/capital accumulation, Market exchange -Markets included livestock, timber, minerals and other agricult. products -Increase in technology: railroads, refrigeration, barbed wire, electricity, engine -Enclosure of the commons, privatization of nature - CPR degradation: overgrazing, erosion, river siltation, change in ecosystem. resources unsustainably used.
New waves of immigrants
- Chinese: Men, escaped economic conditions to take advantage of gold rush and intended to return to China with money. 2.5 Million left china, originally welcomed but then that changed - Japanese: Educated young men, because of Meji Restoration. Payed high taxes in Japan so they left but intended to return. Ethnic solidarity - When Japanese first came to Cali, pushed away so they began to work on their own and became entrepreneurs. - Pilipinos: Early 1900's, they escaped poverty - Asian Indians: 1907, 6,400 people, the smallest group hoping to get their lands back in India.
Ostrom's framework for analyzing long-term sustainability of CPR systems
- Clearly defined boundaries - Rules of utilisation adapted to the local situations - Participation in the implementation of rules - Surveillance - Organized conflict resolution - Accepted right of organization - Also exists inner triangle relationship Incentives, rules/prohibitions, and cooperation trust
Drought projection for the 21st Century
- Climate change and temperature increases lead to more evaporation of surface water - Increased snowpack melting in Sierras - Decreased soil moisture - Increase in greenhouse gas emissions - Water deficits from the Colorado river - Wetter Northern Sierra watersheds
Japanese Internment
- Dry , remote areas - lost freedom and the assets that they built up - 200 Million to 500 million dollars worth of property was lost - had the choice of enlisting in military - economic loss: property, profit, wages - agricultural loss - loss of connection with families.
Social COnstructions of the Japs
- Education: had skills and technological knowledge - economic background : agriculture
Pacific Railroad Acts of 1864
- Gave 2x the amount of land grants per mile than 1862. - They got the rights to all the minerals underneath the land too. - Utilized land grant bonds.
State Water Project
- Largest state built water project in the US - United interests in North and South - North controls it and the South needs it - South majority of water goes to cities, north goes to farming - Provides water for 2/3 of Californians - Californias biggest energy consumer - Challenges with property rights
Asian immigrants' contributions to economy democracy in America
- Main part in NR industries (mining, railroad, agriculture) - They became resources themselves, they were commodities to trade with and they replaced slave labor with cheap labor - Excluded from construction jobs, they were given to white people - Did domestic jobs
Hydrology of New Orleans, New England, Northern New Mexico, California
- Most rainfall in NO, then NE, then NNM, and finally CA - Rainfall drives what resources are available - Brought cattle to NE→ thrived because lots of rainfall and grass - Most rainfall in NO and river led to fertile soils→ advantageous agriculture - Arid in NNM→ had to use the land more sparingly/wisely
Pull factors of Chinese immigrants
- Opportunities to freely gain wealth (gold rush) - Labor recruitment - Chain migration (economic and social networks) - Ability to start over
Placer
- Pan in water, rocker with mercury - Not a great capital investment - Pounding wheel tech from Chile - Digs into riverbed and finds gold quickly - Chinese and whites but whites had higher paying jobs
Asian immigrants' contributions to democracy in America
- People V. Hall was about the murder case and decided that Chinese people cannot testify in court against whites. - Chinese exclusion act of 1882: Couldn't come into US unless they got a specific certificate. Couldn't bring wives into the country - Geary Act came after and made the exclusion act permanent, first nationalized exclusion against an entire race of people to immigrate - 1952 Foreign miners tax
Push factors of Chinese immigrants
- Social instability in China due to British colonialism and western opium trade. - Floods and famine - Unfair taxes - No formal limitations on immigrating to the US at first
Chinese experiences in gold mining
- Split workers up so they wouldn't get together and strike - Lots of violence - Bad taxes placed on workers - Wanted to achieve the "gold mountain dream" but only a few got it - Had to be resourceful because they got paid so little - Competition between White and Chinese labor because Chinese worked harder and for less money - Faced lots of discrimination
Transcontinental railroad. Land grants by governments & Chinese labor & resistance
- The Central Pacific and Union Pacific. Meant to transport natural resources place to place, happened during the war. An extension of manifest destiny. - Land grants: Places for public ownership allowed for clear cutting - Chinese Labor: Whites earned $35, Chinese earned $25. 11,000 Chinese employed at one time. Recruited the Irish individually. Chinese recruited through labor networks. -Resistance: 1. Kinship based workgroups, sort of like family 2. Wage strikes 3. Corporal rights, no whipping or beating
Environmental racism
- The placement of low-income or minority communities in the proximity of environmentally hazardous or degraded environments, such as toxic waste, pollution and urban decay. - patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards
Power & identity & their role in natural resource management
- Those with power controlled resources (Whites) Power from race, money, class, etc. - The Potato King: George Shima (1864 - March 27, 1926) was a Japanese American businessman in California who became the first Japanese American millionaire. At one point, he produced about 85% of the state's potato crop, which earned him the nickname "The Potato King"
Cadillac Desert and the damming of the Colorado
- Western politics of water. Film about Colorado river being necessary to provide water to the Las Vegas area (30 million people). Las Vegas shouldn't have been put there. Not a predictable river. "Man can improve upon nature but nature cannot improve upon man". - If the Hoover Dam collapsed the economy of the Southwest would be severely damaged. - More food and industry rely on the Colorado than any other river in the world.
(Environmental) justice issues of California drought
- Who gets the water? Fairmead town, couldn't get water. The deeper the well the more expensive it was to make. Wealthy whites could have bigger farms, African Americans didn't have access to the same capital. - Industry vs. marginalized small farmers - Latinos had to leave because they had no access to water and little rights, lost income because of drought. Poverty so they were forced to moved back to latin America
Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice, as described in the Laura Pulido video
- different strands coming together to create environmental justice movement - critiqued the mainstream movement for not addressing the everyday environments of the people - mainstream environmentalism preoccupied with the wilderness outside of civilization - we speak from ourselves and our experiences - challenging mainstream science, question science - defined environmentalism as where we live, work and play (everyday) - term for mobilization - applying the idea of justice to other outlets
Reclamation: geography, technology, labor and financing
- exception, unusual but Chinese were get to a point that they had access to land (ownership of land). -Reclamation of this area: 1850s to 1880s, more marginal areas of the delta, wheelbarrow brigade. -small and medium sized projects, Chinese workers hired to expand levees and create land -backswamp areas converted into agricultural islands, doesn't take much capital investments. -White owners, got tons of land, hire Chinese workers, very dangerous, labor intensive,tough places to work -1870 to1880,central part of delta, required new technology which Chinese didn't know, Chinese were not involved. - Chinese were able to lease a land by reclamation. - the rent dropped down, because it grows crop and vegetables, then required to plant Christmas trees
Denis Kearney: Workingman's Party
- founded 1877 SF - attacking capital - Chinese must go - Shifting social construction of Chinese changing with politics
Role of Aridity on Communal Resource Management
- grazed animals at different areas during different times to preserve the water - understood the sacredness of nature and did not overgraze as a result
Japanese American agriculture
- knowledge of California crop development cycle - crop specialization - groundwater irrigation (opens prospect, reflects niche production) - marginal land conversion (working power lines, railroads) -intensive farming tech (higher yield) - vertically integrated production chains
environmental justice
- means of addressing the injustices of environmental racism which can be defined as racially coded disparities in and decision making regarding the distribution of environmental harms, risks and benefits -primary goal of a movement that emerged from civil rights and anti toxics activism in the late 20th century -environmentla justice is an organizing frame (linking community organizing, academic research and political advocacy) and policy principle thru which advocates and policy-makers seek to overcome environmental racism, classism, gender based discrimination etc in "everyday environments" in which ppl "live work and play" -environmenal justice serves as a broad principle from which has emerged concepts such as food justice, water justice, energy justice, climate justice, housing justice etc -must be sought in connection with a societal shift to a suitability through a "just transition process" assuring outcomes that can be understood in terms of "just sustainability
Environmental impacts of Hydraulic Mining and How it was Stopped
- millions of tons of Earth and Water were delivered to maintain streams - rivers deposited all of this sediment which widened the rivers and caused them to rise. >> over flow in banks >> major flooding - devastating land erosion - hydraulic mining was banned on January 7th, 1884 - declared it was a "public and "private nuisance" - mining vs. agriculture : sawyer decision
Hydrology of New Orleans, New England, Northern New Mexico and California
- most rainfall in NO, then NE, then New MEx., and finally CA - rainfall drives resources - rainfall fertilizes soil which of course is necessary for agriculture - little rain in NNM caused the people to have to use the land sparingly
Northern New Mexico
- not good for agriculture, little water (arid) and few natural resources. - on Periphery of spanish empire
Environmental and Social Causes of Change In California's adoption of Chinese Immigrants
- perceived as "strangers from different shores" - denied equal protection under American Law **- "taking our gold and resources" **- they didn't belong **- took capital and american jobs ** Caused Cali to crack down on Chinese immigration
West Oakland: Air quality, toxins and public health
- poor air quality due to black carbon emissions and nitrous oxide - mass asthma - public transit
early days meets its demise
-"early days" is one part of the much larger pioneer monument that sits behind the main library building originally a gift to the city by oddball business tycoon James lick in 1894 -the 19th century tableau is supposed to represent the colonization of california by Spain featuring a vaquero and a missionary helping a fallen indian (dressed like a member of one of the american plains tribes rather than. california native) -for decades Native American activists and their supporters have asked the city to remove the statue calling it racist and demeaning
environmental fate of mercury
-"hot spots" at mines sites -transport to downstream areas -bioaccumulation and biomagnification in food chain
financing for chinese immigration
-$50 passage -loans: clan-based rotating credit associations, short term loans -> work for a bit, send money back, loan goes to next person -cyclic -credit ticket system: form of debt bondage to chinese labor brokers -labor recruitment netowrks
European American conquest, the state and economic development.
----
Migration
------
Range management
------
UNIT III
------
Gold Rush
-------
pearl river delta population growth/ density
-16 MM in 1787 > 28 MM in 1850 (^76%) -1850: 2000+ ppl/ square mile -1850-1873: 60 MM decline in population of china-migration/starvation
contention over N vs S route
-1848 there was a convention for planning a transcontinental railroad -number of bills in congress that failed to pass bc of this contention over a northern vs southern route -the fed gov had to be involved bc it had sovereignty over much of the land -civil war comes around, south secede and congress decides on a northern rail route in the middle of the civil war
construction
-1863: ground broken in Omaha (UP)/ Sacramento (CP) -1869: golden spike is driven at promontory summit Utah (final spike that connected east and west) -1880s: second round of construction: northern pacific, southern pacific, great northern, shorter and feeder lines -1873-1876= long depression, a series of booms and busts -number of short lines running north and south that connect the transcontinental lines -also a number of feeder lines (lines that run to mines etc) -railroads were essential to making it possible to develop some resources (capital mining, even silver mining in some places) -commercial revolution -involved industry but we want to take about mineral extraction, grazing grass, extraction of water, overall massive change in the way resources are used and the rail road is central to this
industrialization
-1870s and the 1880s> 1906 -Industry growing along the water front -some of the largest manufacturing and processing facilities in the west -california cotton= largest cloth mill in the west -josaih lusk = largest cannery -pacific coast borax= largest producer of cleanser -lowell manufacturing = biggest carriage works
new environmentalism according to price
-21st century environmentalism emphasizes as its absolute fundamental principle not that we save or destroy nature but that we inhabit nature for better and worse -quality and equality of life in the places we make our homes depend fundamentally on how sustainably and equitably we use, move, change, manage and preserve nature inside and outside cities -locates its heart and soul in sustainable and equitable economic and social systems and in sound and equitable economic public policies and investment-as much as or much more than in individual personal virtue -recognizes connections between socioeconomic and environmental inequalities -emphasizes ecompromise and negotiation and process over solutions -muddles preservations and conservation: it proclaims that in wilderness is the preservation of the world -It proclaims with equal enthusasim that in the world is preservation of wilderness -not whether u manage nature, but how sustainably and fairly you negotiate to do it -takes joy in our everyday connections to nature
1852: Foreign miner's tax
-3 dollar tax on miners rly directed toward Sonoran, chinese and Mexican miners trying to drive them out of the industry -there was a strong wave of anti chinese sentiment driven by economic downturn from the depletion of placer minds and the discovery fo gold in Australia -chinese and Irish workers rly compete with each other during this time (British imperialism pushes Irish to US, global phenomena driving ppl to California and now they are competing
chinese immigration gender
-<5% women -post 1882: aging male population: few children, often refers to as a bachelor's society -many men had wives in china with a financial obligation and a motive to return -after 1882 it was difficult for men to leave bc they would not be let back into the US -lots of expectations about making $20 a day, lots of false expectations about the gold mountain
Japanese ethnic solidarity, Ronald Takaki
-Able to get access to opportunities partly by drawing on community resources. -Able to convert marginal lands by networks of information on available land -Short term loans being offered by rotating credit associations -Organizations set up to educate on what kind of crops to grow on different types of soil -opportunities for vertical integration, merging chain of production, of the commodity chain and agriculture: draw on labor within kinship networks, sell their produce through other Japanese American marketing associations to brand that produce, collectively market it, have leverage, etc.
alemeda point
-Alameda naval air base -provides a lot of employment but also a lot of health effects -lots of areas and communities are subjected to the processes that generated the wealth that is here (landscape of differentiated risk and now landscape of racially differentiated risk)
Enclosure: privatization, dispossession, free wage labor
-As the commons of privatized. The federal government seized, individuals went to court and pried it out of community hands. This process of dispossession of villagers, no longer able to rely on the commons to support themselves, for the most part too difficult to live in these villages -pull on the market: people want goods, people want cash to pay for taxes, this encloses the market, drives people into the wage labor market as free laborers -this is how enclosure and dispossession creates a free wage labor force -seizing territory, make it very difficult to retain common property -cultural ideas associated with capitalism, focused on competitive individualism and rational self interest in the marketplace, people wanted their own profit, to create a growing, private economy -little concern for externalities, social/environmental costs, viewing nature as commodities to be exchange in the marketplace
Agrarian Myth
-Based on political theory -Production for accumulation -Reproduction: achieved by expanding territory & markets (spaces & networks of production, exchange, & consumption) -Instrumental relationship with nature: nature as instrument for human progress that must be transformed to make it productive in market society -Property rights: lockean private rights -Universal: applies everywhere - across space/time
Corn Mother myth
-Based on traditional ecological knowledge (seeds, growing conditions, etc.) -Production for social & biological reproduction -Intersubjective relationship with nature: symbiotic interdependent relationship. Nature as an active subject that must be sustained on its own terms. -Property rights: usufruct/limited private -Place specific: limit uses for specific times, places, tribes, etc.
Delta ecology: inverted deltaic fan, tule grass, peat soil, floods, levees, etc.
-Because this area wasn't full of low wetlands, everything spreading out at the end like Louisiana, there is a small area where everything, water, silt, etc., builds up, upside down triangle where everything builds up at the bottom - risky to invest, flood -Results: fantastically rich soil: sediments built up, tule grass growing on the islands that deposit a ton of nutrients in the soil, deep, rich, fantastic soil -grow four crops a year with some species, tremendous output
Reclamation as a means of entry into tenancy
-Chinese were viewed as hardworking, trustworthy, capable, etc., culturally pre-adapted: experience working in mining, agriculture - social and cultural and economic networks to recruit labor effectively, values of frugality, hard work, calculation, self-deprivation, etc. served to facilitate their movement from reclamation into tenancy. -ecology of this place also facilitated tenancy: such a miserable place to work
Resistance strategies: niche production, enclavement, etc. & Extending democracy's reach
-Communal relationships, knowledge brought from China and Japan, immigrant groups from Mexico. -niche production: various places where Whites are less interested, dangerous low income jobs -variety of strategies to try to go on strike against railroad, leverage that labor contractors can exercise on people who want to hire 200-300 workers "I can get you workers, but you gotta pay up" -Extending democracy's reach: People, not just citizens, were guaranteed equal rights under the law -capitalized on by Chinese citizens, challenged anti-Chinese laws, 10k lawsuits, searching for eventual assimilation - early form of politicization of these discriminatory laws
mining and myth
-Henry rashen: california miner with pack horse -represents the classic image of the 49er -a old timer prospecting in nature, working hard, taking risks, white bachelor with his trusty stead and tools -his relationship to nature v. the yeomen farmer relationship to nature -very similar and built upon the imagery of the yeoman farmer -basic difference between farm settlement and cultivation and mining resources -yeomen farmer involves ming the land (but he stays on that plot of land and builds a community on that place and still relies on a sort of reproduction on his plot of land -miner is more about a free for all (just come in and take what u can, work hard and move on, no sense of obligation, a charter for a lawless resources mining economy) -rootless male population with a quest for sudden riches and this notion that labor and capital are movable and theater is a temporary status of labor, u are looking for upward mobility -california gold rush is diverse and involves investment in tech (stamp mill obscuring the legalities of the labor force and the importance of industry labor and capital are movable and there is a temporary status of labor, u are looking for upward mobility -california gold rush is diverse and involves investment in tech -stamp mill obscuring the legalities of the labor force and the importance of industry, labor and capital -lots of externalities are justified by myth
Japanese american farm acreage key areas
-Los Angeles, Santa Clara, monterrey, east bay -sacromento, fresno -many Japanese communities had communities established similar to the chinese exception in the delta( ppl working in farm labor)
rancho San Antonio
-Luis peralata given the land by the Spanish king -certain spaces indicated as woodland areas (not like Oakland was littered with oaks but there were certain areas that had lots of California live oak (called it ensinal, translated Oakland) -Incldes Alameda county -divided on his death to his 4 sons, eventually the pearlatas lost most of the land to american settlers as their claims to the land held up in american courts
Meiji Japan: modernization, industrialization, militarism
-Meiji restoration, which lead to rapid modernization, and ultimately militarization: paid for by land taxes -primogeniture: large parcels passed to the eldest son, combined with population growth pushes people to dispossession of their lands due to big taxes, people move to urban areas, etc. -very high levels of education in Japan, highest literacy rate, educated in English
Commercial revolution in northern New Mexico: Subsistence pastoralist Means of Production & Capitalist Means of Production
-Mexican lands conquered easy, 1884 Sante Fe railroad, linking santa fe to the east, commercial revolution began. -Cattle moved from Texas to Mexican areas in the west, prime territory for grazing -massive influx of cattle, sheep, associated with this timber production, mining, expansion of agriculture, development of railroad infrastructure, land went to private/state hands, over a longer period hispanos became integrated into American economy and culture -subsistence pastoralism: production geared towards subsistence, some surplus, for the most part subsistence though, production oriented much towards REPRODUCTION -agriculture in which planting done in the spring, pastoral migration up into the mountains, grazing, bring sheep back down to work on the harvest, grazing up in areas around the village -limited impact on the ecosystem, some overgrazing, but little impact for the most part. -*Capitalist mode of production in which capitalist class controls means of production, purchases FREE (they actually choose to work for them, not slave) wage labor, produces things for exchange in the marketplace, ultimately seeking profit, accumulate capital, and reinvest in production. -development of a middle class, importance of technology, rail cars, efficiency that could be achieved through the spread of technology. -importance of cheap wage labor, scarce labor, people forced into the labor market.
Rural migration
-Migration from a rural area to an urban area - southern prefectures in Japan. -rural areas of California to urban areas
"Benefits of the commons" (i.e. Berkes, et al.)
-Offer a critique on Hardin: empirical critique saying Hardin didn't do any empirical research -looked at a number of different systems, private, state, commons, doesn't matter how the tenure system is, but how effective the management system is
Developmental tenancy
-Potential for a very lucrative, valuable piece of property: cleared it, reinforced the levees. -takes 7-15 years to develop these lands into a valuable piece of agriculture land. -working on the soil quality, building buildings, irrigation, etc.. -prices of the land spiked up and down, depending on what you were able to grow. -people basically stayed on the land and developed the land: developmental tenancy
Colonial fur trade
-Primary natural resource extracted from North America by several European powers. Europeans allied with and negotiated with various native tribes and individuals. -Beaver pelt hats became enormously popular -Native Americans often found fur trapping & trading a compelling alternative - BUT subsistence lifestyles disrupted by disease, dispossession, & displacement. Ultimately marginal in fur economy, grew dependent upon European economies, lost some of their own culture -Changing tastes in Europe led to major decline of beaver trade. Allowed beaver to recover in many watersheds in North America.
The errand into the Wilderness (Ronald Takaki)
-Progress developing American society. -need land, capital, labor force: Chinese mainly, Irish -developing resources by integrating different racial groups into the system as low-wage groups. -resources tends to be concentrated, hard to access - the capital develop system concentrated the owner ship of production, financial capital, ownership of land controlled over labor power. - The application of technology allowed for efficient expression?, required high capital investment - brought the progress of civilization and associated with economics by transforming the west a place industry prosperity, a place of technology and economics. -all depend on low-wage labor, need more labor to keep the price low Why Asia? - Close to the US - Chinese are hardworking, willing to accept low-wage, large population
Verguenza
-Verguenza: shame for exploiting others, self-restraint, basic set of values, don't try to hoard the limited amount of common pool resources -all integrated into a kinship based society, related to all the people you live with, focused on not only people, but one's relationship with god and nature, reverence and modesty in god and natural resources, not seeking to overexploit them -identity liked to place: people were very tied to their homelands, intertwined, wanted to stay with their traditional cultural lands, intersubjective relationship with nature
ww 2 great migration
-^^southern blacks in war industries -ship building (richmond= key, Hunter's point and Marin city) -also in Oakland and Marin -canaries -oakland army base and other military installations -drew blacks from the south and women into war industries -temporary housing projects = segregated -rental market= discriminatory, blacks excluded from renting outside of West Oakland, great growth in this area tho,+ jobs rn bc of the war -defemary park caused West Oakland to transform as it was a public space
the ecology of gold mining
-a story of deferred costs and denial -Industry and infrastructure: deforestation and fires -sedimentation: hill erosion and streamed siltation -flooding -mining vs agriculture: Sawyer decision(1884) eliminated hydraulic mining in CA about farmers rights not environmental rights -public health: accidents, silicosis, disease (no public health services) -environmental justice: labor processes and geography of risk (labor process start to get divided along class and racial lines and us tart to see dif of risk dif exposure to toxins, most dangerous forms of extraction are going thru tailings, would be seen as environmental racism
"prospector capitalism": push for discovery and extraction
-a system of production and exchange centered on a push for discovery and extraction of resources -associated with an ideology of unrestrained use of resources and can do ethos -partiuclarly by smaller scale producers but it does articulate with large scale actors
Oakland as an "industrial garden"
-a union of Arcadia and utopia -the good life but also it is industry -oarchards as u move further from the water front
primitive accumulation
-accumulation of wealth establishing the preconditions for Kism -land and removal: based on expropriation of private property in land removal of indians and Mexicans (indians and Mexicans were the subject of expropriation of their rights thru the imposition of a system of private property, those unable to assert property rights were unable to retain land and resources bc others were able to assert property rights more effectively ) -policy: state policy of land disposal (survey) -made it easy -racist/ colonial ideology: white supremacy and manifest destiny -property: established regime of fee-simple property (unencumbered, u have to pay taxes on it but besides that u can more or less do what u want with it ) tied to free labor and competitive markets -coded as white system with subordinated internal others -all of these things are coded with white supremisist ideology and so it is not an even playing field -access to property rights and the disposal of federal land opens up all sorts of opportunity, leads to resources prospecting -class: importance of petit bourgeois (entrepreneurs )
do u see and do u think the ppl at the time saw their expereince as active or passive within the economic system
-active agents seeking productive niches, compared to their opportunities in china and the needs of their fam in china perhaps they were willing to accept this things as apart of a form of relative depravation
1913 aline land law directed at the Japanese
-aliens ineligible for citizenship are inelibilg to buy land or leas land for 3 yrs
what are the limits of Jenny Price's vision
-all about compromise and pragmatism, might not satisfy everyone and address the fundamental structural issues -by foregrounding nature doesn't really provide solutions, no clear answers from nature about how to do things
Hardins resolutions
-allocate rights -resource ratio based on population -mutual coercion -regulate with force -
graft, fraud and debt
-allowed now to sell bonds in equal amounts to the loans of the gov (used the land as a false collateral, nearly a pyramid scheme) -crooked financing schemes (the land didn't have much market value, u couldn't sell a lot of it, the loans were worth more than the land and there were all sorts of primatial schemes that sold bonds at values far greater than the loans and therefore far greater than the land) -Charles crooner (real estate development) -lealand stanford (leading figure, president of the central pacific rail road, went on to have a political career beyond this) -a story of massive corruption, politicians being bought -graft= companies set up to contract to build the railroad, but the company is mostly on paper, likely part of the big 4 or their subservient, they are paid enormous amounts of money from bonds (way more than it took to make the rail road) -corruption and default on debt (this was a financial catastrophe and one fo the great catalysts of the economic troubles of the US in the late 1880s)
contemporary social justice movements in the bay
-and asserting rights to public spaces and resources -such as land for food and housing, clean air and water to assure public health has continued to be central to community organizing in West Oakland and other low income communities of color in the Bay Area -In recent decades this has involved actin across diverse sectors in the economy and political domains of through which racial formation has played out in the context of environmental racism -and in the process environmental justice has become a new focus for organizing and claiming rights to public resources in West Oakland -to understand why this is , we have to understand the history of local place and particularly how cycles of capital investment and disinvestment has driven asset and human capital devaluation in low income communities of color that have been demarcated as segregated spaces (environmental justice is a way of reclaiming these spaces ) -bounded by histories of redlining, transportation infrastructure development and urban renewal and by toxics in soils, water, air and human bodies... that have all been part of the story of demarcated devalutiaton described by Nathan McClintock in regard to food
gentrification and displacement
-and of course there are connections between race, place and money -a landscape of polarization and mobility: inside and outside and back in again on freeways in 2 hr commutes -active real estate market -tremendous amount of displacement in the bay -areas that are experiencing gentrification historically African american and hispanic -development of new exurbs (ppl displaced to the further east bay Stockton areas, plays out in the mission in sf) -sf = the heart of the bay -UN plaza= the heart of sf, a place that has in recent yrs been the location of politics in reinscribing the history of this place
poison/ palate: Rebecca solnit
-and the toxics and food intersect in the bay and in our bodies -maps and describes how toxics and food intersect in the bay and in our body -workers in laces that used to be an agricultural space but now are ppl suffering the consequences of toxics -sonoma and Napa workers suffering from the application of pesticides -so many contradictions when it comes to the productions of foods, the consumption of foods, who as access to foods, who is working in the fields suffering from pesticides, gourmet ghetto in Berk very close to the food desert in West Oakland
there are cultural resources being Dran on -tools being used:
-as many West Oakland residents came from southern share cropper roots -finally, there are political resources: in 1969 the black panther party started its free breakfast for children program at St. Augustine's church in Oakland powerfully asserting nutritious food as a right and grounding this precedent in Oakland politics -Implications for gentrification: West Oakland has begun to rapidly gentrify- the long time community members that the food justice movement sought to serve are being priced out by surging real-estate values and costs of living -some have pointed out that beautiful urban green spaces and shiny new grocery stores raise property values: ironically the biggest victories of the local food justice movement may be contributing to the displacement of the population it intended to serve
1924: immigration act
-barred all aliens ineligible for citizenship
1924: immigration act of 1924
-barred entry of aliens ineligible for citizenship -restricted immigration to 2% of that population that is in the US
1924: immigration act of 1924
-barred entry of aliens ineligible for citizenship -restrictied immigration to 2% of that population that is in the US
1875: page act
-barred entry of chinese and Mongolian prostetuis, felons and contact labors (this was something that was rly not playing out, there was all this talk of ppl recruiting labor in china and having them under wager labor based slavery, reality is that this just wasn't happening) -rly tries to prevent chinese family building
Bay Area home prices by transit stop will terrify u
-bay are home prices can be mapped based on transit -there are certain areas out into the inner part of the east bay that have relatively high home prices -the bart system and transportation infrastructure serve the commuters to come from desirable areas to financial districts downtown sf etc -the South Bay has loomed ever large and is not connected by transit
1960s resistance: black power movement
-black panther part: west and north Oakland in 1966 -the armed resistance -community service, power and autonomy ("survival pending revolution programs", school lunch and sickle cell anemia program) -de Femery: key center of operations (Merritt college), donated to the city by the de Femery family who had an estate in Oakland and eventually moved e -black panther party free breakfast program for children -the civili rights activism of the black panthers centered on self determination and self sufficiency for the black community in north and West Oakland and of Course elsewhere. This meant asserting what can be termed a "right to the city, claiming neighborhoods, streets and other public spaces for the community -as we saw with the use of music nd dance culture in New Orleans as a weapon or tool of riesistance being wielded to assert a right to the public space of the street in Oakland the panthers and others asserted a right to public spaces as a means of empowerment by controlling their own neighborhoods and communities
Francis Marion smith
-booster, key system and realty syndicate -key system: important to integrating different areas around the city and lignin residential areas with industry -built a privately owned mass transportation system
Japanese vs. Chinese: immigration, agriculture, policy, social construction, upward mobility
-both groups come and enter the bottom end of the wage labor market. different time, different opportunity -Chinese: seek some niches, restaurants, etc., but usually stay, not a lot of upward mobility -Japanese: come at a different time, opportunities available in agriculture sector had developed remarkably, wide range of specialty crops, possible to grow in marginal lands by sinking irrigation wells, deep well pumping technologies, to convert the land and "make the desert bloom" -Japanese also brought more sophisticated knowledge and experience, they have it "together" in a way that allows them to take advantage of their situation -community resources are much greater: financial resources, experience in industrial society, Meiji, strong government resources, higher educations, democratic resources: women, kids, families
Laura pulido
-breif history and overview of environmental racism and environmental justice movement -part of the 4th wave (not mentioned by puled -see fundamental connections to nature in our everyday lives
Environmental justice movement
-broader than environmental racism -revers to many lines of difference (economic, linguistic, ethnic etc, gender < any ways in which power and inequality are being reproduced -anti-toxics movement roots-not racial lines > state as complicit with polluters (established a fundamental focus on public health and equity) -environmental justice movement began challenging mainstream envois (why an urban enlist agenda, too much wilderness) instead of everyday environment -did not address different (envois saw itself as speaking for everyone, unreflective of positionality> privileged position, no right to speak for marginalized) -challenging mainstream science, different uses of science (production and use ) > can continue > marginalize< politicize science- coming out of regulatory agencies -citizen science ^^^ -challenging focus of envois as too focused on wilderness> redefine where we "live work and play" -expansion of EJ to other parts of the world -expansion of EJ to a rang of sub-issues -aligning environment and social justice- extrapolated term -powerful, mutated, strands of envism (climate, energy food transportation
gender
-by 1920 46% of the population was women in Hawaii and 35% were women o the mainland -women came into this modern society as part of the labor force, worked in factories and as agricultural workers
natural resource development and capital
-can emphasize the importance of the spacial and temporal contexts in which the errand into the wilderness played out -temporal context: late 18th century, imperial interests and displacement of ppl moving to cities in pursuit of opportunities in industrialization -spacial context = North American west -mineral resources in very concentrated locations -phenomenon where the resources are very remote (ex: grasslands of New Mexico + grazing land, ex: resources associated with head waters etc, initial issue of accessibility resolved with prospector capitalism, run into a crisis of reproduction (what are u supposed to do when u run out of placer rivers) -nees to be resolved with extensivication (moving to new locations) -miners following the trails based on the mobility of their own labor and Intesnsification (tech innovations , the monitor cannon allowed for hydraulic mining, often capital intensive and has implications in terms of how are u going to organize production and how are you going to reform the labor system to make this work) -a corporate enterprise might use a combo of extensificaiton and intensification -eventuates an increase n scale, can achieve more efficiencies, economies of scale but depends on further acquisition of capital and concentrated control of the means of production (start to get a class based division of labor, starts to look less and less like the yeomen farmer) -fed subsidies in terms of railroads but also damn building and the immigration policies that facilitated a disempowered labor force
social construction and realities of asian immigrant labor force
-capital wanted politically disempowered labor with a surplus to drive wages down -chinese particularly were already established and seen as well adapted to the means of capital -socially understood as docile, highly productive, hard working, willing to accept low wages -capital was able to benefit by recruiting large numbers of different ethnicities -creating and emphasizing difference and competition within racial groups rather than allowing these groups to recognized and build politically on their common experience
State of biosphere continued
-capitalistic production and idea that "more is better" (McDonalds Ad) leads to the continual use of resources w/o replenishment hence degradation ecosystems. -steady state economy is ideal ("enough is best"); constant stocks of people and artifacts maintained at sufficient levels,
1943: Magnuson act
-china is seen as our ally -105 ppl (based on the census) allowed in
sociocultural resources and networks
-china towns -cultural resources, communalism, tech and knowledge shared across clans -chinese identity is forged as many clans see themselves differently in china but have shared experiences in the US
ppl v. Hall
-chinese can't testify against whites (becomes a license to kill literally) -1854 -resistance: enclaves, nich production, litigation etc
how are organizers and advocates pushing for change? let's see what the West Oakland environmental indicators project has done
-citizen science- collaborative air quality monitoring -focuses on reducing the impacts of industrialization in the community -lawsuits (against the port in 2017) -spring 2017 lawsuit by WOEIP & earthjustice: to allow effective citizen input regarding redevelopment of the 310 acre Oakland army base -costco, casino, movie studio amusement park etc -the city and port eventually settled on a mix of warehouse complexes and shipping infrastructure that will expand the capacity of the port -assure job opportunity and reduce pollution associated -get a voice thru litigation -and maybe decommissioning 980 (complexity of neighborhood politics playing out, not so simple) -working with government, scientists etc on the West Oakland community action plan (2019)(collaboration of gov, scientists, funded by AB 617 authorized California climate funds, which are down nothing this yr), plan that involves community input, no investment funds with covid, community members helped by conducting hyper-local air quality monitoring data and comments to shape its 89 strategy recommendations, including transitioning to electric trucks, limiting the hrs trucks can operate within the community, installing indoor air filter systems in homes schools and public facilities in high pollution areas -well maybe if the money doesn't come thru the cypress freeway which was destroyed but the 1989 Loma pieta quake will serve as a good example for the old adage that nature always bats last, Fram based on collaboration and science with partners interested in doing some good
pearl river delta social institutions and land tenure
-clan, village-based social organization, loyalty, obligation -clan and kinship groups are overlapping terms -family cultural practices as a core value-loyalty and motivation towards family -strong sense of obligation and family at the center of daily life -even if you are migrating you still have this senses of soujourning back to your home village, sending resources back to ur family,ur clan
seven characteristics of Ostrom's model
-clearly defined boundaries, such as with a map, etc. -rules of use globally adapted, given particular limits of certain areas -participation and implementation of the rules, people have to be involved -surveillance, need to make sure people aren't breaking the rules. -sanctions, do something wrong, pay the price. -organized conflict resolution, institutional means. -accepted right of organization, legitimate system in place that people will follow.
technology for chinese immigration
-clipper ships: 2-3 months ' -steamships: 3 weeks
mineral rights
-coal is discovered in Wyoming soon after the construction -give the rights to the minerals on the land to the rail companies
COMMUNAL: Watershed-based natural resource management
-coincides with communal land grands, usually encompassed a watershed, management. -arid climate, spatial and temporal diversity, communities living on subsistence, subject to starvation, drought, weather, etc., very efficient way to do this. -resources are available at different time and different places, having a communal access to the entire watershed, allows a society with little social tiers, and concept of verguenza, makes sense for hispanos to have this type of management -John Powell: because of the nature of the resources of the west, dryness, aridity, from his observations a watershed management system was appropriate, but he says the state could be the owner of this land, or private landowners but everybody would have to be working together as stakeholders, community based process around decision making, >>> that wouldn't make sense as much, because larger land owners would create some kind of differentiation of wealth.
Land Grants: Spanish and Mexican
-community grant and most common grant >>> common property used for grazing, farming >>> each family would get a small part - Pueblo Community grant >>> spanish gave land to pueblo indians -Private Grazing Land >>> Land to 1 person for grazing
political resources
-constitutional rights -litigation -extending democracy's reach by fighting in courts and expanding rights (Gary reaing, society allowed for a claim to a place in society, continued cultural heritage and eventual assimilation, notion of productive contributions, here he is emphasizing political contributions by drawing on the 14th amendment to begin the civil rights movement
risks to human health (gold mining/ mercury)
-consumption of contaminated fish -contaminated sediments -contamination of soil impacts agriculture and food toxicity
the de Fremery estate
-converted into Oakland's first municipal play ground in 1907 -In West Oakland, somewhat symbolic of the accumulation of capital in this place and then investing in industry but the benefits of the industry being distributed to the community -became a working class suburb in the flatlands
extractive cycle
-crisis of reproducing driven by resource mining -declining productivity > -new forms of production/ productivity -^K costs in tech -change labor regime -there are still placer mining, hydraulic mining and hard rock ming -story of tech capital and labor transforming labor in a cycle -tends to require higher and higher capital costs and greater risks -emergence of a labor market and a class based labor system, some opportunities for upward mobility early on but that starts to just shut down as u become just another worker in the mine -crisis of reproduction required significant and costly tech innovation and a reorganization of capital and labor -can talk about this in terms of the social changes in labor (more and more becomes a class based system with a new set of social relations to production; social stratification, the accumulation of wealth but also polarization of wealth, start to get the emergence of a real working class (some ppl are able to get the good jobs and some ppl aren't able to get access to any of that
price asks: what is the state of environmentalism after 20 yrs of 4th wave critiques (now we are at 30 yrs)
-crisis: stalled progress, internal conflict, contested vision, policy changes, political impasse etc -eco frenzy: broadly based interest in the environment -solutions: market oriented (consumerist); technological ; behavioral; reformist, rather than radical or revolutionary
Grazing and ecological change: erosion, invasive species, etc. in specific ecosystems
-decline in rangeland productivity: 50% decline in productivity, regarding the amount of biomass supported. -declining in resilience to disturbance: soil is compacted by cattle/sheep, overgrazing, bare spots, and hot sun heavy thunderstorms then soil is dislodged, erosion, aridification of soil, changing biogeography, good grasses get eaten, invasive grasses that don't need super complex root structures go in and survive in arid soil, invasive species outcompeting native grasses -shifting of fire regimes: Hispanos burnt understory to maintain productivity, restore nitrogen in the soil, but now: fire suppression as policy/reality, Hispanos were no longer to do that, led to large forest fires because of the poor overcrowded forests that the Hispanos were no longer controlling.
1877: workingman's party founded
-driving the political steam engine towards what happens soon after that at the national level -denis carman (Irish immigrant ) founds this party (directs his visceral attacks against capital and chinese labor and sees them as working together, chinese still retains their jobs bc they work in service industries and wealthy ppl still want their laundry done during a depression) -the construction of chinese rly changes based on the economy -the souther racism ppl are still able to draw on after the civil war -chinese had the socio cultural networks and resources to sustain their livelihoods thru the community (it wasn't the same in the Irish community which had a more individualized ethos) -1880s more national anti chinese movement as the working man's party becomes more associated with the labor movement in the east and upper mid west (real threat of the labor movement, threat to the established political interests, willingness of many ppl (even tho many weren't interested in visceral anti chinese policies ) but pushed politicians to give up cheap labor to satisfy the labor movement -moto: the chinese must go, the chinese are a scape goat, anti
1930s
-east Oakland: continued development and hard times -West Oakland: many industrial jobs disappeared, start to have a new role of the federal government
Malthusianism
-ecologist of 60s -arithmetic growth = food -pop = exponential crash is inevitable
chain migration
-economic and social networks -agents recruiting for ppl to come, get to the US with set up job- work for 6 months to pay for the price of journey then free to do whatever -communties, networks and opportunity in the US -through kinship and village relationships -oull factor and means
pull
-economic opportunity, political and religious freedom etc -geographically accessible
Gold mining ecology
-especially with Hydraulic mining: horrible floods, virtually entire central valley is flooded. -impacts the viability of agriculture, affects reclamation work in the delta -state intervening: issuing through courts, specifically in the Sawyer court case... permanent injunction against hydraulic. -this Sawyer decision was when mining was DONE and there was a shift to agriculture
social construction
-ex miners, unreliable, lazy, prone to strikes "some would stay until pay day, get a little money, get drunk and clear out" -James Strobridge -not rly a desirable labor foce becomes clear by the mid 1860s that this will not work
politices
-failure to move past gridlock -challenges to get beyond a neoliberal model , which we are still working with in which the market is supposed to fix things -time is running out before the whole state burns we have to do something
land distribution
-feds generally ceded control to the state -removal of indigenous ppls -drastic (the imposition of bounties on the lives of some native ppl) -legalize radically populist mining claims system (that were not rly recognized within the typical framework of American property law) -taxes: mining = no taxes for whites, tax for foreigners (a disincentive to their entrepreneurial ambitions) -taxes were generally low but it favored whites -federal and state land distribution (central pacific, large scale wheat timber and cattle lands, water rights: prior appropriation and prior appropriation, much of CA is a very dry stat and if you want to develop agricultural schemes and mine gold u need water, series of acts)
1882: chinese exclusion act
-first national restciction on men on an immigration restriction -prohid laborers and women from coming (merchants can still come, chinese already in the US can come back and forth, relatives of US citizens of chinese descent can travel to the US, loopholes) -only in place for 10 yrs
property regime
-focus on discovery - "can do" ideology -property regime= key to structures of access, motivation, reward -Institutionalizes form of motivation and reward -ppl are motivated by property rights bc they assure that u will actually get the rewards of ur risks if u have property rights in the things u are exploiting -Important for initial stages of capital and primitive accumulation of capital
Thomas Malthus
-fringe resources: extra resources that you can extract without affecting reproduction. -core resources: resources that if you extract then they would destroy reproduction -simple concept overall: don't take too much stuff out of the ecosystem. -productive capacity of agriculture increases arithmetically every generation, technological innovations, etc. -population expands geometrically, doubling, rises a lot faster than the productive capacity. -this gets way out of wack, population will pass the productive capacity very soon -why? People have access to things that people should not have access to, such as acorns out in the wild, deers in the wild, at a certain point after population outstrips productivity, inevitably results in this process where the system collapses >> tragedy of the commons. -Key: don't allow this to happen! Privatize all your land so that people cannot abuse common pool resources, or achieve a better ratio of productive capacity and population. -let them die!
social division of labor
-fundamental distinction of a class based division of labor -capitialst class, middle class, working class (middle class/managerial professional class expanded after world war 2) -division of labor between classes, between industries and firm (some industries focus on the production of power and electrocute and use that electricity to manufacture+ consumers use that directly) -competition between firms to increase productivity gain market share -divisions in terms of occupations of workers (ex managerial class) -can look within a factory there are those that have "higher levels of skill" involved in machine work and others just on the assembly line -In the field some ppl organize labor and teams, others just harvest -can get down it very specific divisions of tasks -Incredible level of specialization and differentiation that relates to a broader set of the ways that society is organized to support production -those involved in dif occupations fit within that broader relations of social production frame and have a lot of limits on their options within that social production frame -lots of their opportunities will be decided by where they fit in that social production frame
capitalism in the 19th century west
-global periphery of the capitalist system that was becoming much more sophisticated -Investment frontier= Angus cowboys with 100,000s of cattle rambling around the west (cowboys are the labor engaged in the first wave extractive activity of grass, having the cattle eat the grass and then be slaughtered and then providing the markets of the east with meat ) -notion that the west is on the frontier (rounds of capitalization investment in the extraction of forest resources, agriculture, mining, railroad production etc -some individuals involved but a lot of these things involve just the type of system of production we discussed earlier , accumulation of capital, highering labor in the production of things, reinvestment of profits ) -west seen as high risk but also high reward
Placer mining/Hydraulic mining/Hard rock mining: CHANGE IN Technology, Capital, Labor, Nature
-gold available in certain places in the landscape, extractive activity that requires technology and capital. -as that process plays out, the landscape changes, the resources are available in different forms and places -need new forms of technology to access those resources, need new technology and more labor
chinese pull factors
-gold mountain: labor shortage, highest wage level in the world, lots of opportunities for whites coming from the east coast but there was also a need for labor in agriculture, restaurants, laundering etc -wages 5 to 6 times higher in CA than in china -gold mountain= California -even if you can't get gold- got be an entrepreneur -you were going to get a job at a place with the highest wages in the world at the time, there was also a real need for labor -active recruitment for labor railroad, agriculture, mining -chain migration process
means
-gov policy (gov promoted female emigration, greater stability, settlement communities of family) -financial resources
1920s residential development
-homes and new factories eastward -contineud into the 1930s despite the Great Depression
Shoshone movie
-horses killed -took horses or just punished onto land -collusion/gold issue -skepticism -omit info
uneven development
-how as the uneven development of industrial, residential and public spaces been organized and contested along lines of race and class in contexts of capital restructuring and demarcated devaluation? -some areas are less well endowed in terms of environmental quality, capital etc -some areas of the city are demarcated (essentially a map. of race, asset and in many ways environmental quality)
social contract is about how the state plays a role in mediating the distribution of rights, opportunities, access to decision making arenas
-how does the state serve to expand or contract the social contract
marxist critique: value of labor power
-how much labor socially necessary to produce a thing corresponds more or less to the cost of labor -Instead of profits u can think of these as surplus value: the value generated over the costs of production and exchange -why does the surplus value return to the capitalist and not to the worker (not exclusively and argument for a complete dismissal of capitalism but something to consider as a valid question when u have millions of ppl in this country working for minimum wage for Jeff Bezos with more money than all them put together. Is that rly the way to do it, maybe some of that surplus value should go back to the ppl who created it). Also all the means of production are not just derived from profit, investment and entrepreneurship but they represent a means of production in accumulated surplus value derived from labor. Should that all be subsumed in the form of profit? The directing motive, the end and aim of capitalist production is to extract the greatest possible amount of surplus value and consequently exploit labor-power to the greatest possible extent -Karl Marx das capital -there are substantive critics that rly questions what happens to the power that comes from profit (can think about this with corporate taxes working to redistribute wealth to workers)
capitalism as a social process
-how the economy relates to cultural forms in a society -Worster's framework for understanding environmental history looking at how society culture and nature interact with one another( very broad and almost nebulous, flexible and has a great ability to contain everything we look at, involves dialectical relationships back and forth, central to society is the economy, Andy term to think about the degree to which the economy does or doesn't shape social relations, the legal and political structures etc
South Bay salt ponds
-hybrid landscape now being reconverted into tidal marsh -very beautiful from the air
Think about for an essay...
-implications on the steps people take: do they try to establish communities for the long term? Are they interested in forming families here? Do they have the capacity to due to gender profile of immigrants, mostly all males?
naming of encinal > Oakland
-in 1772 the king of Spain laid claim to CA -land granted by the Spanish crown to ppl who engaged in military service for Spain
Mandela marketplace
-in 2004 Mandela market place formed and embarked upon the search for a permanent West Oakland site for their worker-owned grocery store> in 2009, they opened: Mandela Foods Co-operative, which has been an enormous success in making sure West Oakland residents are able to participate in mainstream markets to buy fruits and vegetables at competitive prices at the store conveniently as their neighbors in North Oakland and emery Ville
the rise of food justice in West Oakland
-in response to this situation food justice activism emerged in the early 2000s as a means of asserting rights to healthy communities and environments as basic civil and ultimately human rights by reorienting the way food is produced and distributed with the benefit of the community in mind (alongside long existing food banks etc but this is about the community taking ownership of these processes) -specifically: city slicker farm: in 2001 city slicker farms transformed vacant lots into urban gardens, growing their own food and sharing the surplus with others. Along with the people's grocery (which was formed in 2003 as a mobile food market), they have created alternative spaces alternative to mainstream food systems- urban gardens and farms that are open to all a.) in the summer of 2016 city slicker farms celebrated the grand opening of its West Oakland farm park a 1.5 acre farm and public part hybrid featuring myriad community-building spaces: a playground, a large lawn, tables and benches throughout, a covered space for cooking/ nutrition demos, community garden beds, rows and rows of vegetable beds with frequent drop in volunteer hours and more
capitalism, class and race
-in terms of how different racial groups fit into the class system, the labor process, the capitalist social division of labor and relations of production and in a practical sense in terms of access to natural resources, jobs the struggles over working condition wages -what happens to the surplus value in a system that is grounded in the exploitation of resources
second wave (1960s -80s )
-industry and affluence (following world war 2 with consumer society) -science (Rachel Carson, silent spring emphasizing the importance of science in environmental issues etc) -enviornmenalism's "heroic age" (David Bower saves Glen Canyon) -new forms of popular politics (save the bay, the movement that started from the home of some leading figures at UC berkeley, the wife of Clark Kerr, fought ht movement to fill in the bay Brough in ppl from the middle and working classes, democratized environmentalism) -popualr movement: environmentalsm -upper middle class/ liberal / white -^ importance of environmental organizations (Sierra club and others take on mass membership and more power in terms of influencing policy) -legislation> litigation (in the 1970s ) base politics emerged in the 1980s and then legislation moved to litigation -critique by the right in the 1980s and 90s -critique by civil rights advocates (green versus brown activism seen as very elitist -"saving the earth as a mission to save our souls"
economic decline (1960s>today) de industrialization
-industry pulled out: soon after the war with the disappearance of Oakland's shipbuilding industry and the decline fo its automobile industry, jobs became scarce particularly in old industrial areas of west Oakland -over the course of the mid to late 20th century manufacturing and corporate headquarters moved to green fields devleopment in areas offering tax breaks and protection against union political power- in other parts of the bay (unincorporated areas of Alameda county south and east of Oakland and eventually even off shore in Latin America and asia -business moving overseas, moving manufacturing to Mexico, asia etc as a result lots more unemployment
environmental racism
-inequitable procedural access -Inequitabl distributional outcomes -disproprtioanate impact -reduced access to benefits -power differences -environmental racism goes way back of course, not recivieing environmental movement benefits, 1980s recognized as a problem -historical development of the term: Warren Co, NC early 1980s, dumping PBC in soils along road (mixes black and white community), history of civil rights mobilizing Fram to environmental problem > coined term "environmental racism" think about the term as a form of leverage
government promotion and subsidy
-infrastructure = key -RR highways, water, military base installations -both the state itself and the state working in tandem with the federal gov -R&D: universities and agencies -tax policies: low taxes on agriculture etc -cooperative marketing= supported by govt
European american labor d
-initial recruitment was at SF -labor market: -civil war: labor shortage (800 Irish) -post civil war: Irish, Cornish miners (1,200-1,300), central pacific realizes that they are not gonna get enough Irish workers so they recruit in Cornwall England -Individual recruitment of Irish -union pacific: Irish labor, easier from the east more direct
anti Japanese movement
-initially period of immigration open shaped by the Japanese government -US recognized japan's military power and saw them in a. different diplomatic terms -asiatic exclusion league signaled a strong push against Japanese immigration (Japanese saw themselves as superior from other asians so asiatic exclusion league pushed and got the sf school board to place Japanese kids in the oriental school with other Korean +chinese, Japan was outraged and threatened war so the president made an agreement for school attendance
3rd wave (1980s->...)
-insitutional role of big 10 larger environmental organizations -market-based and technological solutions (fit with an emerging neoliberal consensus in politics) -k street lobby (an environmental lobbying interest/ interest
generational differences
-issei= Japan, "aliens ineligible for citizenship" (1870 naturalization act) -nisei = 1st generation born in US, US citizens -sansei= 2nd generation born in US -Yonsi= 3rd genration born in US -nikkei= Japanese population in the US
the mode of production has a sort of primacy over the culture
-it is not the consciousness of men that determines their social existence but the social existence of men that determines their consciousness -according to Marx -there is a certain primacy of the social order the fundamental part of that being the economy that shapes culture but culture can also shape the social order (dialectical)
Japanese american and chinese american experiences
-japanse rural upward mobility and chinese urbanization and economic decline -chinese bachelor society
Race and labor in building the transcontinental Railroad: Chinese & Irish
-labor markets, organization of labor on the job, differential patterns of labor on the job, risks, pay. -looking for reliable productive cheap labor force -whites get $35 a job + food and shelter versus Chinese got $25 a job, no food, no shelter. -recruit Chinese from China and local -kinship based work groups for the Chinese, different for the Irish
capital accumulation and growth: production and profits
-labor, value and profit -costs of production and exchange: materials, machinery, land, taxes, salary etc (private assessments and liabilities of capitalists as the owner of means of production) -costs of labor: wages necessary for reproduction of labor (wages to the worker) -profit appropriated by the capitalist -exchange value, mediated by price (surplus value: difference between socially necessary abstract in production and exchange value; value(of labor power): labor socially necessary to produce a thing; costs of production and exchange: materials, machinery, land, taxes, salary etc (means of production in accumulated surplus value derived from labor)
Land grants: community, private grazing
-land grants given out by Spanish crown, Mexican government, given to an individual, survey would be done, take land for the community, build certain infrastructure, acequias, church, square, etc.. acquire weapons to protect themselves from raiders. Private title given to homesteads and agricultural plots in the village for each family, and everything else was communal, so if you had an agriculture plot/homestead, you had access to the commons. 10 to 100 families, only one person's name on the title -individual represents the whole community
Yurok
-land was fragmented, area was more difficult to use, can't farm small steep timber areas. -temporal diversity: plants used for hats, cultural artifacts were restored by burning and ecological succession that would keep plants plentiful and diverse. -General Allotment Act- By 1932, 2/3 of all indian land was sold to whites.
the Bay Area comprises
-land/water: 4.5 MM acres -3.75 MM of which is greenbelt and open water (much of this is protected) -developed: 750 K acres -protected areas 1 MM acres protected space (proportunatly far greater than anywhere in the US of an urban area that size) -agriculture: 1.8 MM acres (2 MM range and 700K farms) -water 725 k acres -500k woodlands -200+ parks and reserves within 40 miles of SF
West Oakland
-largely African american neighborhood, having been zoned as an industrial area as far back as 1912 and therefor being one of the only a few places where blacks could find housing (made it somewhat unattractive for whites) -many blacks came during the great migration -redlined as high risk areas for loans -no increasingly a place of few job opportunities with manufacturing jobs gone -opportunties for a few were available through growth too the port which was able to shift containerization in the early 1960s and capture SF port business -became a transit hub and a lot of the resources that came thru the bay together at the port of Oakland (and associated pollution) -the Oakland army base was also located in West Oakland and provided some jobs and opportunities for small businesses serving those working on the base
air pollution, race and asthma
-levels of air pollution, race and asthma correlate -east bay particularly with the refinery corridor (one of the more affordable places to live in the bay ) -richmond chevron refinery accident
1952: McCarran Walter act
-lifted racial restrictions on naturalization
Hispano communalism & Verguenza
-limited social stratification: people found shame in trying to get ahead. -reflect and rationalize social organization in Hispano communities -long term survival is the key idea, culture of communalism facilitates this, focus on the community over the individual, Church as a means of integrating everybody
segmentation:jobs, remuneration, status
-lowest status jobs went to nonwhites -nonwhites were sometimes seen as a tool of capital , they were able to be wielded by capital to lower wages, this lead to dynamics of labor conflict within the working class -racial formation was grounded in this system -different roles in an agriculture operation say (harvest labor is one group, processing labor is another) -Irish move into skilled railroad jobs, chinese move into low skill railroad jobs
Japanese emigration
-many came from the south of Japan
world war 1
-massive influx of military capital into Oakland -ship building: Moore and Scott (later Moore drydock) and Bethlehem employed 40,000 men in world war 1 in the Oakland estuary -fordist mss production: into Oakland from Detroit in 1910s (Oakland called the Detroit of the west) -electrical machinery: branch plants from General Electric, Westinghouse, Western electric and Victor, was well as local operations such as Marchand and Magnavox -aircraft: 35 east bay factories> airplane parts in WW1 -area around the airport is now the center of that
capital accumulation and growth: private capital investment
-materials (land, natural resources etc) get these thru acquisition of debt in credit markets thru the role of the state and the state has acquired these materials thru violence -technology (the state is involved as well, ur tax dollars go to support the effective and efficient use of tech, generating funds from credit markets, acquiring the natural resources, building the infrastructure that allows for the transportation of commodities and resources and the creation of educated consumers. State is important for incentivizing technology that may lead to better outcomes) -could say u need investment in a managerial class
Chain migration
-means of coming, pull factor, effectively a process where individuals come from a region/village, establish some sort of stake in U.S. such as access to jobs, lease holding, a stake of land, provide an incentive for people to come, send money back home, lubricating the chain of migration.
in the 19th century the US gov was not particularly interested in interfering with the markets
-might subsidize certain interest (ex: builiding the railroads, giving away the mineral rights, subsisidez agriculture and electrification by subsidizing the consutrcion of water management infrastructure (damns etc) -ultimatley there is the notion that the gov should leave things be as much as possible -production should be the main goal, not about fighting for pieces of the pie -growth, maximizing the production and facilitating increases in productivity are essential in free market economy (state has a set of laws that facilitated the taking of risks with resources bc they are in private hands, private property tenure system allows ppl to feel confident taking skis with their own property ) -poor need to pull themselves up by their bootstraps
tech (capitalism in the 19th century west)
-mining equipment, railroads, refrigeration, electricity etc -part of industrial capitalism -transportation, u need to be able to get the stuff places so railroads are essential to that -Innovations in things like refrigerated rail cars, barb wire allowed for dividing space on the range, all sorts of things that allow for the extraction, transportation and efficient exploitation of natural resources -also development of industrial processing facilities in SF La Seattle etc
Meji restoration era (1868-1912)
-modernization -railroads built, ships built, the army developed weapons -pherhaps the most rapid cycle of industrialization the world has ever seen (tied to political reasons and urbanization) -emperor = a symbol of the new (even tho they are installing the old dynasty, western political institutions also adopted -massive urbanization -policy of mass education (great deal of focus on literacy and skills trade) -standard of living and life span increased tremendously -first Sino Japanese war (Korea was invaded to be a protectorate of Japan) -Japan won the Russo Japanese war -symbol of Japan as becoming a national power
railroads in the economy of the american west
-natural resource development (15% consumer of timber, discovered coal while building the railroad and they switched to coal fuel during this period) -shift from prospector capitalism to large entities involved in capitalism -this infrastructure allows for development and migration -settlement = facilitated by quick journeys ( a week to 10 days), opportunities for jobs in construction and all the industries that hinged on the rail road -driver and beneficiary of industrialization
nature in the city
-nature works its way into the city and blends in -seals at pier 39 -golden gate park -japanese tea garden (very ideal)
financial paradox of railroad building
-needed for economic development but would be unprofitable for a long time until the economic development occurs -real risk in ascertaining the mines + all commodities -playing an international game and markets can be changed in a way that might make investment in the rial road not come up -Impossible to know how long it will take to recoup investment -very risky investment (you may get a good return, but you may not) so it was very difficult to raise private capital for railroads -railroads looked to the gov for the fed gov to back the project in a way that will allow the leveraging for private capital by reducing the risk or at least perceived risk for private capital -Cost: $136 million-average $64K/mi -huge undertaking (more than the entire cost of the civil war) -reveals the importance of the relationship between the state, capital and labor -costs and risks were largely not born by the actual corporate entities in the way that u think they might be -were able to put those costs and risks onto the state, workers and gullible investors
urbanization and land use change over time
-not a great deal of density before american conquest -then the development of Oakland in 1850 -by 1950 the east bay development had grown quite a bit (had a lot to do with the war) -then comes Silicon Valley and San Jose and the projected growth will fill I the bay -natural container for nature (was a movement to fill in the bay that was shot down in the 1950)
urban dictionary
-not exactly the most politically correct -hyphy fools
political/ institutional map of the Bay Area
-not much = owned by the ahlone
immigration history and demography, Hawaii
-not technically part of the US when the first Japanese emigrated there -contract workers sojourning working in sugar plantations -many ppl rather than coming back to Japan they go to the US (Los Angeles, seattle, Vancouver, Bay Area) -hawaii= a jumping off point
peace and love
-occupy Oakland -get out of Vietnam -berkeley bubble -liberal enclave
public and private conservation lands
-often thinking of nature and culture coming together at perserved land -bay has one of the highest amounts of preserved land
pearl river delta geopolitics
-opium wars (treaty of nanking -1842) Taiping Rebellion -treaty allowed for the seeding of Hong Kong to the British -Indemnity-british imposes taxes on small rice farmers to pay for the war -lots of instability -civil war -1839-1842 -also about textiles -humiliating defeat for the Ching empire and signs the treaty of 1843 and china has to pay for the cost of the air and they seed Hong Kong to the British and open the ports -chinese gov is forced to impose a tax to pay for the indemnity, so it is a tax on rice (the are trying to get cash instead of rice in a fairly cashless economy) -1850-1864 Taiping rebellion = 20-30 million dead -1840s: floods, famine, chaos, economic desperation -dispossesion> rural migration> emigration -decision by village leaders to send half the young men out to bring back remissions
niche production (chinese in the minerals economy)
-opportunity on the margins -placer mine tailings = water wheel that sifts thru what the whites gave up on and in many cases that do very well with this
Role of Aridity on Individualist Land
-overgrazing of the land made aridity worse -juniper chaining and removal; enclosure>> common into private.
race and income levels
-overlap in income level and racial composition in some places -uneven development (urbanization plays out in this process) -some places are wealthier, cleaner than others
Push factors for Chinese
-overpopulation -guang dong v. hakkas = war -british controlled trade (opium wars)
Garrett Hardin: Tragedy of the commons, he is a Malthusian
-parable: suppose a large grassland commons, benefits go to the individual every time a sheep gets put on, more mutton, wool, and as more and more are put on, the individual does not realize there is a point where there is too many, and they begin to dig into the core resources, collapse as reproduction fails and everybody collectively feels the failure -Hardin: need some effective force that puts policies that limit reproductive rights, give incentives to manage resources effectively. -draws on rational actor theory where everybody wants to maximize utility. Hobbesian world of "war of all against all." -property rights need to go through state or market, limit population
uneven development
-patterns of racial segregation and socioeconomic difference have been shaped by the spatially and sociologically uneven nature of capitals dynamic cycles of investment and disinvestment, which are reflected in social relations of production and the city's geographic patterns of built industrial, trasnsportaiton and residential infrastructure -capital goes in and capital moves out of certain neighborhoods and investment and this cycles and creates a landscape in which some areas are able to sustain high levels of environmental quality, high levels of value in homes and commercial real estate
Anglo commercial ranching
-people acquire private rights to land, put on many cattle, some sheep, as possible, basically mine the resources. -increased timber production, huge range of commercial activity -idea is while Hispano pastoralists are invested in the long term, looking to survive long term and sustain reproduction Anglo commercial ranching has a very "mobile" idea, mine all the stuff on the land, and then move on, take as much as you can get, very instrumental view of nature -incentive structure, values, commodification of resources, production for the sake of accumulation of wealth in the market VS non-commercial subsistence, vergeuenza
Alien Land Act, 1913 & 1920/ means of circumvention
-people resentful that Japanese were quite successful. -this act ruled that aliens ineligible for citizenship were barred from owning land for over 3 years
labor- unproletariate workers
-petite bourgeois ambitions in working class (american/ California dream) -relatively well paid, highly skilled free of obligations -proletariate treated by waves of immigration -high wages -mobile labor force (unattached, male, and resistant to "wage slavery" ) -skilled craftsmen -entrepreneurship (small business) -non-whites: exploitation and extraction of surplus value <<< not addressed in walker's argument
Nast: let the chinese embrace civilation and may they stay
-poking at stereotypes of Irish, need to embrace civilization in the form of whisky
is the market place an effective arena for achieving some form of procedural justice if those who are at the bottom of this pyramid do not have as much of a say?
-politics are dominated by access to capital
profile of Oakland 2010
-population 390.000 (2010 census) -today it is a lil over 400,000 -geography 78 square miles -flatlands/ hills geography: flatlands in the west, hills in the east, coastland and estuary between Alameda and Oakland, socioeconomic ad racial diffs in residential geography, flatlands: east, west, north, downtown (maps) -race: most Oakland's ppl of color live in flatlands (34.5 % white (nonhispanic white 25.9%) 28.0% African american, 16.8% asian, 25.4 % hispanic, 18.1% of the population were of Mexican descent, largely fairly African american in the north and West Oakland, very diverse in the fruitville, San Antonio district = the most diverse neighborhood in the US, Piedmont= self elected itself out of Oakland -lots of industrial areas or even could be called post industrial bc there is less industry there than there used to be -most of the poverty is in low-lying areas (also more pollution in the low lying areas, cal and virus most polluted communities screwing, also at risk of liquification, flooding and other dangers associated with sea level rise) -some areas lack access to affordable and nutritious foods (flatlands) overlap of this with race and minorities, still a well established black elite and middle class, diverse in many ways
Japanese push factors
-population growth and associated practices of primogeniture -government policy (a national land tax) -rural dispossession and migration (emigration was supported by gov policy) many went as sojourners but many left with the intention of starting settlement communities, promote the idea of sending healthy literate Japanese young ppl abroad to gather knowledge, remissions and promote a good view of Japan abroad (some financing from the gov, some rules for who would be allowed to leave, wouldn't let ppl with enough literacy) -land tax that collects wages in cash (traditional lives are upended as ppl are integrated into the cash economy, increase in poverty and disposition (but also more gov funding) -historical inheritance system= primo geniture, entire parcel is passed onto the eldest son so the land holding will remain somewhat large, u will need to pay taxes on this land, 2nd, 3rd and 4th sons have a tradition of going into nonagricultural work and going to cities
policy for chinese immigration
-pre 1882: no formal restrictions on male chinese immigration into the US -no enforceable restrictions on emigration in china (lack of capacity to enforce in south eastern china by imperial gov) -1868: Burlingame-seward treaty (opened up the immigration from china to the US)
edo period (1603-1868)
-previous emperor over thrown and then there was a military feudal system put in place -1639 Japan closed its boarders to most trade (exception with the dutch and asian trade partners but mostly closed off ) -1853: admiral Perry sailed into Tokyo harbor and opened up japan's trade -soquanaka shogun -reformers vs. traditionalist
private grazing
-private grazing grant given by Mexican government: American perception of manifest destiny was going to strike some military action -began commercial orientation with private grazing, commercialization, increase in population. -fortifying position "if the Americans come, at least it stays in Mexican hands", reflection of the commercial revolution.
1910-1940: angle island immigration station
-processed 53,000 ppl coming from china -used loopholes to get in -if u claimed to be a relative of a chinese american citizen -1906 fire and earthquake destroyed citizenship records so ppl could get in -detained in barrax for a period, 30% were sent bac
new industries
-processing and manufacturing tied to transport, tech innovations, natural resource extraction and the military and dependent upon a diverse, skilled labor force comprising portaguese, Italian, Irish, and african american workers among others (involved in food processing and caning, steal production) -ship building ford motor company sets up in the Detroit of the west
Thomas Nast (harper's weekly) the comet of chinese labor (1870)
-prominent political cartoonist, satirist -the commit is called cheap labor (dangerous ppl coming from another world) -the press will sensationalize this -ppl are talking about it and protesting -nonothings= anti chinese party
capitalism and the social contract
-property ownership reflects moral worth and is the basis of inclusion in the social contact -moving forward to Thomas Jefferson and others talking about the notion of liberty in the social contract you have questions about how you might extabilsih a system in which the social contract can contain all the different interests in socially and limit the friction in society -the notion that the social contact can maybe expand over time -there are some basic fundamental rights that human beings have and the social relations and production didn't allow for a full realization of those rights but the constitution has the notion of expanding the social contract -american politics becomes a fight to expand the social contract
geography for chinese immigration:
-proximiity to california -closer than the eastern US in terms of time
changes for land management
-public access to contaminated areas -physically hazardous sites -remedation of affected sites
environmental racism
-racially coded disparities in patterns and decision making regarding the distribution of environmental costs benefits risks and opportunities -civil rights movement mobilizing fram -anti-toxics movement
labor market mining skills, decline in mining work
-recruitment: hired all available in CA and recruited in china -at any given time between 1866-1869 there were probably 11,000 workers -work force: 11,000 employed at a time (preorganization) -remnuneration: $25-35 a month, self boarding ($15-$18) no way to avoid paying for food and so on, brings the remuneration down -strike (1867): $2/day wage increase and corporal rights (technically unsuccessful but soon enough there was a raising of wages and the right to no corporal punishment so then they are getting $25 to take home, learn that the notion of them as docile labor force is false
the public interest
-regulation: regulatory commissions -few barriers to resource extraction -state management of key public resources (eg SF waterfront) -municipal ownership -regulation of hazards (Sawyer decision) (more about a recognition that the interest of property owners can be undermined when u have too much pollution wast and particular things, Sawyer decision eliminated hydraulic mining in CA, about farmers property rights not about environmentalists bc this was in the 1800s -examples of regulatory intervention to prevent collapse of resource stocks: "in every one of these cases, property struggles were not the key, not environmental protection or public wealth (190)" -public interest supported thru philanthropy by wealthy: focus on science (on the university level, the level of the firm and the state encouraging, there were ppl prospecting in the fields of tech, prospector state looks out for them) -value of democratization of knowledge -CA political culture: parties were weak, non paticianship strong, and governed by direct ballot enthroned (190) -the social contract today is built partly on recognition of the environment, some recognition of the values of ppl and communities -historically CA has always been a somewhat conservative state with limited gov regulation, domination of republican political interests and a very mild form (until very recently) -politial parties have been less important in CA than in other places and have been seen at least 100 yrs going back as getting in the way of a rly successful econ in CA -democracy has circumvented political parties in CA and actors have not rly sought to exploit particular political parties as they have in other parts the US -the satte holds particularly important places: ex the SF waterfront to not see these places privatized by others to faciliate commerce
new deal federal housing administration (FHA) loans
-residential development and small homes (back bank loans) -Important in developing real estate in east Oakland (going to white ppl) -only went to newly constructed homes and the areas with new homes had restricted covenants -flood of highly subsidized, low interest mortgatge loans from the new suburbs, including east Oakland
1868: 14th amendment
-result of reconstruction -laying the foundation for the mid 20th century civil rights movement -citizenship clause (under this all persons born in the US are citizens under what is called birth rights of citizenship, overturned the Dread Scott case in which a black man was denied citizenship) -the due process clause prohibited state and local gov from depriving ppl of life and liberty without certain steps to ensure justice -recognizeing the substantial and procedural rights of ppl in those states -making the bill of rights applicable to the states -equal protection clause requires each state to provide equal protection to all ppl within its jurisdiction (key to dismantling racial segregation in the US, intended to protect freed enslaved ppl but its applied to all others with the exception of native Americans who are not taxed and that comes later
capital re-structuring drove major changes in food systems and patterns of consumption, health of communities in Oakland
-retail markets: followed residential patterns -1910s -1930s: chain grocers> chain supermarkets -post ww2: super markets (chain and independent) dominated retail -safeway headquartered and developed in Oakland -1960s: nationally 70% of groceries purchased at super markets, supermarkets drove out small grocers and independent stores -1970s >1990s: economic changes in cities and white flight, 1978 and 1984 Safeway closed more than 600 stores in these neighborhoods national (including ones in Oakland ) -1980s-90s: during the 80s and 90s superstores took over the helm of food retail spatial concentration food access in locations often only accessible by car -junk food and liquor stores -between 1935 and 1987 the total number of grocery stores in Oakland dropped five fold from over 1000 to about 200 while the average number of employees per store increased 1000% -^^ liquor stores: in 1935 there were more than 8 grocery stores for every liquor store in Oakland; by 1977 less than 2 -In the flatlands the number of liquor stores per person (3 to 6 stores per 1000 residents ) was 2 to 4 times the city average in 2000 -grocery stores in West Oakland declined from 137 in 1960 to 22 in 1980 due largely to supermarket penetration. The 1990s many of these same supermarkets that had pushed out the small grocers in the flat lands had also closed their doors in response to failing profits -by the turn of the century, the twin histories of redlining and white flight over the course of the 20th century left visible patterns of divestment throughout West Oakland one of which is the lack of grocery stores and overpopulation of fast food joints and liquor stores. And there were no super markets to serve residents in West Oakland -and the implications -in terms of high rates of obesity, diabetes, hypertension and a host of diet related concerns was evident in the health of many community members
1920s second alien land act
-rly prohibited leasing land, tried to close the loopholes
first wave (mid 19th -mid 20th century)
-romanticism (Henry Dave thoreau): nature as an antidote to civilization a means of being in touch with ones spirituality -preservationist consecration (John muir): nature as sublime, nature is something that needs to be protectected and wilderness is essential to the human spirit -utilitarian conservation (Gifford Pinchot, forester, and ally of teddy Rosevelt and a proponent of progressivism) : use natural resources for greatest good -progressivism: role of govt, science, experts, managers, technocrats, managing nature thru the pricincples of wise use -elite: dominant voices and beneficiaries in reality
physical endowment: an assessment
-scarcity versus abundance -CA is well endowed, but not significantly more so than other places
Hispano transhumance pastoralism
-seasonal movement of people with animals (up + down mountain) -communalism over individualism -focus on Catholicism -Tierra o Muerte (association of herders): decides who can graze their herds, where and when -Low population density
progress after manifest destiny: socioeconomic, moral
-secular project infused with protestant morality -economically dynamic, all sorts of booms and bust issues, serves to bring the assets of CA to the east -generative of tech and dependent on tech
manifest destiny and the agrarian myth
-secular version of American's errand into the wilderness -errand into the wilderness reflects an ideological way of rationalizing colonial control and development rather than just the conquest of land bc that has already been accomplished -rationalized racial seperation -errand into the wilderness is building upon manifest destiny but is now distinct in that territorial control has already been estabisuehd but is now about the development of this area -errand into the wilderness and the agrarian myth are calling for a social and cultural transformation of nature to create a vibrant economy (agrarian myth about individuals and associated with settlement and a rather equitable distribution of land and the basis of a broadly construed white democracy -errand into the wilderness is about exploiting resources and wage labor as the basis of this (undemocratic process of exercising control over resources)
-lichan aloune ppl belonged to the land here before it was Oakland
-segora k -contemporary Oakland is I a place where confederated villages of li Chen which is one of what ear now called aloune tribes (Spanish identified them as costanoan aka ppl of the coast), inspired by the black power movement they renamed themselves alonue -7 tribes of lischan were enslaved by the Spanish and taken from their territory and subject to work in the missions (after 2 centuries of genocide and colonization they continue to habit their ancestral homeland fight for sacred sites and practices)
1870: naturalization act
-sign of ambivalence at a national level -coming out of California politics -Identifies foreign born asian ppl as aliens ineligible for citizenship (puts to rest any question of citizenship that may have been contested in the courts) -no naturalization citizenship
balance / struggle between small and large K:
-small K has held on through new resource (and tech) bonanzas/ innovation -dialectic = source of dynamism/ innovation/ prospecting/ development
Placer mining
-small scale -gold, heavy metal, sank to the bottom of streams -materials: pan rocker, borer Chilean stone mill
explanation for success of CA
-social distribution of wealth of nature -open structure for opportunity -property relations> direct access to profits= widely available and distributed -petty bourgeois owners and aspirants -Big K> invested in regional development -SF as a regional metropole of K accumulation
immigrant community resources
-social mobility -financial resources: access to $ / entrepreneurial experience, based on the resources in Japan and the ability to establish a foothold here -social resources: experience in industrial society, education, networks -political resources: strong gov support -deomgraphy: women, families -japanese gov was supported from the establishment of these communities
demarcated devaluation
-specific locations are affected by historical processes of industrialization followed by withdrawal of industry and capital investment> leading to a devaluation of property values and human capital, along with env. quality and structures of opportunity -how has the uneven development of industrial, residential and public spaces been organized and contested along lines of race and class in contexts of capital restructuring and devaluated demarcation -areas that had been sites of industrialization , have been sites of capital invesment in manufacturing and as markets change, businesses change, this is followed by the withdrawal of industry and investment (the communities that may have found jobs by these industry are affected, devaluation of property values, devaluation of human capital as schools and public services decline, devaluation of the environment, demarcated on maps used by blanks to determine which neighborhoods would have access to affordable loans, redlining maps identified places in which capital would not flow as easily, template on which decisions about infrastructure development where made, foundation for demarcating areas that are devaluated, this takes place particularly in the world war 2 era -racial dimension to this bc the founding template of the demarcation process is redlining, not maps of perception of risk but maps of racially differentiated neighborhoods
Pueblo Revolt of 1680
-started in Sante Fe - Indigenous pueblo people vs. spanish colonizers - killed 400 spanish and drove remaining 2000 settlers out of province
latino influx
-starting in the early 1980s the number of Latinos mostly of Mexican origin began to increase in Oakland especially in the frutvaile district
Nast: every dog has his day (1879)
-stereotypes involved, similar experiences with the chinese and an indian
competitive markets
-supply, finance, consumer, labor, -supply markets -financial markets (u need that supply of capital, it comes from NY, London, Paris, etc ) the west is a region of speculation in land cattle railroads etc -consumer markets (growth of population and wealth on the east coast and global associated with industrialization and capitalism leads to the growth of consumer markets which drives the pursuit of more wealth and drive for capturing market share, supply markets, capturing finance capital
1868: Burlingame Treaty
-symbolic linking between the US and china that assured further immigration to china -china repealed all restrictions on immigration -opens up and promotes further immigration
capital and asian labor in the west: supply and demand: abundant resources/ scarce labor
-systems of incorporation at an economic sense that serves capital but also propels racial projects -highest wages in the world in the 19th century in CA and in other parts of the west (but capital needs cheap labor to develop resources that would make extraction processes and exchange profitable, productivity dependent on labor) -hawaiin sugar plantations takkaki says "you must get labor and then capital would follow"
Hispano transhumance pastoralism
-taking advantage of spacial and temporal diversity, seasonal cycle of agricultural production, taking cattle up to graze, coming back, etc.
chinese immigration class
-tenant farmers and laborers -It wasn't always the poorest of the poor coming, you need some resources, family credit, enough where with all to get yourself here -still very very poor -migration is a risky investment
Production and reproduction (capitalism in the 19th century west)
-tensions resolved thru : -scale/ geography of markets, production -labor productivity -Innovation -externalaities that are devastating to that landscape and the fact that there is tons of mercury at the bottom of the bay due to mining (led to on disaster after another) -how do you reproduce a system that is all about profit and growth when you keep encountering this crisis of reproduction due to extranalties (can expand the scale and geography of supply markets, the production of the infrastructure that allows for exchange in other markets, innovate technologically and financially, increase the productivity of the system by exploiting a racially divided labor force -can also be described as a crisis of over production -too much meat on the market this can be addressed by driving down the cost of labor -capitalism isn't inherently good or bad but we need to recognize it as the key driver of resources management and the way society is organized in the late 19th century and today
the regional economy?
-the South Bay is conically understood as Silicon Valley -at 1988 Silicon Valley was a small part of the bay but now there is lots of tech in Emeryville, sf -Ideao fo the bay as a tech haven
Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862
-the U.S gave railroad companies loans and land grants to spur them to begin building rail lines. -Government loans ranged from $16k-48k per mile. -Railroads were to raise money by selling grant land, but the land they wanted to sell was worthless until development. - land grants sold to private
construction
-the Union Pacific made faster progress but faced Native American raiding parties -In the west there were all sorts of shipping logistics and problems u had to bring all materials around the Cape Horn + during the civil war, not a lot of labor
resource prospecting
-the american west was a riot of small property with mass access to natural resources as million s of settlers laid hold of land and claims to minerals, forests and waters -many way that the notion of small property has come to be contested -there are places with further concentrated land holdings and a movement towards larger land holdings over time
Richard Walker article
-the basis of the California prospector capitalism lecture -walker was a geographer at UC berkekely, a marxist geography professor -presents his argument from the field of historical political economy in CA -tries to theorize the economic success of califiornia as a state and region particularly in terms of natural resource extraction and production -compares CA to other natural resource economies -why does the extraction of natural resources make some countries poor and some countries rich -nature and other dimensions of economic growth are very intertwined so this is difficult to answer and plays out in different ways in different places even tho the fundamental thing the economies are based on is natural resource extraction
the notion that one should be looking out for themselves
-the best way one can act as a social being is thru the pursuit of rational self interest in the marketplace -competitive individualism -by means of enlightened self interest the magic of the market place (invisible hand) will allocate things in the way that serves the most good -the greater good for everyone will emerge out of this notion that everyone acts in rational self interest
conclusion (for prospector capitalism)
-the gifts of nature can only explain so much: gold and small holding at start, timing= good for many industries, "the state bred success out of success (191)", "the prospector -petit bourgeois class structure was repeatedly revived by new resource rushes (191)" "all along the way, California's resource economy walked forward on 2 legs: natural wealth and social production, industry and extraction, big business and small property, city and country, state and private enterprise, capital and skilled labor (not to mention highly exploited labor) safe bets and Wild speculation (191)" -emphasizes the dialectic process -walkers argument is subject to an important critic: it leaves the under class and the excluded out of the story
right wing of the dove -from Rebecca sollita
-the sinews of war are boundless money and the brains of war are in the Bay Area -contradictions overriding assumptions: the real essence of the bay area -juxtapose antiwar movement imagery with this image -speaks to the tensions and contradictions in the Bay Area -suggests that contradictions are the real essence of the Bay Area particularly true in terms of nexus that plays out in the military industrial complex (research and economic muscle, UC berkeley is central to this historically with research that went on for nuclear weapons in what is now the Lawrence berkeley lab ) (now allot of that is done in send lab, all of which are administered by UCB ) -alot of these myths with the Bay Area really obscure these sorts of things
the state (in capitalism in the 19th century west
-the state takes control and allocates land within property rights -u want to take this land, turn it into property, put it in the hands of individuals who will be able to extract natural resources, put labor to work and grow capital and grow the economy -the federal gov sends a survey team out, the entire landscape is divided up into a grid pattern and then lots can be distributed thru the general land office disposal of private property -a system of law and institutions that facilitate security of property claims and commerce (set up to make all this stuff work) -labor and immigration laws oriented to bringing in labor that is exploitable by capital (able to drive down wages bc they have control over the institiotns of gov that are not going to allow non whites to acquire property rights, support the development of a large disempowered labor force) -at first it is very difficult to get enough labor to make this work so labor is very high and the challenge is to enlarge and disempowered the labor force
Cartoon on the chinese immigration on the Canadian pacific SS Co. and pacific mail SS Co ca 1870 (the yellow peril)
-they are coming int sf coming, overwhelming everything, taking all the jobs the hord
achieving success in agriculture
-timing = a dif frontier, crop specialization, tech, consumer markets -land access strategies: short term leasing (would rotate between the community), nisei ownership (in trust, but the land in the names of their american born children), European names, land corporations: minority ownership, less than 50 % interest had to be Japanese) -unwritten agreements with whites (documented on agreements as salaried land workers, willingness for white land owners to use their discretionary power to not enforce the law bc they benefit they economy) -timing is rly importnat bc u have a culminations of research and knowledge that allows for the california cornucopia of agriculture, coincide with the development of a great deal of demand for these groups) -farming strategities: risk and resources, land conversion, intensive farming techniques (ground water irrigation pumps, creates opportunities for those specialized crops, perfect tool for the prospector capitalism, access patterns reflected forms of niche production conditioned by policies ad resistance to discrimination thru the use of cultural and economic resources, Japanese using ground water irrigation pumps ad intensive farming techniques u and a really great secures even on land that u wouldn't traditionally pick for agriculture. By the 1920s they are hiring Mexican laborers etc. brought their knowledge from Japan, found a niche in the farming of inaccessible land -enclaves and cultural networks= ethnic solidarity, means of resisting an antijapanese sentiment, farming areas and groups credit pooling, within the broader community vertically integrated production chains, seedlings provided farmers working in the periphery, Japanese would sell to Japanese communities -familes and women = flexibility, stability and the accumulation of capital and the upward mobility, as the ne se generation can enter the middle class
eco frenzy < what is it
-to really motivate ppl we need new icons -earth from space -polar bear trapped on the glacier -the Lorax -prius -get on board with some radical antiopressive politics
1854: people v. hall
-upheld the statue blocking ppl from testifying against whites, blacks, mulattos, native Americans and the "Mongolian race" -Chinese provides labor in the new economy, provides services, work in agriculture, still mining -reconsturction plays out at a national level and even effects California with a change in culture to more progressive race relations, sort of muted the racial tensions in CA -railroad also starts crucruiting and chinese ar not competing with whites for these jobs
California's extraction -industrialization interaction
-vertical integration of industry along commodity chain -can be within the same firm or along dif firms but the point being the commodity chain is all done within California and by firms that will then sink their profits back into the state of CA -extraction of resources and then natural resource processing 1. natural resource processing: post extractive steps= key to CA manufactures -research and development in machinery and means of increasing productivity in manufacturing 2. equipment supply for extraction: machinery raised productivity: SF machinery and metal works complex in late 19th century (mining), union iron works= largest metal manufactures in the west 3. secondary demand for resource products (industrial markets): timber and water for mining, urban consumer markets: construction, food etc; part of and driven by a complex system of technological innovations, innovations that increase productivity tremendously in mining, manufacturing -CA could be described as a learning region (innovations are played out at a rapid place and then diffuse elsewhere , CA= a proving ground for technologies that could be exported around the world) 4. technological innovation: tech unlocks access to resources (eg mining, water etc) a.)^^^ productivity, b.) export of mining and other equipment, c.) CA system of innovation: property regime, skill ambition, freedom, greed etc d.) CA as "learning region", e.) link innovation to K investment, f.) link to industrial capacity> implement capitalized innovation, g.) labor pool: high wages and high skill i.) walker doesn't take about the low wage and low skill labor, he isn't emphasizing it here bc he wants to make a dif argument -freedom + the ambition that comes with liberal culture comes together to create an incredibly successful and dynamic economy that is constantly innovated as new capital is put in and new resources are opened up and the extracting leads to accumualation leads to further investment
pull factors
-wage labor opportunities, potential for land ownership, sense of adventure -network-based opportunities, chain migration
new icons for the future of environmentalism
-we need new icons t move forward -redefine envois -price suggests the LA river. Why? -the la river represents the state of our connection and lack of connection with nature "where we live and in our everyday lives" -Iconic and also ironic -shows the reality of intersections of nature and culture -by revitalizing the LA river u can unwind the dualism of environmentalism -ex: in the bay lake merit (a beautiful place, Oakland comes together a place where all classes, races and ppl come together and if u fall in there it is very toxic, If you clean that up you would raise asset values-> gentrification-> lose Oakland
accumulation and growth
-when we have polluted rivers, waste, climate affected these costs are externalized -additionally the things that we use to get the materials (imperialism land theft also results in externalized costs that are not represented in the commodity price)
there are pragmatic resources
-while urban farming has recently become a middle class fad, it has long been a survival technique used by the poor or during times of crises; during world war 11 many ppl planted viceroy gardens to alleviate pressure on mainstream food channels
part of broader demographic change in Oakland
-white flight: between 1950 and 1960 about 100,00 white property owners moved out of Oakland (ppl moving over the hills into Walnut Creek area) east oakland- very much a land lord property ownership base and a declining housing stalk (very impoverished area)
radicalized struggles over resource access
-whites for the most part were able to do what they wanted to non whites without consequences -vigalante violence -whites target ppl -try to drive chinese and Mexican miners out of the mining areas
1906: city growth
-with the displacement of SF residents following the 1906 earthquake, Oakland expanded to the north and east annexing previously autonomous communities such as temescal, Brooklyn, Fruitvale, melrose, elmhurst
Range Management
...
Transcontinental railroad
...
Ostrom's framework for evaluating long-term sustainability of CPR systems
1) Clearly defined boundaries 2) Rules of utilization adapted to the local situation 3) Participation in the implementation of the rules 4) Surveillance 5) Sanctions, increased step by step 6) Organized conflict resolution 7) Accepted right of organization Inner triangle: Incentives, Rules Prohibitions, Co-operation Trust
Key changes in CA Constitutional Amendment
1) Doctrine of reasonable use was now to be the foundation of all water rights in California. 2) All branches of government were invested with significant authority to implement the mandates of reasonable use. Outcome: The enactment of the 1928 constitutional amendment facilitated expansion of the hydraulic society that would take place during the middle of the 20th century.
Immigration terms
1) Emigration- leaving a country immigration- coming into a place. 2) Rural migration- move from rural areas into urban areas. 3) Sojourn- temporary move and then come back 4) Settlement- move to some place and stay 5) Chain migration- when immigrants make it easier for more people to make the same trip 6) Incorporation- how does the new group fit in
Ostrom's Framework for analyzing long term sustainability
1) clearly defined boundaries 2) rules of utilization adapted to local situation 3) participation in the implementation of rules 4) surveillance 5) sanctions, increased step by step 6) organized conflict resolution 7) accepted right of organization
Japanese push factors
1. Population growth 2. Government policy 3. Rural disposition and migration
1. why were chinese brought to work at rail roads 2. why not initially opposition 3. why did that change? what provoked intense anti-chinese sentiment in 1870s and 1880s
1. cheap labor, hard working, docile. Shortage of labor. -white workers prefer to mine (wanted gold). Whites were too old to do the hard labor 2.because they were portrayed as not a threat, menial labor jobs. Shortage of labor.. labor = plentiful. Less white people around. Provided advancement opportunities for whites. Chinese work was really dangerous and no one wanted to do it anyway 3. After gold rush, nothing left in Cali for opportunity --> exclusion acts. Threat. After RR built = transportation and more white workers from the East coming to the west= Surplus of labor -directly competing for jobs -felt chinese depressed labor for workers
types of commons
1. open access: free and open to all 2. private property: an individual can exclude others 3. communal property: held by community, but others can still be excluded 4. state property: access controlled by the gov't
survey of 490 immigrants
10 private proprietors -18 independent farmers -259 farm laborers -103 railroad laborers -4 in saw mill/ 54 domestic servant/ 42 others -there are ambitions for ppl to move into entrepreneurial roles
The State of the Biosphere
10-30% of mammal, bird, amphibian species are threatened by extinction; Earth becoming a lot less biodiverse; 35% of mangrove gone; CO2 in atmosphere has risen 32% in last 250 years.
Developmental tenancy (Chinese)
1850s - 80s - more difficult for small groups to have lease rights as ag market grows 1880-1920 - Chinese pushed off of reclaimed lands - establishing enclaves - emergence of chinatowns reclamation as entry point to tenancy - people move from laborers to land owner - most people can't buy land --> lease it developmental leasing - farm development incentive for land owners to lease land - important for improving land - land worth more depending on crop and stage of crop
Reclamation: Phase 1
1850s-'80s. Draining of wetlands and building levees. Small-scale financing and crop-diversification and specialization
Hydraulic Mining
1852->. Water cannon blasts hillside. Huge dams needed, lots of lumber used. Less labor/oz. of gold=less diversity among miners
People v. Hall
1854 Chinese immigrants had no rights to testify against white citizens spurred by murder of Ling Sing, Chinese miner, at the hands of a white man
hard rock or quartz mining
1860s -using rail road tracks to go into the ground and still use a water nozzle -large corporations -hiring many Irish+ who had worked on the rail road+ some chinese labor -sinking mine shafts into the quartz veins
Pacific Railroad acts of 1862 and 1864
1862: Government loans organizations thousands per mils, offer land grants as collateral on the loans. companies need to pay off loans by selling land which will be more valuable once track is in. land distributed in checkerboard pattern, they get 400 yd on either side of line, railroads got every other section of land laid out in grid -> a lot of land. idea is to sell off land to pay for loans yet land isn't worth much is middle of nowhere. Means of generating interest from capital markets to invest. subsidize this enough. 1864: go back and say look congress we need more. they get doubled land size and mineral rights to land, authorizes to sell bonds based on land grants. bonds are based on loans of federal government, loans back up bonds, land backs up bonds, but land isn't worth anything so all falls apart, and took investor long time to realize that. but good way to invest and bring in private capital
Burlingame Treaty
1868 + US granted China "most favored nation" status + encouraged Chinese immigration until 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
Reclamation: Phase 2
1880s-1920s. Moved into wetter land, required better technology. Companies bought lots of land, reclaimed them, and then sold them. Crops were mostly potatoes and artichokes
Conquered Peoples Period
1880s. native americans destitute, going into the dark, gazing upon the advancement of euro-american life. Blackfeet tribe greet tourists for great northern railroad. Made a little money but like props.
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 restriction on free immigration of Chinese laborers renewed in 1892, made permanent in 1902 + Magnuson Act of 1943 finally allowed Chinese immigration
Dependent Indian Period
1900s. Became acculturated & assimilated. Carlyle school: skin light, hair cut, loss of culture, looks "civilized." Dependent Indians: losing ability to subsist, forced onto reservation lands, not good lands, federal agents bringing supplies & goods. Church = religion being brought
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association
1903 + two minority groups joined to form union on basis of class solidarity, in response to wage cuts + successful protest by 90% of labor force + no charter from American Federation of Labor, so JMLA fell apart
Alien Land Act (1913 & 1920)
1913 - directed at Japanese - aliens ineligible for citizenship and barred from owning land 1920 - further restrictions prohibiting leasing of land means of circumvention - short term leasing - nisei ownership (putting the land under their child's name) - unwritten agreements with white people
Ozawa v. U.S.
1922 Japanese man declared to be ineligible for naturalization since he was not "European white" and therefore an "unassimilable race"
Mexican spotted owl
1995, logging on national land halted to save Mexican Spotted Owl for environmental groups + became symbol of the powerlessness many rural residents felt over the loss of lands originally belonging to ancestors
regional accumulation:money, circulation and finance
3 parts to the story of K accumulation: -resource wealth turning into money in local hands -money piling p into big k stocks -k investment into the regional econ
CA Water Crisis: % and Flood Danger
41% of state facing "exceptional drought." 7 million people and $5.75 billion in property vulnerable to floods
Gold rush mythology: lone prospector
49ers: rugged, individualism, competition between each other, idea of being able to strike it rich, working to transform nature without any long term investments -the idea of MINING nature versus CULTIVATING nature as a means of transforming it. 49er is representative, it is a means of effectively obscuring some of the realities: need for capital investment, technologies, racially diverse labor force -represents a certain reality: rootless, male population primarily interested in acquiring riches. -may not be the starting point for an effective democratic social order
toxics from the legacy of industry
< pulled out but didn't clean up -tremendous amounts of hazardous waste (creates issues in terms of soil quality, water quality etc, overlap with redlining maps and pollution maps, greater rates of asthma ermegency visits compared to the bay than in West Oakland -est Oakland residents are dyinging at higher rates from other health issues associated with air pollution -du to the cumulative health risks the life expectancy is 6.6 yrs younger in West Oakland
money piling up into big K stocks
>>> capital piles up: ^K stocks (process: "acquisition, business alliances, urban real estate, banking, and securities speculation all played parts") -west as colony and empire: SF & LA >extraction from hinterlands> urban accumulation of K, "poles of accumulation": SF and LA independent of NY etc, reinvestment in regional's natural resources after initial accumulation by big k -emergence of new bourgeoisie class: promotion >increase scale fo investment and k pooling, urban real-estate devel= key to amplifying wealth , banking: natural resources saving san profits+ aggressive investment, securities: SF mining exchange< corruption
-K investment into the regional econ
>>> reinvestment: return of profits into new enterprise(" using the wealth of nature as a lever to raise the level of productivity and wide the base of expansion" ) (183)
resource wealth turning into money in local hands
>>> sticky hands: value= retained regional (key difference) -prospector class= key> gold into econ, urban development, agriculture etc -small K> developed into big K in some cases: natural resources, banks etc -sticky hands depended on strong property rights
Japanese Immigration and Labor Push and Pull Factors
>>push: population growth, honor to emigrate and represent Japan, allowed women to go >> wage labor opportunities, merchant class
Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Mining Co. (1884)
A group of farmers along the Yuba and Feather Rivers whose lands were flooded and spoiled by mining tailings sued in federal court to prohibit the discharge of mining debris. Court prohibited continued mining, declaring it a public nuisance and holding that it must give way to the paramount public interest in navigation and commerce and to the burgeoning and agricultural development in the Sacramental Valley.
Ganados del Valle
A nonprofit strengthening the Rio Grande Weaving tradition, preserving the nearly extinct Churro sheep and revitalizing agriculture. (Chama Valley) Economic viability linked to cultural identity and ecology
White Reading
"Railroaded." Nature is sublime, and sublime is not working.
Ronald Takaki
"The Errand into the Wilderness." Wager labor underpins stratified society. Using immigrant labor to create cheap, competitive labor.
Robbins Reading
"The Us-Mexico Borderlands..." Commercial Revolution in NM was a violent conquest of the land. Hispanophobia and cattle drives.
*Foreign miners' tax,1852 & The People versus Hall, 1854
$3 a month, aimed at Chinese, and others, but mostly Chinese. -tax collectors come by, no cash was potentially devastating, stabs the Chinese for having no cash. -The People versus Hall: Chinese could not testify in court which leads to a lot of vigilante violence, etc.
California Water Plan (1931)
,n
The Commons
- Common property - Set of resources that a community views as accessible and beneficial to all members.
Asian immigrants contributions to economy and democracy
- built railroads -established mining companies -provisioning - trade - services
Locke, California
-Chinese American town in California: Chinatown in adjacent city burned down, so people were able to acquire some land and make a town here
Elinor Ostrom's CPR management systems model
-Clearly defined boundaries -Rules of utilization adapted to the local situation -Participation on the implementation of those rules -Surveillance -Sanctions -Organized conflict resolution -Accepted right of organization -3 attributes: Incentives, Rules & Prohibitions, and Co-operation & trust
writing the chinese out
-as the chinese come in there are opportunities for whites to rise above them in terms of the labor hierarchy -In the end chinese weren't able to benefit from this great enterprise -color print by frank Leslie (the chinese have worked to build the railroad and now they are over on the side watching progress, similar to farny's new day) -promentory point utah= photo of the completion of the railroad, all the workers are white -last spike (Thomas hill) = again no chinese workers
1921: ladies agreement
-barred picture brides from coming
the names before the names
-captures names of ahlone and postiwat places -berkeley= huchin (home of the Ishan Aloune )
land grants
-collateral on the loans -federal domain lands (seized from native ppl) already by the 1860s these have been distributed to whites in a program called land disposal -fed gov needs to reacquire some of these lands and buys back from settlers and speculators + already owns a bunch of it -fed gov would give the railroad companies 400 ft on either side of the railroad and for every 5 miles on the other side of the railroad, the rail company got every other square mile parcel of land as a land grant -the idea is that the rail companies should sell that land to private companies and then finance paying back the loans -a lot of the land was worthless and no one wanted it until it was developed -pacific railway act of 1864 doubled the land grants to be 10 miles on each side (by the 1880s 129 mil acres of land were disposed to 80 railroad companies, 7 % of the US)
financial district
-creeps east -could be liquified
post WW2
-demobilization was organized thru job and housing discrimination: the color line was stiffened to ensure white men had jobs after the war and lived in neighborhoods that were segregated -housing discrimination in other parts of the city caused overcrowding in West Oakland
Reconquista 1692-96
-encomienda system abandoned -spanish reconquer land
east Oakland beyond Fruitvale
-filled in rapidly in the 1920s -place of residential development and land specualtion -sea of working class bungalow
chinese niche production
-gave the chinese an opportunity to be equal to whites -were able to carve out a nice place where whites were generally not interested in working in this area
soviet map
-had all the bay area weapons mapped out
capitalist production and exchange
-less market regulation and social safety net than there is now -capitalist production and exchange in a general sense= a system in which a capitalist class controls the means of production and purchases wage labor to produce things seeking to realize a profit thru exchange in a market place with a goal of accumulating capital thru a cycle of reinvestment in the market and growing the capital stocks -class based division of labor -means of production and labor -market exchange -profit and reinvestment -capital accumulation and growth
entrepreneurship (chinese in the minerals economy)
-mining companies, merchants etc -merchant corporations coming from china and setting up in SF
provisioning and services (chinese in the minerals economy)
-most of the chinese who come don't last in mining for that long -truck gardening, agricultural labor -fishing -trade/supplies -laundry/cooking -construction -domestic service -not a lot of women and no white men who want to work in laundry and domestic services so chinese men are able to take jobs here
climate change and sea level rise
-most vulnerable living in low lying areas in danger of a rising sea
fintech city
-now in the financial district
Migration: push, pull, means
-push: primogeniture: high taxes, people moved to America, younger siblings didn't get anything, had to find work somewhere else
does the accumulation of the greatest amount of weatlth serve s the basis of the social contract/ should that be the goal of the social contact
-question of equity?
missile sites in the bay
-quite a few powerful weapons cited hear -now golden gate recreation area
bank redlining
-shaped the flow of mortgage and property investment -section ranking system: home owner's loan corporation (HOLC) used: residential security maps and surveys dividing cities into ranked areas -even after redlining was prohibited under the 1968 far housing act, it continued self reproducing -oakalnd geography was shaped by this system: redlining patterns nd cycles of investment and disinvestment (organized and reorganized after the war)
history of resource extraction in CA: resource bonanzas: series
-timber -riven/ ocean-based resources (water and fish) -wheat -petroleum (1900-1930)= leading producer in the world -fisheries in normal -timber -water management: storage, hydro, irrigation -Intensive agriculture
residence
-wealthy areas= across lake merit -West Oakland = filled in rapidly all the way up to 50th st -commuting: workers commuted by food from the flatlands east of the industrial belt or rod the street cars fanning out from downtown and West Oakland
sounds of change in the bay area
-with the development of the war industry and shipping during world war 2 u have an influx of ppl coming from the south and mid west -lots of African Americans coming -lots of women coming into the labor force
The Free Speech Movement
...
Sources of Land Tenure Problems in Norther NM
1) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Article X not recognized - So U.S doesn't recognize the legal rights Mexicans have to their land - Article X: U.S would recognize all land grants of spanish and mexicans 2) Communal land grants were put in the name of 1 person - if the person sells the communal land grant then the land is privatized.
Source of land tenure problems in northern NM
1) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Article X not recognized, so U.S. didn't recognize the legal rights Mexicans have to their land. 2) Communal land grants were put in the name of 1 person, so if he sells the communal land grant, then the land is privatized.
model (for California prospector capitalism)
1. resource and econ development were reciprocal in CA 2. gains of resource extraction led to prosperity in the region 3. regional social order allowed for reproduction of system
14th and 15th amendments
14th Amendment: 3 clauses: 1. citizenship clause= all people born in the US are US citizens 2. Due Process Clause: prevents state gov from depriving of life, liberty, property while ensuing fairness (foundation for battling discrimination and segregation) 15th AmendmentL
land grants
17th-19th century, Spain and Mexico made land grants to promote development + in New Mexico, land rights formerly acquired through use and possession of land 1. Hispano private: grant to individual who could sell the entire grant 2. Hispano community: grant to group of Hispanos, including common land 3. Hispano-Quasi community: grant to Hispano individual who owned the entire grant and could add settlers to the community 4. Hispano grazing grant: grant to individual for grazing land
Hard Rock Mining
1860s->. Creating mines in the mountains. Increased use of lumber
Ecological Indian Period
1960s. iron eyes cody: benevolent for nature. Keep America Beautiful despite being companies of bottling industry.
Gentlemen's Agreement, 1907
Anti Japanese sentiment leads to Gentlemen's Agreement: agreement between Teddy Roosevelt and Japanese government to no longer issue passports for laborers coming to the United States, but there were loopholes, family members can come, picture brides
Central Pacific RR
Built west from Nebraska
Bay-Delta Accord (1980s-'90s)
Central Valley and State Water Projects were diverting water from delta. CA Court of Appeal said water quality standards needed to be revisited
Tierra o Muerte
Chama Valley, New Mexico + disputes over property rights and differing views of human relationship to land + Hispanic settlers originally worked in livestock and timber, but the land no longer provides livelihood
Feeding the Miners
Chan -choy= veggies -leased land b/c it was easier: easier to rotate crops, it more flexable 1.provisioning to miners: truck gardeners, veggies = important to diet 2.truck gardening and mining region -get claims -waterwheels -night soil -foreign miners tax--> wanted to grow crops instead -white less competitive about farming -shift from southern to northern mines
contributions approach
Chinese Americans recognized for labor contributions to transcontinental railroad
Okhiro and Limerick articles: Legislative and policy measures
Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882: lead to japanese labor (went for how long) Page Law: 1875: targeted chinese prostitutes, and chinese women coming to US Cable Act: 1922 took away citizenship from women married to asian men Article 19: prohibit employment of chinese or mongolians in public works Foreigners mining tax: 1850 1920: aliens cannot own or borrow lands 1942: Japanese internment: (they were citizens) 1885: amendment: filthy viscous habits. sep schools for mongolian and children (not admitted to other schools) Tape Act: 1885--> separate school for "orientals"
Magnuson Act (1945)
Chinese allied against Japan during WW2. Allowed a quota of Chinese to immigrate into the US
Denis Kearney: Workingman's Party
Chinese are allied with capital because they are employed by large capitalists, they will work for less and seen as more desirable labor
People V. Hall
Chinese can't testify against white
People v. Hall (1853)
Chinese could not testify in court under decision by Chief Justice Murray (Chang reading)
age
Chinese: for chinese men lots of the population is around age 60, not many women, most of the women, are young girls, imbalanced in terms of both age and gender -japanese: dif swings of one generation being more men and one gen being more women -ne se = first generation Japanese in the US, they have dif rights, laying the foundation for the middle clas s
Verguenza
Civic virtue and shame. Don't try to be better than those around you. Also applies to good relationship with the environment.
• Technology: •
Clipper ships: 2-3 months • Steamships: 3 weeks
Fourth Wave of Environmentalism (1990s->)
Common thread: environmentalism is not a passion to SAVE the environment, but to use and inhabit it wisely. Critiques="eco-frenzy"
Acequia
Community-operated watercourse used in Spain and former Spanish colonies in the Americas for irrigation. Community-based watershed management that entailed CPR sustainability. - Organization of men who run the irrigation systems and organize the herding - Communal activity - Name of the irrigation systems themselves - Embodied verguenza: communally managed; binds people across class - Symbolized connection to land, water, and culture; bound to land through shared work
Developmental tenancy
Cost of leasing might start at $25 and after 7-8 years could go down to $10 but then go up to $20, need to plant trees but trees won't be productive for another 10 years or so and in between this period you can plant lettuce, etc lot of work, risk, until you have those perennial trees established. why do that if you are the landowner, get the tenant to do that to build infrastructure of farm and soil. For some people that meant getting kicked out after 10-15 years but others it gave access to land which was a rarity.
Patchwork biodiversity in New England (spatial & temporal diversity)
Different spaces in an ecosystem yield different resources = spatial Temporal depends on the resources given by season - Berries in springs, nuts in fall, foxes in winter, flowers in summer.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Disallowed chinese laborers and women. Immigrants began using "paper sons and daughters" to get in. 1882
European American vs. Hispano definitions of land
Euro. American: surveys and deeds used to define land as a commodity Hispano: narratives used to describe land as a repository of history, tradition, and family prestige
Garrett Hardin & the "tragedy of the commons" & Thomas Malthus, 18th century - critiques of Hardin's argument
Hardin wanted to limit population because he thought that everyone would act in their own best interest. Therefore the "commons" would be depleted and everyone would suffer. Critiques: Hard to tell people how many kids to have, not every country is the same. In theory its a good idea but impossible to enforce.
tragedy of the commons
Hardin, ecologist whose essay inspired predictions that population and industrialization would deplete our natural resources + the individual, as a rational user of natural resources, will always behave selfishly, thereby dooming a resource to overexploitation + national parks doomed to overuse and overexploitation + pollution is a creation of human waste that costs less to mitigate than it does to purify the negative effects + tragedy occurs when freedom is coupled with equal rights to commons
Ethnic Solidarity
Japanese: when dealing with racial exclusion, responded with ethnic solidarity, they had shared identity and culture values which strengthened their economic practice and supported each other.. then strengthened their ethnic bonds (pg 235 and 241 (right side of page) of reader) -how did ethnic solidarity operate (jun kenju chi etc..)
Hydrology of New England
Lots of precipitation, all year-round rain. Horticulture thrives because plants are always irrigated.
the reclamation act
Merchant 1902 -irrigable lands -advantages of irrigation--> need cooperation, don't need rain, silty water = nutrients -Timber lands -ranch lands-- small grasses, very small portion of land -scanty population maintans it -tech made land more irragable
Chinese niche production in the California mining economy Form of resistance involving finding opportunities in locations and industries that weren't appealing to whites, such as railroad, Delta, agricultural labor, service industries
More privileged people would be less interested in, may be hazardous trades, service jobs, traditional american culture performed by women. Chinese able to play this role in service economy and take advantage of these places in economy Plaster mining - they will be excluded, but after whites mined are they will leave large piles and Chinese would go through and extract gold from this discarded Reclamation work in delta and elsewhere, railroad, areas of agriculture Allowed people to survive and establish foot hole
Hannack Reading
RECONCILIATION>RESTORATION. Cooperative federalism required-higher levels of government set standards, but let most governing happen at local/regional levels.
Saxton
RR -problems: scarcity of capital and labor -labor: "no sympathy rule" -used chinese labor: (received same wage but performed multiple skills)?? -whites acquiesced - 1866 and 67: under snow -heavy laborers are expendable -conclusion: chinese employment was tolerated , perhaps welcomed
1st Principle of Environmental Justice
Recognition of the sacredness of Nature
Sustainable Development in Chama Valley (northern New Mexico) - Ganadoso & environmental justice
Reproduction: - Social and biological - Goal is reproduction, not accumulation NR management policy: - Must consider social justice implications - Resource access and control - Distribution of costs, benefits, risk, opportunities - Are they being aligned in a way that's unjust? - Rights: property, civil, etc. - Public lands as key in Northern New Mexico Development as sustainable: - Socially- living wage, not racist or sexist - Ecologically- meets human needs with minimal impact on Earth
5th Principle of Environmental Justice
Right of workers and communities to safe and healthy work environment
Frontier as crude outback (17th & 18th century)
Settlers as backwoodsman/frontiersman Trans-appalachian west Uncivilized society Mixing w/ indians, cultural & genetic Production of outside eastern seaboard economy
Regional differences
US Asians in the West, Irish in the Northeast, African Americans in the South
Chinese adoption of niche production—economic & resource characteristics
Worked in placer mines, Laundromats, restaurants, as servants. Were considered docile, quick-learning and hard workers. Obedient workers. Recruited in China to come work in California. Labor resistance on railroads to strike on poor working conditions. Income of $25 a month, self-boarding. 1867 strike went to $35.
this process: reach out to semi-periphery and periphery for cheap labor, but in doing that disrupt the economic stability and social org in those countries
World system of capitalism
corporate property
an extension of individual private property
1)
clearly defined boundaries
New Melones Reservoir
ewf
MacArthor
interstate 580, divided the flatlands form the hills
the Nimitz
interstate 880s which parallels MacArthor was sited thru the city's industrial corridor along the city's southwestern edge roughly separating the majority of factories and warehouses and access to the estuary from the flatlands residential areas
Delta ecology:
inverted deltaic fan: - water and deposition oof alluvial soil backed up - 1/3 of drainage of central valley able to travel tule grass: - grows in delta - essential to ecology of soil - grows and dies back to create nutrient rich soil peat soil: - subject to subsidence - absorbing flood water and sediment to recharge wetlands floods, levees: - naturally occuring
immigration
moving in across a national frontier
emmigration
moving out across a national frontier
• Watershed-based natural resource management
o Based on common property rights o Watershed is basically a drainage - Rio Grande was the water source for the Hispanos o Trans-human pastoralism here around the village during the winter o In the spring participating in the planting o Moving into the high country in the fall o Made sense for Hispanos in landscape of NM because of spatial/temporal diversity in watershed (trans-human pastoralism). o The acequia is like an irrigation system but runs like sewage, way for them to access water. Man made canals, channels water, requires labor to be built/sustained
• Elinor Ostrom's model for evaluating CPR management systems
o Key critic of harden o Diagram: its not a notion of this tenure system vs that system, after much research, its really a matter of the nature of governance not just the property rights o In order for CPR system to be managed need: rules in place that create incentives for cooperation/trust = people play by the rules o How to achieve that? 1. Boundaries = physical boundaries, who is in who is out, who has access 2. Rules that are locally adapted to the situation to take into account seasonal cycles 3. Users of system must participate in rule implementation 4. Must have surveillance to see people follow rules 5. Sanctions if people do break rules 6. Organized means to resolve conflict between users 7. Accepted organization - users must think system is legit. Rules/prohibitions →cooperation/trust
Friends of the River
oifjw
State Property
property owned by federal, state, or local governments. Government's right to exclude
• Geography:
proximity to California
Push, pull, means
push factors: opium wars, floods and famine, poverty, british domination of trade, limited arable land pull factors: economic opportunity, political and religious freedom, labor shortages in gold mountains (high wages) means: tech, transit, financing, policy, chain migration (community, networks, opportunity in the US)
State Water Project (1960)
sdf
burned. com
simpler and less politically correct "rich ppl up in the hills"
4)
surveillance
the Chinese prostitute
the idea threatened the domestic ideal of white culture + symbolized disease and disparity + no actual basis in truth
settlement
when ppl migrate somewhere and stay there
voluntary separation
willingly want to leave culture (Islam Refugees)
Placer mining
• Deposits of gold in riverbeds • Easy to access, use of simple technology (panning for gold, grinding wheel) • Limited need for capital investment • Large labor force not required
Japanese "ethnic solidarity"
• Educational programs sponsored by communities • Outreach to farmers • Development of a vertically integrated ethnic enterprise • In east bay, Japanese nurserymen who supplied seeds to those in valleys, sell through Japanese marketing cooperatives - whole system through one ethnicity
Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
• Integrated schools in SF open to Japanese, no longer excluded • Japanese no longer issue passports for people to go to US immigrants • Family members of residents here could come - opens up floodgates for picture brides
• Policy: pre-1882
• No formal restrictions on male Chinese immigration into US until 1875 • No enforceable restrictions on emigration in China • 1868: Burlingame-Seward Treaty
Sojourn / Settlement
• Sojourn is round trip, settlement is settling in place of immigration • With Chinese, most people came with intention to sojourn - make money and then leave • Japanese was more split but gov encourage settlement • Sojourner was once seen as expendable, a derogatory term without a stake in USA
• Sojourn / Settlement
• Sojourn is round trip, settlement is settling in place of immigration • With Chinese, most people came with intention to sojourn - make money and then leave • Japanese was more split but gov encourage settlement • Sojourner was once seen as expendable, a derogatory term without a stake in USA
Chang Reading
"Building the Transcontinental RR." Big 4 of the Central Pacific. Chinese were screwed over with hard jobs.
1877 Denis Kearney: Workingman's Party of San Francisco
"Chinese are a tool of the capitalist bosses", the Chinese must go. -attack the Chinese, goes to a national level, threaten to link with the emerging labor movement in the east, Congress responds by scapegoating the Chinese, leads to the Chinese Exclusion Act
Gold rush as a myth
"Gold Mountain" highest wage labor in the world can just pick up giant gold nuggets from mountains with bare hands.
Du Buys
"Introduction: Place" Sets environmental parameters on social organization. Focuses on the limited concentration of water and other nat. resources.
Rohe Reading
"Mining's Impact on the Land." Use of lumber for mining. Need for water=dams=debris downstream=flooding
Naturalization Act of 1870:
"aliens, ineligible for citizenship" All foreign born Chinese are aliens ineligible for citizenship
huichan
"all of these things that the unties states tries to do to squash us have not worked. Its failed. We still know who we are. We still know how to pray in our own way. We still know where our sacred sites are. And we know how to bring back our language -corrina Gould, spokesperson fo the confederated villages of Lisjan
hybrid landscapes
"by looking carefully for clues in the landscape, you'll understand how human activity has long intertwined with nature to create a hybrid landscape around San Francisco Bay -what happens to nature in a hybrid landscape -to some degree we all want to have nature separate and that is hard in a hybrid landscape
Cronon
"private property is the ideology of conquest"-- From the colonists perspective, the indians lacked the incentives of money and commerce and individual achievement, so they failed to "improve" their lands and therefore did not conquer.
chinese labor social construction
"they learn quickly, do not fight, have no strikes that amount to anything and are very cleanly in their habits. They will gamble and do quarrel among themselves most noisy but harmlessly" -Strobridge -paternalist, condescnding perspective, but in many ways more favorable than the view of the Irish, they are good workers, it seems like a pliable labor force, likely productive, they have skills in mining and are on the labor market
Hobbesian condition
"war of all against all" -nature is competitive chaos -coercion= order
Delta Reform Act (2009)
$11.1 billion in funding. Created the Delta Stewardship Council. Increased urban conservation, better accounting for groundwater use, and upped water rights enforcement. Schwarzenegger
Foreign Miner's Tax (1852)
$3/month tax to force exclusion from mining
Pacific Railroad Act
(1862) -signed by Abe Lincoln -formed 2 corporations, Union Pacific (commissioned to break ground in Omaha and move west thru the flat lands of Nebraska) -central pacific was commissioned to break ground in Sacramento and move east -set up as a competition (they got more incentives the faster and further they built their lines and the idea was that they would meet somewhere in the middle) -Innsufficient bc there wasn't enough funding and it wasn't rly stimulating the progress they had hoped for
de Femery: illustrative of use of natural resources for contesting processes of racial formation, resisting discrimination and empowering local communities
(1947-1964) de Femery was transformed into a space which nurtured West Oakland youth both socially and politically enabling them to better serve the broader community
importance of petit bourgeoisie
(small-scale producers): varied and politically powerful class CA -fee simple property rights and open access to the public domain -prospecting and small holding: mines, oil, forestry, farming, small real-estate, fishing etc -californians as "consumate modernist-men who measured everything and everyone in terms of money, seized the state and created their own government and swept aside all whose traditions stood in the way (179) ".
resource industrialization: manufacturing nature
* industrialization= spur to large scale natural resource extraction (in US after Cold War) **resource industrialization= complimentary rural extraction and urban (rural ) industry (urban industry that is tied to real extraction, regional complex)
Berkes' overall point
**SELF REGULATION IS CONSIDERED TO BE BOTH FLEXIBLE AND EFFECTIVE IN MAINTAINING SUSTAINABLE USE** - lobster fishermen in maine, trawlermen in NY, and
Elinor Ostrom's Model
*not a static model --> this model is adaptive *scaleable (larger CPRs need multiple layers) 1. Clearly defined boundaries 2. Rules of utilization adapted to the local situation 3. participation in the implementation of the rules 4. surveillance 5. sanctions, increased step by step 6. organized conflict resolution 7. Accepted right of organization
Issei Ethnic Economy
+ Japanese immigrants to the US prior to WWII developed a shared economy and ethnic solidarity in the face of racial exclusion + centered on "common cultural values" + developed around agriculture: farmers relied on urban businessmen for labor supply, produce distributors rely on farmers
opposition to Hardin
+ did not consider the self-regulating capabilities of individuals + ignored collective action + individual interest can be constrained by social institutions
white workers' attitude toward Japanese immigrants
+ did not share same "God" or "hopes" and thus could not be "assimilated" + had a particular "virtue" in adopting American customs, so they were more dangerous competitors
Geary Act
+ extension of Chinese Exclusion Act + all Chinese residents must carry a passport or else get deported
place
+ important aspect of the politics of inclusion, multiple identities, and marginalized cultures + strategic social construct, often defined for the purpose of gaining or maintaining control over space
Anti-Chinese policy and resistance
- 1852 The Foreign Miners Tax: $3 per month for foreign miners - 1854 People V. Hall: Decided Chinese could not testify against whites - 1870 Naturalization Act: Foreign born Chinese cannot become citizens - 1882 Chinese exclusion act: No immigration of Chinese laborers or women - 1892 Geary Act: Made Chinese exclusion act permanent Resistance: - Enclaves (Chinatown), they lived together creating community networks. - Migration: East coast, sojourning out of areas that were harsh - Paper sons and daughters: Inventing family members in the US so they could immigrate - Labor resistance along the railroad - Niche production to be less of a threat - Fighting court cases: Change laws and overturned discriminatory laws=
Hyrdaulic
- 1852: Pressurized water used to blast away mountain side to access veins in mountains - Used wood from trees to build flumes to transport the water, built infrastructure across the Sierras - Building dams led to floods - Capital investment gave lots of money, water and timber costs - Class based wage labor - Equated to 30 years of natural erosion
Hard Rock
- 1860's: Created shafts through mountains and removed quarts from veins - Great concentration of resources - Mostly Irish labor, some Chinese - Timber was used to build infrastructure - Developed long-range communication to contact workers in mine and tech to move material (mine carts and elevators) - Created the stamp mill: From ore to gold, turned ore into powder form
Chinese niche production in the California mining economy
- After mining niche was over, Chinese immigrants sought other possibilities other than mining: truck gardening, service industries
Anti Chinese Policy
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited chinese labor migration - Diversity -- used it to retain control over workers and keep production costs low - tool for discipline and used to break strikes - Vigilante violence - 1852 Foreign Miners Tax - 1854 People vs. Hall - Chinese couldn't testify against whites >>> Resistance : through enclaves, niche production, litigation , etc.
Chinese Adoption of Niche Production - Economic and Resource Characteristics
- Chinese men took to niche production to avoid sparking conflict with white men in the gold mines - started offering services, such as laundry, cooking , construction, maintenance - truck gardening
Central Valley Water Project
- Federal - Stores 17% of Californias developed water - 70% agriculture and 30% urban use - Diverts water from Trinity, Sacramento, American, Stanislaus, San Joaquin rivers - Connects with State Water Project at San Luis Reservoir
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
- First national restriction of people on a national basis - Forbid laborers and women from immigrating (allowed merchants) - Chinese already in US could travel -Relatives of US citizens on Chinese descent could come - Only in place for 10 years (can be renewed)
Phases of gold mining: technology, labor, capital
- Gold available in certain places in the landscape which requires technology and capital to get it - The landscape changes and the resources are available in different forms and places - New forms of tech needed to access those resources and need more labor - Happened all over US and world - Decrease in productivity of methods led to investment in tech and development of tech which led to changes in labor
Causes of differential impacts on California blacks, latinos, and whites
- Land owners did not lose much because it just prevented them from gaining profit for one year - Big farmers have wealth accumulated so they can have access to water in other places
Alternatives to current water use
- Recycled waste water, reduces greenhouse gas emissions but has a public stigma and chlorinated taste - The Bay Delta conservation plan. Meets higher water demands. The current levees and infrastructure are unstable. Build underground tunnels. Restoration of wetlands would happen, high tech fish screens, two 30 mile tunnels. - Seawater desalination, drought-proof but energy intensive and expensive with environmental costs like intake pipes and salty water discharge - Reducing water consumption
Naturalization Act of 1870: "aliens, ineligible for citizenship"
- Sign of ambivalence and political tension coming out of California politics - Identifies foreign born asian people as foreign and ineligible for citizenship - No naturalization citizenship allowed
The Benefits of the Commons - Berkes
- Wildlife hunting in James Bay, Quebec: control was regained over the hunting of beavers, Conservation laws implemented -Lobster and fish management: maine lobster catch has remained stable because of the states establishment of lobstering regulations. -trawl fishery in Ny: fishemern who belong to a cooperative specialize in the harvest of whiting; the cooperative limits entry into the fishery and establishes quotas. -Hardin's model fails to take into account the self regulating capabilities of users-- it assumes that the herdsmen are unable to limit access or institute rules to regulate use. Over Exploitation becomes inevitable unless gov controls are imposed. - Forest Destruction in Thailian occurs bc villagers dont own the forest and cannot exclude others; the villagers dont have an incentive to conserve, they want to "beat" the others to the timber - lobstermen in James Bay, Maine, trawlermen in the NY Bight area, forest users in Nepal, irrigation water users in South India--- groups exclude other potential users and regulate their own joint use, can reap the benefits of their own restraint. - Hardin confuses common property with open access which is the absence of property rights - by equating common property resources w open access and then assuming that open access leads to overexploitation, the model falls into the trap of equating the commons with over exploitation. -Hardin assumes that the individual interest is unconstrained by existing institutional arrangements. Common prop resource users are compelled by social pressure to conform to carefully prescribed and enforced rules of conduct. -Hardin assumes that resource users cant cooperate toward their common interests. He also over looks the role of institutions that provide for exclusion and regulation of use (marine resources in Japan, for example). -sustainable common prop resource management is not intrinsically associated with any particular property rights regime. successes and failures are found in private, state and communal property systems. _
Chinese adoption of niche production—economic & resource characteristics
- Worked in placer mine tailings, laundromats, service restaurants, and as servants - Considered docile, hard-working, quick to learn - Recruited in China for CA - $25-35 a month, self-boarding but $35/month after 1867 Strike
Guandong, China Significance
- ancestoral home of large number of overseas chinese travelled to california during gold rush
Urban renewal & transportation infrastructure
- areas of oakland defined by transit - followed and reinforced redlining patterns - grove shafter (route 24/ I-980) served West Oakland from downtown - MacArthur (I-580) divided the flatlands from the hills - cypress freeway: through West Oakland Bart 1964
Regional accumulation
- capital accumulated at regional level - retention of wealth within California - turning natural resources into capital
De Fremery Park as a key public space
- center of community empowerment - they had food banks there - black panthers gathered
Food justice movement
- city slicker farms transforms vacant lots into urban farms - mandela marketplace create work co-op grocer for reliable and reasonable food - community garden allowed people of color in low income communities to grow their own food
Environmental justice activism
- collaboration with high tech companies to develop tech indicators - decomissioning I980 - funding from California climate investment
Black resistance
- community empowerment movements - black panthers - social and environmental justice organizing and activism - cycles of capital investment have driven down community relations
Capitalist Mode of Production
- competitive self interest results, country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by state >> class based division of labor: capitalists/workers/managers >capitalists: owners of surplus money that they use for investments > producing good and services in exchange for capital -market exchange
Chinese Labor
- extremely hard labor - 28 per month not including food and housing - dangerous work - used techniques from China to lay hundreds of miles of railroad - build railroad over sierras
Industrial garden
- gardens created in urban communities - aimed at providing fresh food to low income, minority communities ex) empty lots converted into community gardens
Decommissioning Interstate 980
- helped improve air quality
English settler Land claim process
- privatization of land, dispossession, and incorporation - Also got land through federal seizure - 1 person owns communal land grants, owns all land and can sell it.
Prospector state (California)
- pursuit of ownership of public resources - land redistribution to benefit capitalism - interstate created for commerce, investment and education
Race- against-Race divide and control Strategies of gold mining and other Capital in California
- races where pitted against each other to keep wages low - if one group demanded better wages, another group would be found that would work for cheaper - families not allowed, only men
Extending Democracy's Reach
- resistance of asian groups as a way of incorporating into American society - lead to acculturates society - recognition of democratic right for assimilation
Mining and Railroads / Ecological Impacts
- tailing - mercury contamination - irreversible deforestation - land erosion - excessive water usage - 1/3 state forests disappeared because of railroads - fires
Kaz Mori
- the cutest old Japanese man that talked about his time in the Japanese internment camps
The L.A. River as an icon for a new environmentalism
- thoreau and LA river showing nature intertwined in human progress and experience - yellowstone/ yosemite = LA river as an urban paradise - LA water undrinkable (utilitarian vision of nature for the greatest good) - LA river paved after major flooding - rachel carson and LA river as an icon of environmental destruction - Mike ecology of fear and LA river destroyed erasing everyday connections to nature
River dredging
- using different technology to do the same thing placer mining did -haul out gravel and sand from river bed - mining tailings were dumped at the side of the river - spreads mercury throughout rivers
Sustainable Development in CHAMA VALLEY
- village in Rio Arriba County, New Mex. - western terminus for Cumbres and Toltec scenic railroad >> heritage railway
West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project
- working with high tech companies - studies the negtive impacts of air quality in urban communities
foreign miner's tax
-$3/month -1852 -Imposed tax on foreign miners
Four periods of Water Management: Key characteristics and contexts
----
Common pool resource management
-----
Transcontinental railroad
-----
UNIT IV
-----
Unit V
-----
Anti-Chinese sentiment and policy / resistance
------
California Delta reclamation and farming
------
Hispano culture, social organization and landscapes
------
chinese immigration into CA
-1849-1870: 100,000 -1870-1877: 100,000 -1877-1882: 75,000
LA river as an icon
-1863: thoreau: in wilderness is the preservation of the world -price's take: the river is one of the most natural basic facts of LA's landscape ... if we create cities out of nature, not apart from nature then however a ciy uses and inhabits its basic natural facts will shape the city profoundly (543) -as is evident in the history of the LA river -moral:nature is intertwined with human progress, labor, experience < rather than separate -1872-90: Yellowstone and Yosemite = preserved -LA as an urban paradise (LA as a city of nature and a white city) by 1890s pollution and segregation -moral 1: defining a place as nature and seeking refuge in nature both have so often meant the expulsion of exclusion of other and generally less powerful ppl -moral 2: and fleeing rather than dealing with a city's and one's own unsustainable uses of nature -1912: tapping into owners valley for water bc the LA river is undrinkable, moral: [the utilitarian vision of] "greatest good for the greatest number can be elitist and non whites can get screwed in conservation -we are going to use natural resources wisely to develop LA but this involves debasing indigenous ppl and poor farmers in the Ownes Vally -1949 (sand county almanac by Aldo Leopold), stewardship of Leopold's land ethnic essay is a call for moral responsibility to the natural, paving the river after major floods in 1934 and 38 -moral 1: by destroying the local and importuning the regional LA becomes the American icon of urban night mare -moral 2: we've destroyed nature erases our essential everyday connections to it and through it to one anther -Rachel Carson: silent sprint (1962) -the birth of environmentalism in the 1960s, LA as icon of environmental destruction: air and water pollution, sprawl, segregated space, LA as the city that destroyed nature (price), transportation network based on long distance travel, horrible smog, Los Angeles as apocoloyps -mike davis: the ecology of fear (1998): the megalopolis of social and ecological disaster is beset by earthquakes, mudslides, killer bees, bubonic plague, tornadoes, plan tree loving rats, rattle snakes and cougars that have evolved to eat white suburban
Pay for chinese
-Equal to whites, but whites also received money for food and housing, also whites got $ for risky jobs (subsidies) but chinese did not
Geography and climate: Sangre de Christos, Rio Grande, aridity
-Sangre de Christos in New Mexico, part of the rocky mountains, to the east of the Rio Grande -Rio Grande is the base of most of the communal land grants, other tributaries that feed into the Rio Grande. -arid climate: dry. - dry in the summer - tremendous thunderstorms in the fall - snow settled in the high country in the winter -snow comes down as it melts in the spring. - 9 micro-ecosystems - spacial diversity: series of ecosystems moving up in altitude, somewhat aware of some of the ecosystems. -seasonal diversity -high country with very juicy grasses, very productive areas, high plains, good grazing spruce fir forests: grasses were grazed in the highlands, spruce/fir would invade. -Ponderosa pine forest: fire management issues. -Pinyon juniper trees: moving into the lowlands, dry sage brush. -*importance of mountains, nature as an active force, really shape the way people settle in this area
Resistance Strategies: niche production, enclaves, etc
-Social and cultural resources -Cultural heritage -Social incorporation (assimilation) -Enclaves (China towns, rural chinese areas are a forced form of separation) -Geographic mobility and migration -Niche production -labor resistance -political resources -constitutional rights -litigation
Tierra O Muerte
-Two different types of progress - Anglo (commercial) vs. Hispano (local) - issue of morality of economic justice Anglo Perspective: "its hard to stop progress" Hispano Perspective: - fighting for the land grant -landscape cannot progress and modernize - want 600,000 acres back from U.S - want to sustain culture
unstable foundations
-a lot of the eastern part of sf is build on carcasses, ships etc -liquification destroyed this
sf bay
-a working landscape -ahlone used the bay for fishing -the port of Oakland containerization allowed the port of Oakland to take the shipping industry from the port of Sf -of course it has been a working waterscape since the beginning-where nature and culture intersect
-pull:
-agricultural sector: moving from wage labor into entrepreneurship -send technology , knowledge and money back -
occupations/ niches
-agriculture 40 k -railroad 10 k -fish canneries -4k
pre 1907 Japanese
-aliens ineligible for citizenship
pearl river delta push factors
-british imperial policy -markets for opiates and textiles along with floods, war and famine -massive social instability in Guangdong in the 19th century driven by British colonial activity as they sought to create, capture and dominant markets for textiles and opium -all of that would be coming thru the port of Guangdong, bc there was laws that extremely limited the ports for trading and Guangdong was one fo the few here u could trade
the use of de emery park
-building on a legacy of its use by the black community since before WWII was a means of asserting a right to the city- the green spaces/ public spaces of the city as a public good to which the community had a right and from which leaders of the community would assert greater claims to econ and political justice -center of community , activism, life and culture -black panther was active here pushing for autonomy and rights -claiming this place of and for the black community -similar to the efforts in New Orleans to us public dance culture to assert rights to public spaces after Katrina -this idea of asserting rights to public spaces public goods in the service of the community was central to the Panther's political strategy (particularly as a means of legitimizing their role in the community to other community members )-for instance by supporting community health and welfare through school lunch food and sickle cell anemia programs for community members
Nast pacific chivalry (1870)
-california needs the chinese -sort of ambivalence -extension of the notion of coral punishment
Oakland firestorm (1991)
-can get dangerous when u can't define the boundaries -those most affected were wealthier, living in the hills
its a jungle out there
-charley the turkey is down in the rose garden and has attacked 30 rose garden visitors and they have had to remove the turkeys according to next door
chinese labor recruitment
-chinese desired as cheap, docile labor, recruitment networks -chinese exploitable-not going to go on strike -> yes and no -chinese were social constructed/ understood by whites as cheap labor willing to more or less work on anything for anything -these stereotypes are challenged when ppl get here but these are the ideas that serve to motivate whites to seek chinese labor
historical background to the building the transcontinental railroad
-chinese written out of the picture by traditional historians (reflects the goal of modern scholars to emphasize their active agency and a revisioning their role in american society as producers but this needs to be tempered by a continued recognition of the injustices they faced along the way
Central Pacific Railroad / Union Pacific Railroad
-corporations formed in 1862: pacific railroad act. -formed on a competitive basis: given the goodies by the government depending on how much track they laid: perverse incentive structure: promotes shoddy manufacturing, it was a race to the finish - consume lots of logs, coal, but also provide jobs
Central Pacific Railroad / Union Pacific Railroad
-corporations formed in 1862: pacific railroad act. -formed on a competitive basis: given the goodies by the government depending on how much track they laid: perverse incentive structure: promotes shoddy manufacturing, it was a race to the finish - consume lots of logs, coal, but also provide jobs -a key engine of economic development in the west -supplied access to eastern and European markets - promoted more settlement in the west
sending country
-country of origin
race labor and immigration
-different sending countries, different waves of labor coming in -In a sense competing against one another, soon as one group is established and can organize for higher wages another groups brought in
wage labor
-divide and control -recruitment of labor, one ethnic group against another -at first the Japanese effectively undercut the Chinese that were here in agriculture (take lower wages, have opportunities that u just didn't have in the 1860s and 1870s)
black plurality
-during the late 1980s and early 1990s Oakland's black plurality reached its peak at approximately 47 % of the population -refugees from Cambodia, El Salvador etc
social organization of chinese in the minerals economy
-enclaves, clan-based communalism, metal aid societies, labor contractors -groups+ individuals coming to sf being set up with opportunities in china town in Sf or maybe moving on to other china towns, Sacramento etc -In all of this there are ethnic enclaves, for the most part if they will be working in mining it will be in already established mining operations -lots of times ppl get put into this system by labor contractors
Anglo Herding
-enclosure >> political process where common property shifts to private property -fewer people owned more land - large scale >> increased market demand and pop growth - extensive and intensive production - barbed wired - management decision >>> the desire for profit supercedes the importance of sustainability - capital and capitalism - concentrated animal feeding operation
Characteristics of 20th Century HIspano VIllage Life
-enclosure: common property shifts to private -de facto access: ignored rules, just brought sheep to regions -cattle over sheep - neeeded money to survive - dispossession: loss of land, alienation from own land - incorporation into cash economy > dependent on Americans - poverty - wage labor - cut migration -cultural loss -social problems -resistance
how does Jenny price define environmentalism
-environmentalism as revitalization: integrate interests and perspectives by moving forward with environmental quality, economic development and social equity through restoring environments thru the application of these principles
state of confusion about environmentalism
-environmentalism has acquired no real redefinition and no real philosophy, but currently remains a grab-bag of available causes and rhetorics old and new: some apocolypse a bit of earth is our mother, some justice and power here some indigenous ppl there, a whole lot of energy, a whole lot of sustainability, some earth happening a lot of we are all in this together -uncertainity about the definition + eco frenzy present an opportunity to articulate a new set of environmentalist ideals -crisis: a crisis of environmental crisis but also a political crisis and a philosophical crisis
1907: gentlemen's agreement
-excutive action an agreement between Japanese gov and US (ended Japanese labor immigration bc the Japanese go will not give u passports) -loophole: wives parents and children of US residents from Japanese descent (bigger loophole so the Japanese population doubled) -many japanese men brought wives, many Brough as picture brides
1892: Geary act
-extends the chinese exclusion act another 10 yrs -requires residency papers for the chinese only (they have to carry an internal passport)
key outlets for investment
-extraction: increase in new locations, technologies etc -commerce: improved commercial and transportation infrastructure -diverse industry: wide range in manufacturing and commerce -credit: securities, savings, banks, bonds
pacific railway acts of 1862 / 1864:
-federal loans (subsidy to K) -can't cover all the construction with these loans
education
-had a technical knowledge of how to grow vegetable crops in a modern society -was compulsory for all including women (literacy rates were higher than any other country)
Oakland's landscape of racially differentiated risk
-high rates of poverty and low home-ownership levels -low rates of human capital development (in terms of education and health) -low rates of environmental quality -vulnerability to earthquakes due to liquefaction nd climate change related risk including -public health crisis: toxics, access to nutritious foods (described by McClintock), services -displacement and gentrification (as the affluent areas push west )
Hispano Herding
-husbanding resources that came from animals >>> hide, meat , fat, food - transhumance pastoralism >>> moved animals seasonally in correspondence to a temporarily diverse resource - grass -ecology >> must limit land because of low net primary productivity (amount of biomass a particular ecosystem produces) -communal organization and verguenza -military insecurity >>> large the society, the harder it is to protect it -economy >>> limited markets under Spain
cultural values
-ideology of unrestrained use of resources= important -but argument is about relations of production and exchange
Berkeley law map
-incredibly green map -berkeley and Oakland seem very well situated to get wherever u want -narrative and forms of representation can propel human action (for example choosing to go to berkeley law) -If ur trying to get to somona and nappa don't worry u don't have to go thru Richmond bc it doesn't exist -the way these things are represented sells the place
1869: central pacific rail road terminus in Oakland
-industrial agglomeration -population growth: 10,500 (1869) to 35,000 (1880) -residential development: racially mixed worker housing emerged primarily in West Oakland between the downtown business district and the rail and shipping terminus -sf elites in Oakland : eg the de remarry family (would have a summer home here bc sf would be cold and foggy, had homes along the estuary and later in the hills
big capital and small property
-investment in an urban real-estate amplifies the wealth using wealth of nature as a lever for raising the value of and and the dynamic economy and social organization of the cities of California, extraction driving commerce, the development of transportation and the diversification of industry and associated financialiazation thru banking, bonds, and a lively credit market that underscores investment -resource industrialization (industrialization serves as a means of grouting wealth thru industry, the development of manufacture process that add value to the natural resources that can then be sold in the state and elsewhere (industrialization spurs further resource extraction, you really start to get the development of technologies)
Anglo Agriculture
-large scale market demand, capitalism -heavy emphasis on the self (individualism) -privatized the commons, enclosures and individual property led to degradation of the CPR
1892: Geary act
-made permanent in 1902 -extends the chinese exclusion act another 10 yrs -requires residency papers for the chinese only (the have to carry an internal passport)
shitty city
-poop score studied about where there are feces on the street etc
pearl river delta economy
-poverty, chaos, insecurity, starvation, British domination of trade -handicrafts, remissions, subsistence rice farming -tradition of out migration, sojourning and coming back, a history of migration to the southeast parts of asia tin mines in Malaysia and Borniou ppl going to Trinidad, cuba, the carribian and sending remissions (money) back -farming gets increasingly difficult due to smaller and smaller plots of land due to divisible inheritance -lots of land lords rented in long term leases and those leases could be passed on to others (fairly small plots of land with intensive rice cultivation, say u have an acre of land for rice farming and u have 4 sons and giving inheritance to the sons (petrolineal inheritance) that land is divided into 4 pieces -this goes on and on within generations and it is not rly sustianable and as population increases and u have to acquire new land ppl are driven into the cities -tenacy divisible inheritance
capitalist modes of production: California and the US west
-production and reproduction: prospector capitalism and the errand into the wilderness -Natural resource industries: mining, railroads, grazing, fisheries, agriculture etc -class-based division of labor: race, gender, and geographic mobility -production and distribution: costs, benefits, risks, opportunities -socioeconomic mobility: status and entrepreneurship -niches: production/geographic -labor organizing, class, race, and resistance
environmental justice
-production of racial, class, power inequities associated with environments -chalenge perceived elitism and fetishism of wilderness -turn sense to everyday environments in which working ppl and ppl of color live work and play -challenge mainstream science in institutional contexts of production and circulation -food justice, climate justice, energy justice etc
gold rush geography
-real gold rush was around the northern Sierra Nevada -large rivers of quartz along the north south access, not where the rivers are now bc the rivers come down and expose deposits of quartz and rivers cutting thru opening up space thru erosion -placer deposits in the river (gold is a very heavy mineral and it will sit in the bottom of the river)
Hispano Agriculture
-socioeconomic organization : subsistence pastoralism -Communalism and low pop density with community based watershed management (acequias) led to minimal damage allowed the sustainabiilty of common pool resources. - had herds of animals that moved from place to place depending on the seasons
Financial paradox of Railroad building
-speaks of other sorts of infrastructure building as well. -railroads were needed for economic development, but railroads would remain unprofitable for years and decades, until the markets it linked started to pay off -tremendous amount of risk in developing rail lines, so government had to step in, subsidize to promote private investment in capital: government loans, land grants,
1870: 15th amendment
-the voting rights amendment that prohibits states from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color or previous servitude -reconstruction starts to become ambivalent, as the 14th and 15th amendment get played out -a great deal of progress with reconstruction that is being constantly challenged -1869= completion of the rail road flood of chinese labor (sets the context for what plays out in CA)
how does this relate to issues of demarcated devaluation and claims to public space and civil rights
-there was already a deep sense of value in and knowledge of food production within the West Oakland community and tapping into these collective reousrces and legacies as tools for justice is a way of engendering community empowerment and engagement
procedural justice
-to what degree does a captialisit mode of production serve procedural justice -alot of who gets a seat at the table is based on who has what resources in the market place (allow you to pursue your american dream, or at least not starve)
remuneration
-unskilled labor : $35 a month + food and shelter ($15-20), approx $50 a month -skilled labor: 500 men at $3-$5 a day (rather significant, will prob be working 6 days a week at least)
america's errant into the wilderness: resources, race and capital in the American West
-walker argues that non proletarianized white working class with entreprenueal ambition lay the foundation for the capturing and retentions nd value and accumulation of value in CA (supported by the state, leads to SF + LA emerging as polls of capital accumulation) -walker contends that he leaves out the proletarianized workers (essential to the accumulation of the west particularly in the hands of large corporations (think railroads agriculture and mining), but smaller scale as well) -Ronald Takki complements Richard Walker's argument: American's errand into the wilderness (transforming the wilderness to fulfill god's vision of a godly community, argues that natural resource development reflected the idea of progress and played out with expanding networks of capital accumulation and diversity
limerick
-western diversity issues -minorities can't testify against whites -white working men believed that the opportunities and jobs after the gold rush were bad -capitalists defended chinese b/c they used them for labor -could not assimilate chinese --> deemed them inferior -sojourners in america (temporary)
working conditions/ conquering nature
-working 12 hr days -working into the winter going over the sierras, going thru the sierras -chipping out rail beds, carrying away rock, building aqueducts and tunnels, laying rail -24 hrs a day 7 days a week the project continued -ppl living in snow tunnels estimate 1200 chinese workers died maybe 9-10% of the labor force -used black powder explosives and nitroglycerin for period (but this is very dangerous so they returned to using black powder) -nevada high Deseret was incredibly hot + silicosis from diging tunnels +miners lungs
CC capitalist MoP and subsitence MoP
...
California delta reclamation and farming
...
Chinese vs Japanese
...
Errand into wilderness vs Manifest Destiny vs Agrarian myth/lockean labor
...
Hardin v Ostrom
...
Japanese immigration, farming, internment
...
methods to get land: field laborer to farmer
1. contract: farmer plants a crop for a set amount to be paid by the landowner when the crop was sold 2. share: share farmer receives percentage of crop's profit 3. lease: rent land and assume responsibility 4. ownership
Federal Railroad land grants / checkerboard holdings
10 miles on either side, every other section: checkerboard pattern. -survey, railroad gets every other section, sold that land to pay for remainder of costs, but it wasn't enough. -got double land, sold bonds, some were valuable, some were trash, sold them both and created havoc in financial markets
1901-1930 how many immigrants
130,000 immigrants
constitutional rights
14th amendment applied n denial of equal rights to all persons
14th and 15th Amendments
14th-Due process and equal protection clauses 15th-Right to vote for all citizens
14th& 15th Amendments
14th-all people born or naturalized in US are citizens. - national citizenship took priority over citizenship in a state. 15th-forbade states to deny anyone the right to vote on grounds of race.
14th & 15th Amendments
14th: - Brought up the CITIZENSHIP CLAUSE: if you're born in America, then you're a citizen. - DUE PROCESS CLAUSE: Everyone has fair treatment - EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE: Equal protection of the law 15th: - gave citizens voting rights
California context: law and policy
1789: US constitution: immigration is not in the constitution so all immigration defers to the states -state laws and state policies but there was no national imitation law (comes together in 1876) -constitution gives the rule who becomes a natural citizen -1790-1801:Immigration and naturalization acts : any alien free white person can reside in the US for 5 yrs and then apply for citizen ship (nonwhites excluded from naturalization till 1952), were exceptions for asian immigrants in some instances
emigration from china
1840-1900- 2.5 million left china (many returned) -many sojourners but many also settled -went to Hawaii, Cuba, Latin America, Africa -In 1880 25% of Hawaii's population was chinese
placer mining
1848-53 -placer deposits accumulate at the bottom of rivers -Involves extracting gold from the bottom of rivers -weapons of the argonots, take pan and sift out what u find in the river with mercury -don't have to have a lot of resources to get mining supplies (land and access was open early on, usually white in small groups 3-5, chinese or Sonoran tended to operate in groups of 8-20) -placer deposits started to run out
Placer Mining
1848->. Searching for gold nuggets using pans, buckets, etc. Required dams. Required very little capital
The public trust doctrine
1850: state acquired ownership of all tidelands and the beds of all navigable waters within its borders. Ca constitution protects public access to navigable waters and public trust lands *** basically, Environmental resources are in trust for the public and no one owns them. states have legal title.
Anti-Chinese policy and resistance
1852 foreign miner's tax ($3/month) for Chinese workers 1854 People v. Hall- Chinese can't testify against whites- leads to violence. 1870- Naturalization Act- foreign-born Chinese can't be citizens. 1882- Chinese Exclusion Act→ no immigration of Chinese who were laborers/ women. 1892 Geary Act→ made permanent the Chinese exclusion Act. Resistance- cultural heritage, enclave community networks, enclaves- Chinatown, camps. Migrated away and also fought for political constitutional rights. Paper sons and daughters Okihiro: Extending Democracy's Reach -Working against unjust laws to gain rights -3 major ways that resistance helped: 1. Continued cultural heritage 2. Democratic rights 3. Eventual assimilation -3 major phases of Asian American history 1. Victims 2. Economic contribution 3. Political rights = major contribution
River Dredging
1882->. Using pumps to get gold at the bottom of the river
Tape v. Hurley
1885 separate public school system established for Chinese Americans as a result of a Chinese student's denied admission to San Francisco school
residential development and land speculation
1900 to 1930
The reasonable use doctrine - in the CA Constitution
1928 CA Constitutional amendment: • Intended to repair the breach between the riparian and appropriative rights systems that the Supreme Court left open in Lux v. Haggin. • established reasonable use doctrine as the foundation of California water resources law. Following Lux versus Haggin, the California Supreme Court employed the doctrine of reasonable use as a fundamental limitation on the exercise of water rights. However, it failed to address disputes between a riparian and an appropriator in a way that would allow for cities to acquire superior rights to riparians on the basis of reasonable use. Instead, in a number of cases, the court held that the doctrine of reasonable use was inapplicable because riparian rights were categorically superior to appropriative rights. The constitutional amendment was intended to address this, and expand for the development of municipal and surface water irrigation water systems based on appropriative rights that were superior to those held by riparians.
Indian Reorganization Act (Indian New Deal)
1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. End Allotment / extend trust period indefinitely Self governance provisions Federal $: services, education, jobs, land Policy tension: sovereignty vs. wardship
Japanese internment camps
1942-1945 forced removal of Japanese Americans to incarceration as a result of racism and discrimination, not actual military threat + former homes were sold or rented by the time evacuees were able to return + faced anti-Japanese newspaper rhetoric and housing + no apology from US gov't until 1988
Alianza Federal de Mercedes
1960s New Mexico group led by Reies Tijerina that fought for return of lands to Chicano New Mexicans + five years of protests, marches, burning barns, and an instance of raiding Rio Arriba County courthouse
Independent Indian Period
1960s. self-representation, not subject to imagery, revisioning of corn mother, construct themselves in the economy: casinos & pawn shops.
LA river revitalization project
1985> present: revitalizing the river:"what more perfect, symbolically resonant icon could we possibly find for an environmentalism that pays close attention to how equitably and sustainable we use nature in our everyday lives? (price) -Yes La has a river: -1985 friends of the LA river was founded -1989 proposal to use river as a dry season truck free way -1990 Mayr Bradley's task force on river revitalization -goes thru areas that are largely impacted in terms of air quality and a lot of black and brown neighborhoods -LA river revitalization serves as a means of integrating a lot of environmental actors (similar to the decommission of the 1980 in Oakland) -to revitalize the LA river is to tackle many of LA's problems- green it: create green spaces in poorest neighborhoods -Jenny price asks: should we follow Nordhaus and Shellenberger (the reapers) and disavow environmentalism for integrative progressive politics? price says no
The commons
A set of resources that a community views as accessible & beneficial to all members
4.) the prospector state: government and politics
A state is born: selective use of state powers in a fundamentally conservative (republican business-friendly) state -the state of CA has a Gov that serves the interest of capital (sets the institutional framework thru which all of what has already been described can be realized)
radical reclaiming of land
Afrikatown, a community garden built on a vacant lot by radical non-profit Qilombo, made local headlines in 2015 by refusing to relinquish the garden space to the owner who wanted to develop it into condominiums, citing alliances with online ppl who have a historical claim to the land, Africa town is open to all but explicitly exists as a space for ppl of color, black brown ppl in
Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in turn the US would not impose restrictions on the Japanese. and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them
Gender & Chinese immigration & labor
Agricultural work was done by men, most woman that came to Cali became prostitute and got into the laundry business. Chinese woman made it easier for Japanese woman because they were the first to come. Hawaii did not practice foot-binding therefore the woman could do similar work to men. - Mostly men immigrated to work and sent money home, they planned on returning at some point.
Types of Japanese labor
Agriculture, fish canneries, crop specialization, technology, consumer markets.
14th Amendment:
All people born in the United States are citizens directed at African Americans, plays out to help Chinese born in the U.S. because 14th amendment stated "persons," meaning any person born in the US (chinese or white) was a citizen by birth
CALFED
All state and federal agencies charged with water management in the Delta met to address: ecosystem quality, water quality, water supply reliability, and levee system integrity. FAILED in mid 2000s
Federal Indian Policy 3
Allotment-- Indians were given individual plots of land so that they could adopt capitalistic ways, cultivate the land, and get rid of their communal ways. Government could sell this land whenever and leave the indian helpless.
US v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
Ark was born in US and not given citizenship. The SC gave him citizenship
Immigration Act
Barred all who couldn't be citizens from immigrating (1924)
Page Act
Barred certain Chinese from immigrating into the US (1875)
Walter bectal
Bectal bay dames etc
Second Wave of Environmentalism (1960s-'80s)
Began with advances in scientific knowledge (Rachel Carson, etc.), Environmentalism's "heroic age." Upper-middle class, white, liberals who were self-concerned. Legislation>litigation. Industrial boom and affluence
Benefits of commons
Berkes -hardin too theoretical + too broad -open resource + commons different -ex of good commons: lobster, beavers before white people, forests in thailand, nepal + niger -de jure: state -de facto: people/open access
Benefit of the commons
Berkes, et al. -Hardin assumes all CPR systems are open access systems with no governance -Means to which common property regimes can be effective in managing common pool resources -Not universally accessible -CPR management in complex tenure systems -Use coercive means to run people off turf
Ideological Racism
Blatant idea of racism, KKK, white supremacist
Social constructions of Japanese immigrants & citizens - difference from those of Chinese
Both groups came and entered the bottom end of wage labor market. Differences: Chinese sought some niches, ex. restaurants. Not much upward mobility. They had a hardworking reputation. Cheap labor, dispensable, docile and obedient. Japanese: Came at a different time, different opportunities in agriculture due to development. Brought sophisticated knowledge and experience which allowed them to take better advantage of their situation. Community resources are greater, financial resources, experience in industrial society. Strong gov. resources. Untrustworthy, family oriented, more productive farmers than whites. Spies in WWII.
Indian removal & the trail of tears
Brutal savage, part of removal, reservation and war stage. Cherokee nation V. Georgia and Worcester V. Georgia
Union Pacific RR
Built east from Omaha, Nebraska
Segmentation
By race/class, different roles and skills, different crews with the same roles. Different languages and traditions separated people. Chinese were resourceful for capital. White owners threatened to hire different races, divide and control strategy and vertical labor chain.
Paterno v. State of CA (2003)
CA made to pay $500 million for damage from levee breakage along Yuba River during 1986 flood
Environmental Racism
Cancer alley, poor people live in worse environments.
race-against-race divide & control strategies of gold-mining & other capital in California a.)segmentation, remuneration, different forms of incorporation, new waves of immigrants, regional differences
Capital played different groups off one another (divide and control strategy) Segmentation by race/class -Different roles, different skills, different crews in same roles Remuneration/status by race/class -Wages, conditions, organization -Different groups of people who make different amounts of money (Chinese the least) Incorporation -Based on race, ethnicity (social constructions) -European migrants more incorporated than Asian migrants (kept separate) Waves of immigration (different sending countries) -Replaced older, more assimilated workers with less empowered groups US Region - race and labor -Asians in West, Irish (different "race") in NE, African Americans in South Chinese as "reserve army" to control white labor
Saxton, Chen, Limeric: what were the various objectives and terms used to describe chinese workers by: -capitalists -political elite -media Why? (serves political and economic ends)
Capitalists: peaceful, hardworking, economical,industrialist, quiet, docile (not a threat to white workers--> do menial,dangerous jobs) -cheap, hard working labor--> better for making $, justifies hiring them--> RR will be done sooner. renewable/expendable. Political Elite: courts said they are (morally) inferior, degraded -so that they can't testify against whites--> keeps power in white hands and out of the hands of chinese. maintains inequality. -leland when he ran for gov: dehumanized them, they are dregs of china. they can't vote so he didn't appeal to them. -chinese as a scape goat Media: threat, not capable of being american, stealing jobs of whites, inferior, won't assimilate -White people thought chinese hard working people took their jobs and drove down their wages
The people v hall (1854)
Case before supreme court of California, Chinese could not testify against whites. Increased vulnerability of Chinese
Gold Rushers on Gold Mountain
Chang Iris -sf for opp -85% of chinese = placer mining -not lazy -tech resourcefully -bachelors and gambling -taxes for chinese -xenophobic -vessels tax for every foreign brought in (harder to immigrate) -tax collectors= criminals, chinese good at avoiding them -people v hall: chinese can't testify against white -china town in sf because mining was too risky
Push/pull/means
Chinese: PUSH: 19th century China, British colonial activity driving a lot of the problems that pushed situation of war, geopolitical chaos in area, British trying to import both textiles and opium, Chinese government resisting leading to opium wars (1839). Imposition under treaty of manking, forcing Chinese government to pay for cost of war, chose to impose land pacts on peasantry of area, people who are subsistence farmers, tenant farmers who produced a little surplus and then forced to pay in cash unable to do this so leading to dispossession invisible inheritance - dividing up these tenancies to smaller and smaller plots, with rise of population, pushing sons of plots Floods, famines, the tiking rebellion, CHAOS MEANS: chain migration, momentum of news that motivates people, now know where to go/how to go ->Finance: credit ticket system, purchase ticket then spend 6-12 months paying off fair in US, or rotating credit systems by villages ->Policy: no formal restrictions on immigration to US until 1882. realistically no way to enforce immigration restriction PULL: Gold mountain, myth, high wages, chain migration
Noble Savage Period
Colonial era - 1840s. friendly & noble, kindly & cooperate, decline of NA life. Looking upright, dignified noble, roman noses. Metals = domesticated, diplomatic relationship with colonists. Ceremonial weapon = domesticated, peaceful. Claimed by european society as an associate. Catlin painting: paradise, not threatening, great plains tribe relaxing on rooftop of homes.
"America's Errand into the Wilderness"
Colonists remaking the terrain to fit their image
Hobbesian Condition
Competitive individualism precludes cooperation
III. The Hydraulic Era
Context: California had the nation's fastest-growing economy and population. Continued growth in agricultural and urban water demands. Progressive Era ideology. Public versus private utility ownership. Such growth required a shift in water and flood policy from local to interregional, state, and federal projects that could manage water over much larger distances. Shift in water and flood policy from local to interregional projects that could manage water over much larger distances. Large regional, interregional, and statewide water management schemes Involvement of state and federal agencies, as well as existing and new local authorities.
Enclosure (in NM)
Dispossession, free wage labor, and privatization.
Guangdong, China
Drastic population increases- 16 million in 1787 and 28 million in 1850. Led to poverty, chaos, insecurity, starvation, British domination of trade. Opium wars with floods and famine. Colonial government (Britain) came in and started to tax people, and many people couldn't pay these taxes, so the government took the lands of these people War (Taiping rebellion, etc.) Instability in the region Population was growing rapidly in the 19th century, and there was not enough land for everyone -Pearl River delta was more wealthy than the rest of Guangdong Divisible inheritance of land -Each individual in each generation of families would have less land than each individual of the previous generation -Unless they got rich and could buy more land, they would be stuck with not that much land -Stimulated rural migration: -Moving from rural regions to the cities -People needed jobs, so people from San Francisco started recruiting people for low wage labor
fractions of justice
Duboys: chicanery to expropriate hispanos of their land grants -ricos, politicos -dons: bad lawyers -in exchange for legal representation, recieved a portion of land, b/c Hispanos didn't have cash so they gave land -land grant commons: ejido- part that was sold. belonged to everyone -US had bad system: language barrier -Las Trampas:
Manitos
Dubuys -pre1880--> now -verguenza -society changed by white people -hard lives, but self reliant -partidos/partidarios: rent sheep -plots got smaller with time because divided among kids -**pastoralism, agriculture -poverty=salubrious -herbal-lore -time=slow reasons for change -cash money, ww2, buy supplies -population pressure (forest service= reduced grazing) -land partitioned= smaller and smaller plots -barbed wire ww1--> social norms and culture of verguenza -really dependent since great depression -RR changed things: -reliant -changed culture... saints day mixed to save money -xicanismo: loss of culture -partidarios -dispossession -fences
Introduction: place
Dubuys: Competition among the regions diverse cultures for limited resources (more competitive now). Culture = film through which you perceive world
Holistic Range Management
Ecologically healthy practice that recognized the sacredness of nature and didn't overgraze. Allows ecologically healthy rangeland and economically robust ranches to be compatible. Mimics nature→ graze like animals naturally would, use herding rather than ranching (Range - area within which grazing is done) Active management: - Control burn/ brush removal/ reseeding perennials Stakeholder management process: - Bring in ranchers who have an interest in success of management process. - Take into account the culture when making decisions, locals are involved
Asian immigrants' contributions to economy and democracy in America
Economy: niche production- laundries, things that whites weren't doing. AKA opportunity on the margins. Also were truck gardeners, agricultural labor, domestic service, cooking, trade, domestic services. In the railroad industry, they learned quickly, didn't strike, and were very clean. Democracy: -organized into enclaves to fight for constitutional rights.
Common Pool Resource Management System
Elinor Ostrom. Stop overuse of CPR thru legislation in beginning. Privatization according to Hardin. Trust in and legitimacy of policy is required to manage properly.
Immigration terms & concepts
Emigration: Sending country Immigration: Receiving county Sojourn: Coming but planning to leave Settlement: Coming and staying Chain migration: People from one area of a country go and set up conditions that make migration to the destination easier by sending back money infrastructure social networks and information connecting them with the country of origin.
Free Labor Force
Enclosure of the commons. Hispanos couldn't support themselves on the land, so they joined the labor force.
Characteristics
End of water development era. Conflict between interest groups. Agencies as Stakeholders tied to interests > turf wars. Declining role of federal (and state) government in infrastructure development Increased regulatory power of EPA, etc. Political deadlock. Litigation as a means of resolving conflict around environmental quality, conservation and management
Riparian rights
English and American common law. • Source: English Common Law. • Land ownership: Rights derive from ownership of property abutting natural watercourse. • Shared rights: Riparian rights are shared with all other riparians. • Use restrictions: Water may be used only on riparian land and within the watershed of the river from which it is diverted. • Scarcity & reasonable use: In times of shortage, water is apportioned among riparians on the basis of reasonable use. • Correlative rights: Rights are senior to appropriators and correlative to other riparians. • Title: Title cannot be lost due to non-use. • Suitability: The riparian system is ill-suited to the hydrology of the American West.
Hydrology of California
Enough precipitation in the mountains but less accessible/more difficult because of its location in the mountains. Currently Cali is dealing with a drought and are trying to transport water to places that need it (LA babyyy). The water problems began with the gold rush because they manipulated the water streams with flumes. Majority of water in Cali goes to agriculture instead of urban.
Pacific RR Acts of 1862 and '64
Established Union and Central Pacific RR Cos. Originally gave 5 miles of land on each side, later needed more land and allowed RR Cos. to have bonds.
CA Constitutional Amendment (1928)
Establishes reasonable use as LAW. End of Hydraulic Era.
General Allotment Act of 1887
Federal legislation that sought to assimilate Indians to American (White) culture by unilaterally changing their lifestyle and relationship to the land, specifically away from collective farming. Help native americans to be full citizens Yeoman farmers Make better use of unsuitable lands (sell them to whites) Forest reservations first More "fair" like Homestead Act. By 1932, ⅔ of all indian land sold to whites Reservation being overrun -- establish clear ownership Timber land sold, about ⅓ of reservation (Yurok) Division of tribal holdings into private allotments. Modeled on homestead act of 1862. Property rights: tribal community → private trust patent → private fee patent. "Surplus land" Incorporation: acculturation → assimilation = path to citizenship Trust doctrine implications: interpreted as temporary wardship as a means of encouraging indian independence & ending trust doctrine obligations Outcomes: land loss - taxes, private sale, "surplus land" auction Dependency: land loss - pauperization, acculturation, no viable political institution
Central Valley Project Improvement Act
From federal government. Fish/wildlife protection--800,000 acre-ft/year for ecological purposes, conformity with CA law, authorized transfer of project water (1992)
Turner's Thesis
Frontier process Narrative of civilizing the untamed wilderness Progress American character Underlying myths Ideology of conquest - Dualities: civilization vs. barbaric wilderness - Inclusion/exclusion: race, class, ecology
Tragedy of the commons
Garrett Hardin -Problem of overpopulation has no technical solution -Communal herding land would lead to a tragedy of the land because herdsmen would have self interest in mind -Pollution is issue because favorable to release waste into commons -Can't control breeding by just conscience or self-control
due to this social process AA in new orleans were largely relegated to areas of the city that were lower in elevation while most white residents lived in higher elevated areas
Geographic racial segregation
Malthusianism
Geometric growth of population/arithmetic growth of resources.
Cherokee Nation v Georgia
Georgia won, clarified that government was the dominant force over tribes.
Japanese means for leaving
Government policy and financial resources
Chinese diaspora
Guongdong (Kwantung) -90% of immigrants to California came from this province -mountains, a large river valley with all sorts of water available (the pearl river delta) -there are ppl who are migrating from the rural areas into the pearl river delta (still rural in some ways but a densely populated area) and then into the city itself -somewhat isolated from the centers of power in china
LA and Owens Valley (1913)
HA. Acquire water supply in norther Owens River Valley and build LA Aqueduct=WATER WARS
Commons
Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons. Resources available and beneficial for whole community
California drought causes
Higher air temp leads to higher evaporation rates. Higher air pressure leads to lower precipitation. Evaporation + lack of precipitation = drought
Hispano vs. Anglo Natural Resource Management
Hispano: - Culture: communalism - Socioeconomic organization: subsistence pastorialism- low population density with community-based watershed management (acequias) that entailed CPR sustainability - Had seasonal herds that moved to different places to take advantage of the seasons, etc. -Verguenza: shame if you are not a part of the community Anglo: - Culture: individualism competing self-interest, market, private property - Socioeconomic organization: capitalism (competitive self-interest); Private interest based management that resulted in CPR degradation. - Commercial ranching: enclosure- privatized the commons; ranching- large scale market demand, barbed wire fencing cheap way to define private property - For self and profit
-Settler:
Japanese communities were much more interested in settling, Japanese emigration policies were to establish settlement communities in the U.S.
Intensive Production
Livestock confined to small areas. Based on profit motive and individualism>community
Frontier as america's future (early 19th century)
Louisiana Purchase (1803): frontier as part of America's future 1820s-30s: economic & demographic expansion
Frontier as America's future
Louisiana Purchase, economic and demographic expansion
Tierra o Muerte ("land or death")
Man paid taxes for 25 years for the land but he ended up not getting it. Amador Flores: - Deed for 1,800 acres - Argument: he has had long tenure of the land, so it should be his - Judge ruled an injunction and said the family had to leave the land Francisco Martinez put in a request for a grant to the land to Congress around the 1860s, and in 1860, and he was granted the land, so he owned all 6000 acres of the land. - There is debate over whether he knew he owned the land or not because it was supposed to be common property - T.B. Catron purchased the land from the Martinez family, and then Catron filed a suit saying that Martinez sold the whole land to him - Court ruled in his favor, and he started selling off the land
Mining & railroads / ecological impacts
Mining: Tailings, mercury contamination, floods from hydraulics, stream bed erosion, fires out of control, deforestation, erosion, timber for flumes. Railroads: Deforestation, area for railroad, timber for fuel and railroad ties, dynamite, hurt wildlife/Indians.
National Audobon Society v. Superior Court (1983)
Mono lake decision. CA SC used public trust doctrine to say CA dams had to release water to Mono Lake to protect trout
Truck mining (N v. S)
North: more by percent, not by numbers, rented land, more concentrated geographically,
Okhiro
Not victims, did more than economic contribution (multicultural works) True significance of Asians in america =extended dem and social contract in: -workplace -equal education -linguistic and cultural rights
Colorado river diversion
Nothing reaches Colorado and it is dry now
Reclamation
Phase 1: 1850 - 80 geography: - northern delta - natural levees - accessible back swamp technology: - wheelbarrow brigade labor: - Small scale land owners going to Chinese contractors to hire labor -Contractors negotiates with landowner - Contractors provide room and board for workers being an intermediate - Terrible working conditions (Malaria Cholera) -More struggles than benefits - Techniques used to trick laborers financing: - small scale K, individual investors, speculators, reclamation districts - Reclamation districts Landowners were given tax matched by the state that would fund reclamation projects - State subsidizing Phase 2: 1880- 1920 - reclamation work towards the centers with lost of water (harder to reclaim) geography: - central and southern deltas, back swamps technology: - clamshell dredge - from mining to delta reclamation labor: - lower demand - recruitment of non-chinese technicians - better tech decreases need for labor financing: - large-scale, corporate capital, speculation, reclamation districts
Bret Harte: "the heathen chinee"
Poem Look at social construction of Chinese. Harte = liberal, wrote as satirical piece, pointed out hypocrisy and double standards of how Chinese are being treated. They are both cheating but Bill nye gets caught and whatever but when Chinese get caught he gets killed
Sustainable developement at Ganados del Valle
Pulido -Sus dev= mix of environmental justice (social) + ecological sustainable -not for aethetics -should be flexible Social: -livable wages -full developement of everyone and diverse backgrounds -not racist nor sexist Ganados: women weave and sell to tourists, ganados= cattle,
Financial paradox of railroad building
Railroads were needed for economic development, but the railroads wouldn't be making any money as long as there was no economic development. The railroad in itself was a very risky investment which made it very difficult to raise private capital - costs and risks not born by corporate entities - put costs and risks onto state and investors - remained unprofitable as long as there was a lag time for railroad development - very risky investment - looked to federal gov to solve
Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons"
Rational people will exploit shared resources (commons). Rational actor theory: maximize personal utility Hobbesian condition: competitive individualism prevents cooperation Common property regimes = ungoverned open access systems - no communication, rules, or adaptation limit use Property rights: hierarchy of social organization: private/state property above common property Solutions: optimize population to resources ratio. Means of optimization -> allocate resources by allocating rights. Privatize CPRs. Regulate property and reproductive rights by exercise of institutional authority/markets.
Japanese internment
Reasons: Geopolitical context - after WWII the Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act in 1948 helped Japanese Americans get settlement for lost land. 1983 Commission on Wartime relocation in civilians: Group of nine people to find out if it was just to intern Japanese Americans, concluded it was not. 1988 Japanese American Redress bill: Gave survivors of internment $20,000. -Reasons for Japanese Americans support of internment: Express patriotism and asked to be locked up because they disagreed with Japan. Also for safety reasons to get off the streets. - Lost property, wages, agricultural loss and family destruction.
New Western History (1980s-present)
Replace "frontier process" with dynamics of place & process Place as specific landscapes & social histories Process of conquest & colonialism A voice for invaded & subject peoples Expose the "assault on nature" Concentration of power & role of power elite Conflict & control of natural resources - property, place, legitimacy
Common Pool Resources
Resources produced by a core resource system, by which a limited quantity of fringe resources can be extracted without undermining reproduction of the system
"Prospector capitalism" in California
Richard Walker argues that California's golden road to growth is analyzed through property regime, industrialization, accumulation, and the state. - push for discovery and extraction - property regimes - regional accumulation - resource industrialization - the prospector state
6th Principle of Environmental Justice
Right to education based on diverse cultural perspectives and experiences.
3rd Principle of Environmental Justice
Right to ethical and sustainable uses of land and resources.
4th Principle of Environmental Justice
Right to political, economic, cultural and environmental self-determination
Lux v Haggin (1886)
Riparian rights>appropriative rights. Worked for East Coast, not so much CA.
gold mining ecology in california
Risks to human health: -consumption of contaminated fish, contaminated sediments, contaminated soil Challenges for land management: -public access to contaminated areas -physically hazardous sites -remediation of affected sites Environmental fate of Mercury: -Hot spots at mine sites -transport to downstream areas -bioaccumulation in food chain
River mining/dredging
River dredging mixed with mercury as it extracted gold and dumped the waste on the sides of rivers building tailings on the river banks of gravel and sand mixed with mercury
Transcontinental Railroad a.) land grants b.) chinese labor c.) resistance
Route -Contention over N vs. S Route -Caused delay from 1938, when it was first introduced -Civil War caused the South to secede, so they were no longer arguing for the southern route, and the northern route was chosen -1862: Pacific Railroad Act -1864: Pacific Railroad Act Construction -1863: Ground broken in Omaha (UP)/Sacramento (CP) -1869: Golden spike is driven at Promontory Summit, Utah -1880s: Second round of construction: Northern Pacific, Southern Pacific, Great Northern, short and feeder lines Cost: $136 million - average $64K/mi Pacific Railway Act of 1862/1864 -Federal Loans -Land grants (CPRR = 8MM acres) • 1862: 5 square miles on land per mile of railroad • This wasn't working because the railroads weren't building fast enough, so they made a change in 1864 • 1864: 10 square miles of land per mile of railroad • By the end of the process, the railroads had been given land equal to the size of Texas -Grants given in checkered pattern Graft, fraud, debt o Graft: the Central Pacific RR Set up a second construction company and funneled all the profits into it • The first company took on all the debt, and then said they couldn't pay it off, so they would go into bankruptcy and then not pay back the investors Chinese Labor: Social construction -"They learn quickly, do not fight, have no strikes that amount to anything, and are very cleanly in their habits. They will gamble and do quarrel among themselves most noisily but harmlessly." -Strobridge Labor market: mining skills, decline in mining work -Recruitment: hired all available in CA and recruited in China -Work force: 11,000 employed at a time -They were doing much more difficult work, so many more workers were needed Organization of work on the job: -Gangs of 8-20 under Chinese boss/foreman -Lived and worked in snow tunnels Remuneration: -$25-35 per month, self-boarding ($15-18 per month after expenses) Strike (1867): -Probably failed -$35 per month wages and corporal rights -Made people realize that they were not just obedient workers -Worked for their own benefit and worked to resist discrimination • Many of them died working on the job • Used black powder to make the tunnels, and even used nitroglycerin for a time, but too many died from that, so they stopped using that • They were doing the most dangerous and unhealthy jobs, and they brought their construction and mining skills with them o They filled a niche that no one else was willing to do • They were fed better than the white workers on the other end o They got fresh food with fresh vegetables o Didn't get dysentery as much as white workers because they were drinking teas that had been boiled in the morning
First Wave of Environmentalism (1850s-1950s)
Romanticism (Thoreau), Preservation (Muir), Conservation (Pinchot), and Progressivism (the elite).
Rural migration
Rural area to urban area: saw in China, Japan, Hispano's Enclosure, dispossession, seeking opportunities in city in expanding industrial economy
Geography and climate
Sangre de Christos - Rocky Mountains home of many legends. Contributed to human affairs with cultural diversity and ecological zones between it's tundra and desert landscapes Rio Grande - River that serves as a life line and flows through New Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico Diverse ecosystems from mountains to plains aridity
Geography and climate of New Mexico
Sangre de Christos: tall mountains, importance of mountains --> key ecosystems in high altitudes, spruce forests lower, juniper, sage, grasslands lower. Impacts of different CPR management approaches need to be aware of different ecosystem types. Mountains are key to large-scale ecology, key source of natural resources, water comes following annual dry season, concentrated stores comes down from spring after snow in mountains Nature is very active force, strong limits that people must adapt to, area is a place of conquest ARIDITY! Rio Grande: coming out of Colorado, coming through rio grande valley, primary area of settlement for Pueblo indians (established in northwestern New Mexico until 12-1300s pushed out of that area to resettle) and Hispanos settled between mountains -> high plains, high grasslands -> situated between Arizona, California
The Labor Force in California
Saxon -more women in Hawaii than Cali -mining in sierra nevada and trinity apls= more than 2/3 of chinese (1860) -RR or agriculture -growth on manufacture = big factor, chinese cheap labor made up for eastern ability to manufacture, often in no skill jobs -westen migration of working men -race market (only desperate hired chinese) -national industry: cigars (not competitive/threatening) -excluded from local industry -1/12 pop, yet 1/5 employed -contract labor -tight system, corrupt -class system -lots of irish and germans/austrians -old stock americans v. foreigners -displacement -lack of communication -order of caucasians= systematically killed chinese -Christianity > protestant catholic
Pastoralism
Seasonal pattern of migration (in New Mexico)
Federal Indian Policy 6
Self Determination -- indian activism, on their own.
Federal Indian Policy 4
Self Government (Indian New Deal)-- Indians were given political power over themselves, but still largely under control of US gov.
Hispano communalism & Verguenza
Shame in exploiting communal land and the expectations of restraint. Acequia was an example in terms of communal water
Sojourn/settlement
Sojourn - round trip (most Chinese), derogatory term as seen as expendable, not truly part of america settlement - staying in place where you are immigrating Japanese split between sojourn/settlement Different intentions/different realities
Chinese saw themselves as
Sojourners
Traditional Ecological Knowledge
Sophisticated science with intensive empiricism. Respect of nature. Complimentary instead of contradictory. Factual observations, management systems, past & current uses, culture & identity, ethics and values.
Encomienda System & Indian Labor
Spain established the encomienda system: small-scale plantation export agriculture limited by land, water, labor, and transportation. - Crown grants land and Indians to encomenderos (conquistadors), presidios (forts), and missions - (Pueblo) Indians granted protection and Christianity, and pay with goods and labor - Provided military service and labor in the plantations and the mines - Society is stratified with Spaniards at top and Indians at bottom - Pueblo religion suppressed→ revolt→ Spanish leave and come back 10 yrs later - Encomienda ended: Spanish peasants settle in area on small farms, intermarrying with Indians, kinship based, very little class distinction, some race distinction and slavery
Rio Arriba County
Starrs -hispano v. anglo H: communal, commodity, depository of history, culture, communal grazing A: individualistic, commodity -motivations and practice and ranching H: community, Acequias, identity, Transhumance, based on season A: economic imperative, not transhumance, grazing on same land, large lands owned by indiv -tenure rules and customs--> how enforced, how maps are made H: river--> rock, communal, A: defined plots, fences -what was forest service doing not recognizing land by supreme court, land= public domain, non-renewals of grazing rights--> given to individuals, left land alone, sold it *grazing was an important land management technique for the hispanos
Water Commission Act (1913)
Statewide understanding of distribution of surface water based on permits from the Commission
Commercial revolution in Northern New Mexico
Subsistence pastoralist MoP - [focus on substance, small-scale subsistence agriculture, CBS (corn, bean, squash) polyculture (crop nutrient quality), used animals for farming] transhumance, communal, subsistence, limited by ecology and location Capitalist MoP - instrumentalist and unrestrained, privatization, wage-labor, reclamation and railroads
Japanese internment geopolitical context of causes of Japanese American support for internment social, economic, & justice costs to Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans
Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in december 7, 1941 launched US into WW2. Social construction of japanese: not individual, hard-working under dictator, Nissei lack american loyalty. Executive order 9066, called for removal of all nissei on west coast. Parts of west coast made people who were italian, german, or japanese descent must be removed and interned. In reality, only the japanese were interned. Japanese who were interned lost much of their property. Split up families. In 1973, US decided it was a great injustice. Paid interned people $20,000 each. The 442nd regiment was a Nissei japanese americans fighting for US military in Europe. Motto "go for broke". Internment: loss and redress economic loss: property, profit, wages. Restitution and redress: 1948: japanese-american evacuation claims act 1983: commission on wartime relocation and civilians 1988: japanese american redress bill- $20K survivors. Agricultural loss: lost water rights and equipment was not preserved. Gidi: loyalty • Some welcomed internment in order to show loyalty to Japanese govenrment
Overblown with Hope
Takaki -Hawaii: sugar cane growers used chinese labor -could bring families--> control labor (women prevent revolt= stake) -labor was the limiting factor, not capital -set example for Hawaiian workers -diversity to reduce reliance on indiv ethnicities and reduce revolt b/c language barrier + competition -commodification of chinese -SF = hub for China trade -Chinese exclusiona ct -->racial antagonism -sojourners b/c will go back to home country in 3-4 -credit ticket system -maintained class system overseas -women as wives or prostitutes
Alien Land Act (1913 & 1920)
The California Alien Land Law of 1913 (also known as the Webb-Haney Act) prohibited "aliens ineligible for citizenship" from owning agricultural land or possessing long-term leases over it, but permitted leases lasting up to three years.
Gold Rush as myth
The ability to pick up gold nuggets in the mountains with your bare hands and minimal effort and be rich
William Bradford
The americas " a hideous and desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men."
Principles of environmental justice
The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, income, origin, with respect to the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws
Remuneration
The money they received for the work was decided by race/class. Different groups of people made different amounts of money. Chinese made the least and had the worst most intense jobs. Its F'd up.
Maya Angelou: On the Pulse of Morning
The poem aims to inspire in its audience a sense of unity and responsibility towards other people and the planet.
Federal Indian Policy 1
Trade and Treaties-- indians were making deals with the US gov't and actually benefitting from some of the trades. Some say indians were ripped off.
Garrett Hardin
Tragedy of the Commons.
Verguenza vs. Individualism
Verguenza: - "Shame" - Ideal of civic virtue: one should act with humility, share the wealth, spirit of cooperation; intersubjective approach - Shame based society; if you go too far out of the norm/outcompete others in your community, you are shamed; be one of the community rather than getting ahead Individualism: - Capital based work only focusing on the maximum accumulation of capital possible - Self-interested and concerned with market production. - Privatization & lack of restraints leads to the degradation of natural resources
Guandong, China: significance in California, 19th century
Where many Chinese immigrated from, led to poverty and chaos there and opium wars. Colonial government came and began taxing people, the people couldn't pay so their family land was taken away. Therefore people began to migrate to US.
Jeffersonian Yeoman farmer
White US citizens are told that to have a stake in society they must work the land and enjoy the fruits of their labor
Jap v. chinese discrimination and how they responded to that discrimination
Why did they come, how did they come, how did they respond to social org, how were they org **chinese: vertically integrated** Japanese: were more organized by...? what industries did japanese get involved in -how were japanese response by jap= ethnic solidarity
Japanese gender division of labor
Woman got involved with laundry and prostitution Men ran businesses. Both worked in fields, but then woman would also work in the home.
east Oakland
absentee landlords< declinng housing stock
Immigration terms and concepts
act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country
ideology that represents expansion etc
agrarian myth
Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
allowed merchants to enter, but prevented women and laborers to immigrate to the U.S. People who have citizens in the U.S. were still allowed to come, paper sons and daughters.
state property
an exclusive right of an artificial person; an extension of private property
social incorporation
assimilation/acculutration -enclaves, productive enclave in the railroad construction -migration: east coast, sojourning, paper sons and daughters (the ppl coming from china and staying in angel island, they were not actually related) -no major movement to assimilate and acculturate until the 1950s
mercury
bioaccumulates
Hydraulic mining
blasting mountain with high pressure water, erodes gold - ended up flooding cities and towns because of elevated rivers - wage labor ( mainly for Chinese people) to build flumes ( narrow channel with a stream running through it.)
Immigration Act of 1924
ceased immigration
Lobster
common pool resource management CPR
Core resources
commons with resources that are limited quantity and extractable -exhaustable -if you dont take too much, it reproduces itself
Corn-Bean-Squash Horticulture
corn's stalk provides structure, bean grows up the stalk because they grow on vines, squash grows on a vine along the ground and the vine covers the ground and protects it from drying out-- squash also kills weeds. Beans have legumes which carry out nitrogen fixation, an essential part of the nitrogen process.
Water Commission Act (1913)
dfs
unit 3 power relations and ideology
domination/marginality/ resistance
Chain migration
economic and social networks of opportunity in the US through kinship and village relationships.
Environmental Justice
fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies.
The Golden Spike
famous photo depicting the unification of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad + Chinese laborers excluded from the ceremony and photo + allowed Central Pacific Railroad to write the Chinese out of history, even though they provided the majority of the labor required to build the railroad
Worcester v Georgia
federal sovereignty trumps tribal sovereignty, but tribal sovereignty trumps state sovereignty.
Water Commission Act of 1913
first comprehensive regulatory system to administer new surface water rights. State Water Commission was established to issue permits and licenses to govern water rights Exemptions: Riparian rights and groundwater rights were exempt. Referendum: passed by state election, December 19, 1914 Limits to jurisdiction: State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) - the successor to the Water Commission - regulates through the permit and license system less than half of the water used by agricultural and urban interests in California today. Foundational: laid foundation for modern regulation of water rights and use in California. increased Authority: Over time Today the State Water Resources Control Board also has the power to enforce reasonable use and the public trust on all water users regardless of the type or source of their water rights. Permitting/licensing: surface water appropriations initiated after this date must be authorized by a water rights permit. Appropriations existing before this date require no permit or license and are commonly known as "pre-1914 rights."
Mono Lake
fjoeiwaa
Central Valley Project (1933)
fojwie
involuntary separation
forced to separate from country/culture
Cultural Pluralism
functional integration but limited cultural integration (mainstream white culture and others subordinate)
crown grant
given by crown. --> encomiendos? -pay in goods and labor? -crown gave grants to establish territories -merced -one name on grant
multiculturalism
great cross-cultural understanding and distribution of power.
Brutal Savage
indians depicted as barbarians, with malicious intent, ready to fight and murder.
Noble Savage
indians depicted as innocent, civilized, have good intentions, good people.
Conquered Peoples
indians shown as conquered, subordinate, forced to live in a way that they would not on their own.
Native Title
indigenous group must demonstrate continuous association with the claimed area and must assert an identity that is traditional and distinctive from white communities
Tierra Amarilla Grant
individual plots of land shared in common were eventually turned over to a private owner, thus limiting access to the commons
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period
Rational actor theory
maximize personal utility
universalist
melting pot, disappear and change it.
rural migration
moving from rural areas to cities
Chinese adoption of economic and resource niche production
niche production- opportunities on the margins Placer mine tailings -Mined the waste and find gold in it Using sociocultural resources -Bringing their knowledge of the earth and worked together Entrepreneurship- mining companies, merchants. Worked as truck gardeners, agricultural labor, fishing, trade, laundry, cooking, construction, etc.
• "Benefits of the commons" (i.e. Berkes, et al.)
o Students of Elinor Ostrom / colleagues/ followers o Have a critique of Harden - article benefits of the commons o His findings are reasonable, but do not actually hold up in data - lots of successful and unsuccessful common property management systems o If you go around the world, you see all sorts of common tenure system management of CPRs, also ones that fail
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court (1983)
oifff
negroization of the Chinese
on the west coast, Chinese Americans occupied the lowest ranks in the racial hierarchy ladder
Rio Arriba County
one of the poorest counties in New Mexico + tourism provides low-wage jobs in the service industry and land speculation + high percentage of people live below the poverty line + 400 years of grazing impacted the landscape and economy + dispute involved Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service, and Spanish speaking residents
Guardianship theory
one party has responsibility for another & thus some kind of power over them & their property
environmental justice
opens conversations by considering how poor communities of color seem to suffer inequitable distribution of environmental burdens
Power and identity and their role in natural resource management-
operated as niche producers. They had mining skills and were willing to work for less payment than white workers Those with power control resources (whites)
3)
participation in the implementation of rules
Tragedy of commons
population collapse in inevitable, will over use, must use coercion need controls on reproduction and resources: taxes
Mexican sovereignty
private grazing grants, commodification of land, settlement population increased. Weak state led to Indian raids
• Enclosure:
privatization, dispossession, free wage labor o Privatization of land leading to disposition of those who had relied on public lands o Wage labor force: keeps workers at bottom of wage labor system o The state played an important role in seizing land, establishing institutions, laws, agencies that supported private property and commerce o Inventory, surveying, land, reinscribing it with new boundaries, disposing of it from the general land office into private lands o A lot of the land seized by gov from Hispanos, how were people disposed of lands though federal seizure • We don't recognize communal plains, all that lands in mountains is sovereign territory of New Mexico, we are going to dispose of it to ranchers, etc. o Values: rational self interest, utilitarian vision of public goods, invisible hand allocates goods and services to benefit the most, no accounting for the environmental and social externalities that devastated landscapes and communities
niche production
productive niches in the economy open to non whites
surplus value
profits realized over costs of production and exchange
Pacific railroad acts of 1862 and 1864
promoted the construction of a transcontinental railroad through authorizing government bonds and land grants to rail companies
Environmental justice movement
promotes the fair and equitable treatment of all people with respect to environmental policy and practice, regardless of their income, race, or ethnicity - a way of reclaiming those spaces
hispanos indians
pueblo indians
factor that made people leave china -opium wars and economic trife -conflicts of ethnic groups -lack of opp for farming comm
push factors
Chinese migration and labor a.) push and pull factors b.) gender and labor
push factors: -floods, war, famine. -Geography: isolated, limited arable land. -Social institutions: clan, village-based social organization. 1850-1873: 60 million decline in population of Chinese from migration and starvation. -Economy was in poverty, with an imperial British dominated Opium War trade policy. -Had lots of floods and famine. Pull factors: -"Gold Mountain"- labor shortage in the U.S. with the highest wage level in the world. -Chain migration- economic and social networks. -Labor- Chinese desired as cheap, docile labor MEN only.
Japanese: push, pull, means
push: - Japanese national land tax - population growth - primogeniture: all land goes to eldest son (paying more taxes) - fewer options for people in rural areas pull: - wage labor opportunities - potential for land ownership, chain migration, adventure - network-based opportunities - demand for laborers in California - Japanese in Hawaii --> Hawaii becomes part of U.S means: - gov emigration policy - sojourners - establishing communities overseas encouraged by gov - sending healthy middle status people abroad - encouraging family diaspora
loopholes:
put the land in the name in your children that are citizens, or rotating plots every 3 years. -form corporation with a non-Asian, white person, and have a minority ownership, 49%/51%
Bay Area as a Place
race, class, environmental, gentrification, contradictions, - intersection of nature and culture - contradictions are the essence of the Bay ex) active displacement around the Bay
Financial paradox of railroad building
railroads are necessary for economic development, minerals, resources and lumber but are only useful if industries are developed in areas the train goes thru
Causation
reasons to forget the past, over reliance on levees (cant separate nature from society), Louisiana is a purple state but federal/state republicans were not so interested in saving people via funding. Attitude of indifference, expertees, wealth should be in the private sector and not the public sector.
Watershed-based natural resource management
semi-aridity so snow in high country transfers to the flat lands as melt water
means
technology, transportation, financing, policy etc -human capital= what sort of skills do u have that can allow u to get from one place to another
gold rushers a.)phases of gold mining: technology, labor, capital b.) Chinese experiences in gold mining
the 49er- independent individual working by himself to get some wealth contrast w/ yeoman farmer b/c stake in dev. of resource- democracy 1. Placer Mining: starting 1848-53 (continued through other phases, but in lower quantities) -Technology (T): simple technologies like picks, pans, rockers, and borers -Capital (K): just need a little bit; limited -Labor (L): Could be very simple, groups of 5 Chinese would mine in groups of 20 -Nature (N): at first there was abundance By mid 1849, it started to dwindle, and by 1853, it had really declined -Social Organization: mixed race operation -Chinese miners were accepted and respected during the initial phase (placer mining) 2. Hydraulic mining: starting 1852/53 -Using technology to create geological movement on a human time scale Hydraulic mining can have effects on the landscape for hundreds of thousands of years, like in Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park -Use of many natural resources, water being the main one Timber to create flumes Dams to create reservoirs at higher elevations -Shoot water at the mountain to erode the rock, and then use larger sluice boxes to get the gold Take water from a stream and divert it to a reservoir high in the mountains through flumes -Use pipes to bring it to lower elevations, and then shoot it out of the huge nozzles that they had -T: all the equipment, like flumes, huge sluice boxes, water cannon, etc. -K: big capital funding to pay for all the equipment Hire water companies to make it work, etc. -L: wage labor Coordinated labor to build flumes, etc. -N: rock that is being blasted away -Put to an end by a court order because the water was encroaching on farmer's properties and ruining the property 3. Hard rock mining: starting 1860s (continued through final phase) -T: flywheels, structures to support the mountain, ventilation, transportation, hauling, etc. Similar to some of the technologies needed for skyscrapers in San Francisco Stamp mill: still getting big chinks of gold ore, so you put this through the stamp mill, which crushes up the ore, and then mercury can be added, and gold sinks to the bottom and mercury floats to the stop, so take out the mercury and just have the gold (look this up) -K: large amounts of capitals coming from financiers and banks in San Francisco, who are coming to control all the mining -L: lots of wage labor needed to do all the work Cornish, Irish, and Chinese miners would come here -N: rock being destroyed to get the gold 4. River dredging: starting 1880s -Scoop up sediments from the river and then essentially use a stamp mill to separate the gold -Leaking mercury into the river -Dumps the waste in the river, and that makes a wall of the waste in the river that comes out of the water Mining tailings: waste that comes from mining Walls can be very dangerous because they have toxic chemicals and things like that, so if they collapse, it contaminates the water -T: machines that did the dredging -K: the machines had to be funded -L: wage laborers -N: gold mixed in with the sediments of the rivers Social organization: -Enclaves, clan-based communalism, mutual aid societies (Six companies, Tongs) -Sojourners -Young, single men -Social networks: absorb risk Niche production: opportunity on the margins -Placer mine tailings Mined the waste and find gold in it Entrepreneurship: mining companies, merchants, etc. Provisioning, trades, and services: -Truck gardening, agricultural labor Truck gardening: grow fruits and vegetable on a small scale and then sell it to miners -Fishing -Laundry / cooking No laundry services for a while that people had to send laundry back to the east coast or china to get it done Race and contention over resources -1852: Foreign miners tax ($3/ month) -1854: People v Hall: Chinese can't testify against whites -Resistance: enclaves, niche production, litigation, etc.
distributional justice
the frame work we talked about it in today -workers produced incredible infrastructure and support the entire ettiface but they don't see any profits -question of surplus value or profit -their labor created something, should it have created parties for the wealthy and military that will fight them in the street -can use the concept of surplus value relative to profits to examine claims that workers might have to the fruits of their labor
private property
the individual's right to exclude
common property
the individual's right to not be excluded
usufruct right
the right of an individual to use and enjoy the property of another on specific terms (ex time period), provided its substance is neither impaired nor altered
control rights
the right to assign other rights
Common Property
the rights to certain resources are held by large groups of individuals. community members' right not to be excluded
Transhumance Pastoralism
the seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures
dialectical interaction
the synthesis sets stage for future limits and opportunities.
tenure
the system of rules defining the allocation of property
"Land of Many USes"
there was a grazing permit reduction; was originally fee - based and then became free. Land was actively restored via reseeding, education, and juniper chaining which provided a large amount of trees.
saying said by hispanos
tierra o muerte
middle class black flight
to hills out of the city
Holistic Range Management
try and mimic nature, have herding, active management of rangeland through the controlled burn/ brush removal and reseeding of perennials
migration
typically about moving within a country
Frontier as a crude outback
uncivilized society, settlers = backwoodsmen/frontiersmen, mixing w indians culturally/ genetically
Frontier according to Fred Turner
untamed wilderness, underlying myth was Agrarian Ideal and manifest destiny. Dualities: civilization vs. barbaric wilderness.
use value
utility of a thing, independent of labor
• 14th & 15th Amendments
• 15th: voting rights for every citizen regardless of race • 14th Amendment: • Citizenship clause (anyone born in US is a US citizen), • Due process clause (prohibits state from depriving a person of life/liberty/property without following procedures, no denial of rights to anyone in US - right to hearing in court, to be notified if accused of something) • Equal protection clause (state provides equal protection under law to all people in state's jurisdiction
Alien land act (1913 and 1920)
• 1913 CA Alien Land Act: copied by other states. Barred all aliens ineligible to citizenships from owning/leasing land for over 3 years at a time in a given place • Were loopholes: involved being able to lease land and rotate, put privately held land in the name of son/daughter citizen, if living in a community, could move through lands of kinship group and rotate farming operations within same community, suited truck gardening • 1920 Land Law: Restricted further. Ended ability to lease lands. Still ways to get around this - informal contracts with Whites • Made farming challenging but were wildly successful, citrus
Japanese v Chinese experiences in the US
• Chinese faired more poorly than Japanese 50 years later • Different time and place, already developed, agriculture had developed to the point that poeple knew how to grow certain crops in certain places. Took a long time to figure this out, Japanese came at this time. Technology such as groundwater systems helped • This plus support from gov, education, cultural knowledge plus communities made it possible • Both started as cheap wage labor, but Chinese were even driven out of this, discriminated against in Chinese Exclusion act, 90% urban population by 1920, Japanese had a 45% rural population - making their fortune on the land. This led to a great deal of hatred • Were able to entre into the hard working middle class
• WWII propaganda images of Japanese on lecture Powerpoint slides
• Suggests to: compare images of Chinese vs Japanese
Free Speech in 1964 and 2014
Key themes of FSM oratory: link between civil rights movement and berkeley student movement, the unresponsiveness of bureaucracies, need for students to convert universities from mere trade schools to centers of thought and social change 2014: we dream of productivity, of making Every Moment Count. Wisdom has been replaced by mere knowing
Reclamation as means of entry into tenancy Because it allowed Chinese opportunities to make network connections with land owners, who learned to trust them and expect responsible and productive resource management from them
Largely Chinese workers were able to move into tenancy once land was reclaimed for agriculture, people weren't excited about living there, really hot, malarial swamp, floods all of the time bc of mining But Chinese perfect niche was perfect if you had established relationship with landowner, proven to be productive, trusted and communal culture where you can draw on others in community for money and invest in leasing land, lease land based on established relationship often paying more than whites would pay
Capitalist Mode of Production - Culture & ideology of capitalism - Use of natural resources in northern NM
- Used by Mexicans (1820s) - Class based division of labor: capitalists/workers/manager - Capitalist class owns means of production→ use wage labor to produce things→ exchange in market for a profit→ reinvest and start over - Conversion of common lands to private property created free wage labor (profit motive for capital accumulation) - Means of Production: raw material, factories, tools Capitalism: - Competitive self-interest results in best results for everyone - Profit and mobility Natural resources in Northern New Mexico: - Grassland, agricultural land, minerals, timber
Common pools resource management
Looking at different groups/different forms of governance/impacts of management systems on ecosystems/modes of production/tenure systems
Gold Rush
...
Ostrom's framework for evaluating long-term sustainability of CPR systems
1) Clearly defined boundaries 2) Rules of utilization adapted to the local situation 3) Participation in the implementation of rules 4) Surveillance 5) Sanctions, increased step by step 6) Organized conflict resolution 7) Accepted right of organization
Immigration Terms & Concepts
1) Emigration - leaving a country 2) Immigration - coming into a place 3) Rural migration - move from rural areas into urban areas 4) Sojourn - temporary move and then come back 5) Settlement - move to some place and stay 6) Chain migration - when immigrants make it easier for more people to make the same trip 7) Incorporation - how the new group fits in
14th and 15th amendments
14th: citizenship clause - all those born in US are citizens, no denial of rights to due process of anyone in US (right to hearing in court, to be notified if you are accused in court), equal protection clause to all persons (residents in US) 15th: voting rights equality regardless of race
Brutal Savage Period
1820s-1880s. fright, scariness, threat. Indians as victimizers. Took white woman and child hostage. Captured by indians. NA attacked New Ulm. Hanging of 38 Sioux men at Mankato = order being restored against threat of chaos, violent response. Kaufmann: straight lines of european society. Trains = progress of western society. Invasion of territory, natives derailing progress.
Transcontinental Railroad - Land grants by governments - Chinese labor & resistance
1862 Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific railroad competition Labor: - CPU needed 5000 workers, had 800 white laborers→ hired Chinese - Originally gave them light jobs bc they are "delicate"→ Later hired almost all chinese - Paid $30 like whites, but did harder work and had to pay own room and board - Only chinese allowed to use nitroglycerin (Bomb)→ Many died Resistance: - Strikes→ failed - Lawsuits/ legal battles→ failed
Common pool resource management
A form of commons (set of resources that community views as ideally accessible necessary for all members) Form of commons core resource system produces that exists that produces enough resources that can be extracted (fringe resources) in order for the system to not collapse. Grassland CPR: grass, grass-seed, sun, water, soil, grazers, insects, micro-bacteria, all of the things that make it possible for that system to reproduce IF you take a certain amount of grass each year and the system can reproduce, the core resources have not been extracted only the fringe resources. Yet if you bring in 10000 cattle then they have gone beyond extracting fringe resources and the system can't reproduce.
Gold Rush as Myth
"Gold Mountain" highest wage labor in the world→ Myth was that you could just pick up giant gold nuggets from the mountains with your bare hands/with minimal effort. - Gold Mntn is a Chinese myth: single men coming to make their fortune, hardened, will do whatever it takes, rugged individualists - Coming to mine resources not coming to engage in lockean labor, establish; Take what you can & move on - Myth ignores racially diversity b/c investment is necessary to sustain mining operations (industrialization of system through complicated machinery) - Myth ignores ecological and social externalities
Naturalization act of 1870
"aliens, ineligible for citizenship" Sign of ambivalence pushed by California politicians, but national act, foreign born Chinese are labelled aliens and not eligible for citizenship, anti Chinese sentiment grew, waxed and waned with economy Great depression -> the long depression 1873-96 series of depression/recession, severe depression large unemployment, Irish were the first to let go, but Chinese were seen as complacent to capital as they were lower wage, provided services to wealthy, wealthy still wanted access to, micro enterprises that they wanted to sustain even in hard times. Chinese did better than Irish at this point Denise Kearney - effective orator against Chinese, gets crowds, against Chinese, against capital. motto is "Chinese must go", founds workingmen's party of San Fransisco, become very successful in attacking Chinese and capital, go from the streets to city hall have mayor elected become national force and align with labor movement and become seen as threat to establishment which leads to series of exclusion acts. Chinese exclusion act of 1882 - forbids labor and women, except for Chinese who were citizens or had relatives of citizens. first US restriction on immigration, initially only 1o year policy but renewed and then made permanent.
Anti-Chinese Policy & Resistance
Anti-Chinese Policy: - 1852 Foreign Miner's Tax: ($3/month) for Chinese workers - 1854 People v. Hall: Chinese can't testify against whites, leading to violence - 1870 Naturalization Act: Foreign-born Chinese can't be citizens - 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: No immigration of Chinese laborers/women. - 1892 Geary Act: Made the Chinese Exclusion Act permanent Resistance: - cultural heritage, enclave community networks (e.g. Chinatown, camps, etc.) - Migrated away and also fought for political constitutional rights. - Paper sons and daughters
Placer mining/hydraulic mining/hard rock mining
**Changes in technology, capital, labor, nature** See process playing out in cycle people coming in extracting resources, changing the nature of the ecosystem, removing the available resources, seeking new technologies, new locations to extract resources in new ways, depends upon new relationships between capital and labor, new forms of investments in these technologies, means of production, development of wage labor force rather than individualism. 1852 - invention of monitor nozzle - made possible large scale hydraulic black powder drilled into hillside blown up and nozzles pointed at hillside to strip. new investment, infrastructure, technology. whole system of mineral extraction becomes capitalized, a lot by whites but also Chinese. environmental destruction, forests chopped, water storage systems in place, end up causing fires, industrial system of sparks (rocks moving, etc) as these areas become less accessible start sinking shafts into mountain and extracting gold, requires even more investment and infrastructure. CYCLE!
Social Constructions of Japanese Immigrants & Citizens - Difference from those of Chinese
- Both groups come and enter the bottom end of the wage labor market Chinese: - Seek some niches, restaurants, etc., but usually stay, not a lot of upward mobility - Thought of as hardworking, cheap labor, dispensible/interchangable, docile/easily managed, Japanese: - Came at a different time, so opportunities in agriculture had developed remarkably (wide range of specialty crops, possible to grow in marginal lands by sinking irrigation wells, deep well pumping technologies, to convert the land and "make the desert bloom") - Brought more sophisticated knowledge & experience; they have it "together" in a way that allows them to take advantage of their situation - Community resources are much greater: financial resources, experience in industrial society, strong government resources, higher educations - Thought of as untrustworthy/threatening, family oriented, more productive farmers than whites, spies b/c WWII
Environmental & social causes of change in California's reception of Chinese immigrants
- Chinese went from being "celestial beings" to enemies with the advent of gold being discovered in CA mines - 1850s Immigration law: Only those naturalized in the U.S. should receive state benefits and those immigrants shouldn't have the same privileges/ rights as these citizens - Many different classes and races crowded around rivers. - United States viewed Chinese as opposition. - 1873-1876: "Long Depression"→ 14% unemployment.
Gold rushers - Phases of gold mining: technology, labor, capital
- Gold available in certain places in the landscape, extractive activity that requires technology and capital - As that process plays out, the landscape changes, the resources are available in different forms and places - Need new forms of technology to access those resources, need new technology and more labor
Hydrology of New Orleans, New England, California
- Most rainfall in NO, then NE, and finally CA - Rainfall drives what resources are available - Brought cattle to NE→ thrived because lots of rainfall and grass - Most rainfall in NO and river led to fertile soils→ advantageous agriculture
Japanese internment - Geopolitical context - Reasons for Japanese American support for internment - Social, economic, & justice costs to Japanese immigrants & Japanese Americans
- Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in december 7, 1941 launched US into WW2 - Executive order 9066: 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion - All Japanese descendants excluded from California coast - US decided it was a great injustice so interned people were given $20,000 each (Japanese American Redress Bill) Lasting Consequences: - Loss of property, profit, wages - Lost water rights and equipment was not preserved. Reason for Japanese support of internment: - Some welcomed internment in order to show loyalty to Japanese govenrment
Mapping the Bay
Be prepared to talk about your understanding of place, and the maps that you read about and thought about Bay area has most extensive greens in country. It is a country in a city. Just as many country components as urban. There is urbanized countryside and ruralized city. The city and country coevolve. Open spaces humanize the city. Women have been strong leaders in protecting the bay, though this is hidden in history. Importance of elite in land conservation and nature protection. And considerable working class support. Green political culture. Places have character, they are not just where things occur. Must pay attention to the PLACE. ex: bay area is a place of unique with its green public culture.
WWII propaganda images of Japanese on lecture Powerpoint slides
Compare images in slides from Japanese farming internment lecture to Chinese images - heathen or Chinese immigration pics
Values of 19th century version of capitalism in the West
Competitive individualism, rational self interest, utilitarian vision of public good, invisible hand in market place that allocates services for greatest good ing greatest number. No accounting for environmental and social externalities that ended up damaging resources and landscapes.
"Benefits of the commons" (Berkes et al.) Challenging notion that things can be managed using common property tenure system! Allocation of property rights is not the only way to achieving CPR sustainability. Empirical studies of CPR management under common, private, state property rights systems suggest that each of these systems may lead to degradation of sustainability.
Critique of Harden, basically to critique his methods as they are not empirical, they are a matter of reasoning, if you go out into the field and conduct field work cases studies on different common pool resources systems there are all sorts of different types of governance, tenure systems, that under pan both successful/unsuccessful sustain/unsustainable resource management systems One key mistake is Harden assumes that all CPR management regimes that are under common property tenure systems are effectively unregulated as you get more and more people/sheep are open access systems in which non one can stop anyone from coming into system and taking. That is simply not the case!!! There are effective common property management systems of CPR, some fail but some don't, some private ones fail.
Maps
Map is an arbitrary selection of information Every place is infinite, a static map cannot express change and the world is in constant change Every person has multiple maps of friendships, desires, etc in a place San Francisco is a jumbled dense city of tons of people and maps Maps are tickets to territory, you can add to it Can't be completely comprehensive cities are infinite, space is unlimited once upon a time SF was a city of immigrants, a select few people were turned into millionaires and railroad corporation made it a city of money. Riots, protests so much has gone on SF has a heart centered around the UN Plaza and the Civic Center that brings together the history of the city's victories and disgraces Bay area is critical part of the military machine, not all peace movements and left politics like some people think. From thermonuclear bombs to robot soldiers, holds powerful array of right-wing organizations, major universities are hubs of research for war and dominance Many organizations involves in Iraqi war Stanford university - place where technology and business hybridized to create powerhouse companies Two maps you read about and the maps you imagined
Ecological Impacts of Mining & Railroads - Tailings, mercury contamination, deforestation, erosion, etc.
Mining: - Mercury contamination - Tailings: waste from mining - Floods from hydraulic mining - Stream bed erosion - Fires out of control from mining camps - Deforestation - Timber for flumes - Flooding ruining trees - Hydraulic mining erosion Railroads: - Deforestation - Space for RR - Timber for fuel for engines (so much was needed) - Railroad ties - Dynamite: rock waste - Hurt wildlife & Indians
Food deserts in Oakland: historical causes
Demarcated devaluation of capital in transition from industrial to post-industrial city. Demarcated devaluation: areas of city demarcated by red lining, transportation construction, lost value in terms of infrastructure, housing stock, human capital, educational attainment in those areas, health, skills, employability Particularly with industrialization you have immigration of many african americans during WWI and you have historically mixed, most diverse city in west for long time Associated with manufacturing complex becomes residential area for many african americans as industry draws people in with WWI and WWII shipbuilding/automobile manufacturing, series of industrialization, jobs but then have discriminatory lending practices make it difficult to get loans, establishment of temporary housing projects during WWII that are segregated, bank, redlining, security maps that divide city into rank areas that area assigned different levels of risk by bankers so you couldn't get loans from banks Spatial demarcation East Oakland from white working class to largely area of white flight, low income african american latino area primarily, with all of this decreased property taxes in Oakland, reinforces story of structural racism, plays out in food markets, retail markets, takeover of these markets by large grocery stores (ex Safeway). West Oakland no access to good food
Food deserts and racial projects in Oakland, California
Dietary public health crisis in low income African American communities in Oakland Retail markets followed residential patterns. Supermarkets took over, small, independent grocers failed, supermarkets responded to economic changes in cities and white flight by closing, often only accessible by car. Food desert conditions: limited access to healthy, affordable food. Liquor stores, junk food, ethnic markets, prices higher than supermarkets, fresh produce unavailable, diabetes/obesity skyrocketing The food movement: challenge the conventional food system by establishing alternative sustainable production, distribution, and consumption systems in which individuals may "vote with their fork" to affect positive change Critique of conventional: differential access to food, food system = racial project, lack of authority Food system inequities are a manifestation of structural racism. Can't just focus on elitist narrative of consumer choice and environmental sustainability but take into account differential access to food and needs by disempowered communities
Asian immigrants' contributions to economy & to democracy in America
Economy: - Niche production: Created laundromats, gardeners, domestic service, etc. (things that whites weren't doing) - In the railroad industry, they learned quickly, didn't strike, and were very clean Democracy: - Organized into enclaves to fight for constitutional rights
Environmental impacts of hydraulic mining & how it was stopped
Enviro. Impact of HM: - Horrible floods→ virtually entire central valley is flooded - Impacts the viability of agriculture, affects reclamation work in the delta How it was stopped: - State intervention through courts, specifically in the Sawyer court case→ led to permanent injunction against hydraulic mining - The Sawyer decision was made when mining was DONE and there was a shift to agriculture
Japanese ethnic solidarity (Ronald Takaki)
Establishing settlement communities with distributed financial resources, credit to lease land, purchase seeds, educational programs with outreach to farmers sponsored by these communities Development of vertically integrated ethnic enterprise network - east bay for instance you have Japanese who were supplying seeds to farmers in valley, sell products through Japanese marketing cooperatives, in community or in LA
Chain migration
Establishing settlement community, enterprise, industry in receiving country where people can establish themselves and send money back to regions therefore draw people to those places Very important
Japanese internment
Executive Order 9066/ farming and economic loss Within short period of time after bombing of pearl harbor (1942), roosevelt signs EO 9066 which authorizes the war relocation authority to be established and issue proclamation #1, removal of all Japanese americans from California, Washington, Oregon, Arizona, some people being able to get out of removal by finding opportunities outside of that area yet limited because weren't many communities outside of those areas. you could join army, many were oriented toward generating nationalism and support to US, Lost a lot, agriculture was particularly vulnerable, farms particularly vulnerable, loss of perennial crops, loss of access to leased land, loss of access to credit, debt associated with farms, loss of land productivity, break down of farm infrastructure and equipment
Case study of Northern New Mexico and natural resource management practiced by Hispanos, Anglos, US Forest service, Ranchers
Framed in terms of Wurster's nature,society, culture, broad categories. Themes of new western history: approaching turner's notion of frontier process - building american character democracy on frontier Dynamics of place (specific place, specific environmental history involving specific people) and process (conquest, ongoing colonial denomination, powerful interests) Changes in environment, importance of power elite, voicing perspectives of marginalized people. Looked at environment in american west, the environment and semi-arid nature of environment has effect on establishing certain parameters on how people interpret (cultural lense) opportunities and limits and socially organize. Property, identity, resource management Looked at Hispanos Looked at changes of commercial revolution of late 19th century, capitalist mode of production. Starting point for framing Units 3 and 4 in terms of understanding how different groups fit into the development of natural resources in american west. New Mexico was case study for seeing how these processes play out in similar processes in California, a commercial revolution
Reclamation playing out in 2 phases: 1850s-1880s, 1880-1920s
Geography: a lot of islands, some areas easier to reclaim that aren't as watery, those are first areas to be reclaimed Technology, Labor, Finance Arkansas Swamp act - federal gov gave land to California under requirement that they dispose of it for reclamation purposes, so gets sold cheaply, land gets subdivided into small parcels Investors buying small parcels of land and building manmade levees (not like New Orleans) trapezoid of earth Wheel barrow brigades - Chinese workers building these things, in easier more accessible areas it doesn't take a big investment By 1880s the central area is difficult, larger holdings, corporate investment in technologies, larger land, plays out like mining, as you use up resources in one are you move to another but requires more investment.
Guandong, China: Significance in California, 19th C
Guandong: - Drastic population increases: 16 million in 1787 and 28 million in 1850→ Led to poverty, chaos, insecurity, starvation, British domination of trade - Opium wars with floods and famine - Colonial government (Britain) came in and started to tax people→ many couldn't pay taxes, so land was taken away - War (Taiping rebellion, etc.) - Instability in the region Significance in CA: - Loss of hereditary land stimulated rural migration - Moving from rural regions to the cities - People needed jobs, so people from San Francisco started recruiting people from China for low wage labor
Tragedy of the Commons ->argues that CPR systems collapse unless some authority allocates and enforces property use rights in order to sustain a favorable ratio between population and resource productivity, must be enforced by power of state or some form that users see as legit -> assumes that all resource users are rational actors in a competitive marketplace and make decisions based on short-term self interest of individuals, assumes that there is no communication outside of the market aka impossible for users to limit use by negotiating with one another and realizing shared interest in conserving resources.
Hardens notion that in a large grassland commons with many sheep grazing the benefits of putting one extra sheep onto CPR then benefits goes to individual. Incentives to put more sheep on it, yet eventually the costs of putting on the additional sheep will be born by everyone as they eat all the grass and the system can no long er support any sheep and collapses - TRAGEDY of the commons. Parable about population - moral of story don't reproduce.
Gold mining ecology
Hydraulic mining in particular. great deal of infrastructure development, a lot of trees cut down and fire so depletion of timber. effects on streams, contamination, piles of rocks leach chemicals/minerals into streams. floods associated with damns breaking and as river gets silt in it the level rises and rises into floodplains. floods in sacramento, large parts of central valley. public health issues, mining is dangerous. people aren't concerned about environment or contamination in cities. all sorts of problems. people just focused on money ->Cholera outbreaks in sacramento, over 7000 tons of mercury dumped into river, some in the bay now, in soil in California delta, bio-accumulates as moves up food chain and converts into methyl mercury which makes it disruptive to human health. mercury = big problem! ->farmers cared about environment didn't want their land flooded out all the time, people transporting products in rivers didn't want to deal with these floods -> north blue mine is sued in 1884 leads to sawyer decision in which california supreme court judge leads permanent injuction to california
Resistance strategies
Identity that was formed from immigrants of China, people who may have been rival clans in China come to US and are called Chinese and are treated the same. Labor recruitment networks, knowledge/technologies/traditions brought from China, knowledge of working with earth, delta came in handy when working with mining and railroad Sought assimilation in some places trying to succeed in economy, retreat to rural Chinese areas, China town, separation in terms of models of social incorporation, they could return to China (geographical mobility), economic resource they were able to mobilize opportunities for employment through labor recruitment networks, take advantage of productive nature niche production enclavement
Delta ecology
Inverted deltaic fam, tule grass, peat soil, floods, levees, etc Site - swamp, in delta in California you have inverted deltaic fan (Deltaic fan similar to in southeast Louisiana, comes down and have peninsula that sticks out, fan at end of large river) because all of the water coming down gets pinched in only break in coast range and backs up and creates this delta. Causes annual floods, deposit of sediments, tendency toward subsidence, alluvial soil (agriculturally productive soil), islands formed in delta, natural islands formed by natural levees, pant species important - tule grass - deposits biomass nutrient rich soil that is mix of alluvial deposits but susceptible to subsidence and vulnerable to winds, etc.
Elinor Ostrom's CPR Management systems Model (against Harden's approach....) Provides means of determining relative likelihood of long-term CPR sustainability or degradation, providing alternative to Hardin's and expanding on Berke's technique THREE core principles: 1. incentives 2. rules (prohibitions) 3. co-operation trust -> key is to establish list of rules viewed as legitimate by the users and which facilities/based on communication and cooperation between all interested parties in enforcing, mediating rules Clearly defined boundaries Rules adapted to local situation Participation in the implementation of the rules Surveillance Sanctions, increased step by step Organized conflict resolution Accepted right of organization
Model for evaluating CPR management systems, look on slides/look on document that describes this Not a matter of this tenure system of that tenure system, more a matter the nature of governance in the broadest sense and in order for CPR systems to be managed sustainably: 1. rules in place that create incentives for cooperation and trust and ultimately then people will play by rules, achieved by boundaries (physical and who has access/who does not have access Need rules that are locally adapted to situation that can take into account temporal diversity and seasonal cycles - well you can't go graze your sheep when there is barely any grass available) 2. Users of system have to participate in implementing rules, have to have surveillance, organized, perhaps institutionalized or informal means of resolving conflict between users (whether individuals/interests groups) interventions if people break rules 3. Receptive form of organization aka the system has to be viewed as legitimate by the user. Cooperation of trust that people will play by rules. Alternative means of assessing sustainability of resources systems
Migration of Japanese
PUSH bc of land tax, quality of life, life expectancy rises, population rise, government policy in terms of land tax MEANS government policy, education is important, english is required, women were working in manufacturing, large part of industrial labor force more so than in any country in the world. Rapidly modernizing, policy focuses on exporting Japanese nationalism through military and supporting emigration with screening process of literacy, financial needs, goal of establishing settlement. QUITE different than chaos of Chinese migration PULL
Placer, hydraulic, hard rock, river mining/dredging - Chinese experiences in gold mining
Placer Mining: - 1848-53; pan in water; rocker with mercury; not a great capital investment; small groups mining; wheel to smash from Chile; digs into riverbed and finds gold quickly Hydraulic Mining: - 1852; pressurized water used to blast away mountain side→ access to veins in mountain; use wood from trees; infrastructure spread across Sierras; holding dams led to floods; capital investment was a lot of money; class-based wage labor Hard Rock Mining: - 1860s; create shafts through mountain and remove quartz from veins; great concentration of resources (money); mostly Irish workers; timber used to make infrastructure
Extending democracy's reach
Political form of resistance, going to court challenging discriminatory laws largely based on 14th amendment, this allowed for assimilation over the long run focus on democratic/civil rights, continuity in social heritage, looking at models of social incorporation we see them stepping ahead as they impose multi cultural or pluralistic form of incorporation- we have right to retain our cultural practices don't have to be fully acculturated yet, have political rights. lays down civil rights movement and approach we have today!!
Migration
Primarily from Japan/China Policy, identity: approaches to natural resource management, ways of dealing with discriminatory policies, seeking out niches within economy
Grazing and ecological change
Primary productivity, resilience, biodiversity, soil aridification, etc in specific systems
Enclosure
Privatization: System based on capitalist ownership which was to be in private hands, conversion of common lands into private property. needed free labor source Dispossession: privatization lead to dispossession for those who had subsisted on the commons, movement into free wage labor force. ->High wages, a lot of resources available but limited number of workers so important to increase labor force so converting common property to Free wage labor Free Wage Labor: idea that you have people who are free to participate in wage labor system, free from the ability to support themselves and subsist on own land, not gonna have enough land to support family ->Hispano's: role of distribution, agriculture, coming back seasonally ->State played important role in establishing institutions, laws that supported private property/commerce. played important role in inventory. -> a lot of land that has been seized by government from Hispano's (document on bspace that describes various ways that people were dispossessed of land: partition, federal seizure) federal seizure of land, government saying we don't recognize communal claims to land so all that land up in the mountains is sovereign territory of Mexico, aka now ours!!, and we are going to dispose of it and sell it cheaply to timber speculators and ranchers, who mined the resources there and diluted land of its value and ecological productivity, then let it go back to government as payment in lieu of taxes so it eventually wound up as part of the National forestsHigh wages, a lot of resources available but limited number of workers so important to increase labor force so converting common property to Free wage labor ->Hispano's: role of distribu
Chinese / Asian Migration & Labor - Push & pull factors of Chinese immigrants - Gender & Chinese immigration & labor
Push: - Social instability in China due to British colonialism, western opium trade - Dispossession of hereditary land - Taxing of the peasantry - Floods and famine - No formal limitations against immigrating to the US at first Pull: - Opportunities to freely gain wealth→ Gold Rush - Ability to start over - Agricultural work was racialized and gendered: Chinese work = tedious BUT menial→ the work was "suitable" for Chinese
Common Pool Resources (CPR) - Fringe resources & Core resources
Resources produced by a core resource system, from which a limited quantity of fringe resources can be extracted without undermining reproduction of the system. - Entails low excludability and subtractability - You can lose some of it - The commons is not infinite - Potential to be reduced - Atmosphere wasn't subtractible until recently Core resource: Everything that is "producing" (e.g. the seeds that allow the grass to reproduce); what is to be protected Fringe resource: The excess of what is produced (e.g. grass); what can be harvested Ex. Wild grasslands in New Mexico: - If graze sheep lightly enough, grasses can reproduce - If graze sheep too much, the grass cannot reproduce, and the core resource is disturbed
Race-against-race divide & control strategies of gold-mining & other capital in California - Segmentation, remuneration, different forms of incorporation
Segmentation: - By race/class - Different roles, different skills, different crews in same roles Remuneration (status): - By race/class - Wages, conditions, organization - Different groups of people who make different amounts of money (Chinese the least) Incorporation: - Based on race, ethnicity (social constructions) - European migrants more incorporated than Asian migrants (kept separate) Waves of immigration: - Different sending countries - Replaced older, more assimilated workers with less empowered groups
European American conquest, the state and economic development
Shift from subsistence pastoralism to capitalist mode of production, 1848: treaty of guada... US takes control of this area. 1880s - expansion of economy, partly driven by cattle men driving west from Texas given sorts of cliamtic conditions, severe winter storms, droughts, over-grazing this area. Start moving west same time that railroad offering first high-speed link in this area to east and soon enough to southern California/bay area open up travel and consumer markets, need raw materials and have them available in form of grasses, timber, minerals, agricultural resources, you need finance capital markets investing in cattle/railroads, often owned by people in London/Berlin/Frankfurt. These different markets make it possible. Changes dramatically with introduction of capitalist mode of production
Place
Solnit's discussion points in the introduction to Infinite City: A San Francisco Atlas
Commercial revolution in Northern New Mexico
Subsistence Capitalist MoP: Hispano pastoralist mode of production: corn bean squash, garlic, chilis, grains, oats, herding of cattle, sheep, goats for meat, largely subsistence and some trade. Capitalist MoP: Purchases mean of production, purchases hires wages to produce things for exchange in market place in effort to get profit and further reinvest and do it again. -> Owners of surplus capital for investment beyond subsistence means, investing in means of production -physical inputs, lands, factories, raw materials, NOT labor (labor = force of production) this is means of production.
Garrett Hardin & the "Tragedy of the Commons" - Thomas Malthus, 18th C - Critiques of Hardin's argument
Tragedy of the Commons: - Commons will fail b/c all of the community members have incentives to always take more from the commons because they benefit from everything they take but the cost is shared among everyone - Leads to system collapse due to costs being to much - Leads to overpopulation due to too many resources - Common property w/out rules and regulations allows for overpopulation and ecosystem degradation Hardin's Solution: - Privatize property → allocate land through state or market to optimize pop/food ratio Critique of Hardin: - He has no empirical evidence - There is no one solution for optimization - Limits on property and reproductive rights are problematic as they exclude people Malthus: - Populations grow exponentially, but we live in a finite world - Humans are irresponsible - There's a need to privatize all common property - Common property facilitates checks on population
Anglo commercial ranching
Tremendous overgrazing and ecological change, can think about it in terms of either Ostrom or Harden -> ecological change involved loss of primary productivity, biomass produced on CPR, declining resilience to disturbance (changes in hydrology of watersheds, reduced absorption capacity, further aridification of soils), loss of biodiversity (shifting biogeography, invasive species, some native some exotic coming in and displacing established native species and in many cases reducing biodiversity and productivity) ->all associated with changes in fire regimes, Hispano's are burning pastures every few years to regenerate them. There is an end to that burning, accumulation of fires -- large fires ->perennial vs annual plants: annual because root system dies off in winter and reproduce from seed, able to reproduce effectively once cattle have munched away, introduction of many many more cattle whose hoofs, can burn and perennials are looking to sprout up in spring but root network is collapsed, collapse of micro-ecosystem.
Mario Savio
Valedictorian of Martin Van Buren High school in Queens. Believed in progressive social change and criticized american culture as excessively materialistic. Spirit of the times, attitude of the mass ("if no one else concerns himself with ideals, why should i?"), we seem to lose sight of goals during times of prosperity. Today's crisis have such fear-producing potential that we actually try to forget that they exist. and so we turn our attention to things we can grasp. ("but what can we do in a world of missiles and atomic powers?") we have a voice and a job. these material things are not the essence of civilization - we have a spirit. Gave speech outside Sproul Hall before FSM final sit in in 1964. appeal to resist unjust authority "theres a time when the operation of the machine becomes so odious, makes you feel so sick at heart, that you can't take part; can't even passively take part"
Gentlemen's agreement
With roosevelt, not congress, overturn school board in California so Japanese students can attend integrated schools but Japanese will no longer issue passports to emigration to US, except family members who are residents in US are allowed to come which opens up floodgates of picture bribes, arranged marriages Eventually Lady's agreement puts end to this 1921^ 1924 Naturalization act bars all those looking for citizenship, excluding all immigrants In all of this you have family formation, success in farming, establishing communities, success in reclaiming land, creating productive farms, successful Leads to great deal of envy^ focused on their ability to acquire land
Watershed-based natural resource management
With tenure system based on common property rights made sense with Hispano's in the landscape of new Mexico Water-shed = drainage basin Grants were given out in what corresponded to the upper limits of watershed. Everyone needed access to multiple grazing areas, given pastoral society of subsistence form of pastoralism and communal value system. Makes sense that common property was the basis of this. Shepherd were primary means of subsistence. Transhumance pastoralism, primarily sheep and cattle, returning in fall for harvest, taking advantage of spatial biodiversity in watershed. Natural resources were diverse, concentrated in different places different times. Arid area, people are always on cusp of starvation at risk of indian raves, so managing this area communally made a great deal of sense given their cultural lens. Transhumance pastoralism - approach to one form of water-shed based natural resource management. Got to be a mechanism for everyone who is dependent on these resources to get access to them. -> Putting things into private hands, putting up fences and splitting up land didn't make sense.
natural resource development in the west "america's errand into the wilderness": how Takaki understands the sense of mission in developing natural resources in the American West once the territory has been acquired by the US. Matter of bringing social, economic, moral Progress through the development of natural resources. Errand = ideology of capitalist development, compared to Manifest Destiny = ideology of conquest. Errand was different than Agrarian Myth in that it involved concentration of ownership of the means of production and employment of an ethnically differentiated wage labor force. Characteristic development of natural resources in west: they were often concentrated in areas that made it necessary to invest in sophisticated technologies/infrastructure
approach to managing wilderness in the west something particular about developing natural resources in the early 19th -> today centuries in the west. reflecting an ideology of colonial control and development rather than conquest compare to manifest destiny being ideology of conquest. socioeconomic, moral, technological progress. brining american democracy, technology, economic strength, democracy to the west. part of this involved segregating nonwhites from whites putting native people on reservations, opening up areas (Texas) to slavery and expanding cotton frontier. Errand in wilderness: territorial control already established, but developing resources (mineral, agricultural) is key to further progress in west and developing healthy vibrant powerful economy. plays out differently in terms of different racial groups. they now need to be incorporated, can compare it to agrarian myth (individual going out to the periphery of settlement, cultivating land, creating a stake in society through Lockean labor. basis of democracy. now we are going to be developing resources not through Lockean but capitalist investment and wage labor and so those people who were segregated now need to be incorporated into system to produce in wage labor. in west there is a shortage of labor. In order to develop resources, need to get labor first. Nature of resources in west plays a role in shaping that errand. resources tend to be located in remote places and concentrated. many agricultural projects tend to require great deal of infrastructure, technology and therefore requires investment of financial resources -> capitalist country -> large scale organization capacity and capitalist investment and operations requiring industrial technologies to extract and transport raw materials. ->tends to lead to concentrated ownership of means of production in terms of land and equipment-> free wage labor, recruit and utilize cheap (low wage) labor and in this way transforming west into place of industry and prosperity. through technological power exemplified by railroad, massive irrigation projects, protestant morality for country for god, more of a secular vision. capitalist form of industrial development in west that saw raw materials as means to developing. all of this dependent on labor. abundance of resources, shortage of labor. ->racialized labor force, nonwhites tended to be able to be used by capital effect to drive wages down, from Asia, latin america, Mexico. the more workers the lower wages. Idea to expand labor market -> Asia particularly appealing. Socially constructed to be well adapted to needs of capital. endless supply of workers, politically weak, without political rights to vote, seen as "docile" politically and socially and culturally but also very hardworking and productive. -> as recruited and brought in, saw with railroads that the labor force was segmented along racial lines, different groups had different housing, different group different jobs, focus on perceived racial differences rather than commonalities of class/situation
Gold rush mythology
lone prospector: People pulled all over world Gold mountain: myth speaks to some reality. notion is people coming are single men, coming to make fortune, risk makers, willing to do whatever it takes, hardworking, rugged, coming to mine resources not to establish settlement committees or engage in Lockean labor, come in get what you can and move on. does not provide basis for jeffersonian vision. Myth of 49er is not effective charter for democratic society. California was chaotic, brutal society in beginning decade. ruthless male population, geographical mobility, no family, risks Obscured reality of diversity of people who were there, class diversity, obscured importance of technology, capital, ignored ecological and social externalities.
Financial paradox of RR building
throughout west railroads are necessary for economic development, for economic development, raw materials, lumber, minerals, agricultural product, market cheaply effective quickly need transportation network ->yet expensive to build so investing in building railroads is a risk because you don't know if that agricultural scheme is gonna pay off, takes long time to get return on investment ->conundrum - gotta have industries to establish to make the railroads pay but can't establish industries until railroad s there. financial markets - say that you'll give high returns on investment, but when that didn't work out couldn't get people to invest in transcontinental railroad bc of risk so turned to State.
California drought & society
- High proportion of water to agriculture vs. domestic and domestic use - Virtual water: The water it takes to grow or make something - Migration and the demographics of California: African Americans came due to slavery and dustbowl. The great migration, discrimination, segregation, and violence. Housing crisis in California led to low house costs. Latinos had a historic presence in the state, strong association with agricultural labor. Undocumented so cheap labor. Vulnerable because they had no power to ask for better conditions - Marginalization: Not everyone had the same access to natural resources. Ex. water well and almond farmer
Bret Harte: "The Heathen Chinese"
- ironic view of American hypocrisy: Ah Sin caught cheating, represented as sneaky, cheating, devilish face, etc., also represents a double standard, Bill Nye was cheating, but Ah Sin also cheating and is scandalized, but Bill Nye cheating was totally okay.
river dredging
-1880s -digging deep into the bottom of th river to get the quartz views
Elinor Ostrom's model for evaluating Common Pool Resource management systems
-Common pool resource management system is likely to be more sustainable according to Ostrom if you have a set of rules in place that create incentives for cooperation and trust, hopefully everybody plays by the rules
discriminatory lending practices: shaped residential geographic
-FHA loans: ppl of color rarely qualified for FHA loans bc these were applied only to newly constructed homes -covenants: new home developments in the suburban industrial garden areas were racially exclusive thru racial deed covenants (legal until 1948-shelly v Kramer but continued after
3 economic activites -connect two coasts -ongoing search for precious materials -continues to be a big source of $ for state
-RR -Mining -Agriculture
Ronald Dukake
-UC Berkeley ethnic studies professor -leader in the 1980s to bringing asian immigration etc issues to the center
Redlining
-Used to determine high risk lending areas -Marks spaces of industrialization - Represents a map of race and class - Demarcating the area that are devalued - Associated with environmental, racism - Different levels of risks and benefits along with distribution - Broken down into procedural and distributional issues
US v Walkin Arch
-Walkin was born in the US and the supreme court upheld that the 14th amendment applied to asians born in the US
1888: Scott act
-barred reentry of non chinese citizens
contra costa
-bay= an agricultural place as well
nature at UCB
-mostly in the forms of parks and campus -nature does intrude
landscape view of the Bay Area from space
-the blue of the ocean, the green in the bay (the nutrients being fed by the vast watersheds)
Hispano culture social organization and landscapes
...
Traditional Ecological Knowledge
1. factual observations, 2. management systems, 3. past and current uses, 4. ethics and values, 5. culture and identity
Sum: common critics of Contemporary env movement
1. need to re-examine connections to everyday life 2. need to "conceive of the heart and soul of environmentalism less as a passion to save the environment than as a passion to use and inhabit the environment wisely (sustainably and equitably)
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 Japanese labor introduced
Thomas Malthus (Harden draws on Malthus's argument)
18th century Angelican cleric, early political economist, founding figure. Book principles of population - he wrote about what harden described. given that population expands geometrically every generation, and the productive capacity of an agricultural system only progresses arithmetically (adding one unit every generation) given increases in land cultivated, technologies that will increase yield. you are fine for a few generations but then you will get to point where population will outstrip the productive capacity of system overtime. as productivity of system continues everything's fine as long as population remains under capacity, but when exceed it there becomes ups and downs of checks on population - mechanisms that allow excess population to survive, access to forests, commons Positive check in form of famine, disease, war will drive population down and then eventually it will rise back up and exceed again. His version of collapse Solution: allow the positive checks on population to work their magic. Harden years later was not willing to express those same opinions in terms of solutions. He wants to focus on optimizing the ratio between population and productivity of agriculture. Authoritarian limits on reproduction, allocation of resources by the state, though there is much more difficulty working this out through marketplace. Both Malthus and Harden agree that doesn't really matter what kind of property rights/tenure system you have until population exceeds and communal property rights suddenly undermines the goal of achieving optimal ratio between population and production, so what you need to do is eliminate that means therefore need to privatize common property. Private property is only way to avoid tragedy of commons in common resource, there is no way to keep out of free -riders, people who come in and steal the fish. Need exercise of authority by state.
California Drought and Society
80% of water in CA goes to agricultural use -- most goes to meat and livestock
Principles of Environmental Justice
Applying the costs and benefits of any types of opportunities so that it is not hurting one race or culture more than another. - Recognition of the sacredness of Nature - Public policy based on justice, free from discrimination - Right to ethical & sustainable use of land & resources - Right to political, economic, cultural, & environmental self-determination - Right of workers & communities to safe & healthy work environment - Right to education based on diverse cultural perspectives & experiences
Lux versus Haggin, 1886
Brought California Supreme Court as an appeal from Lux v. Haggin 1884 • Key case concerning riparian versus appropriation rights. • California recognized both riparian and appropriative systems of water rights, but these were at odds with one another. Plaintiffs: Henry Miller and Charles Lux • Charles Lux and Henry Miller: German immigrants with riparian land in Kern County along Buena Vista Slough, fed by the Kern River. • Developed an extensive canal system to irrigate their lands from the slough. Defendant: James Ben-Ali Haggin. • Wealthy lawyer and business man. • Kern County Land and Canal Company, on Kern River upstream from Miller and Lux's property. • Haggin used appropriative water rights to divert water from the Kern River for agricultural irrigation of his large landholdings in Kern County. • By 1877, Haggin had diverted so much water from the Kern River that it no longer flowed to Buena Vista Slough. • Close to 10,000 head of Miller and Lux's cattle perished that year as a result.
National Audubon Society versus Superior Court,1983
California Supreme Court held that, although the public trust does not trump other uses of water, the state has an obligation to protect public trust uses "whenever feasible" in planning and allocating water. • Ruled that the state has a continuing responsibility to protect the public trust uses of Mono Lake and is not bound by past water allocation decisions that "may be incorrect in light of current knowledge or inconsistent with current needs." • Forced Los Angeles to release water from its dams on tributaries to Mono Lake to protect trout in the river, and eventually forced the city to bypass sufficient water to protect the public trust in Mono Lake and to establish minimum stream flows in the tributaries. neither water administrators nor water users could ignore the needs of the ecosystems that are the sources of the state's developed water supplies. the court's recognition that protection of the public trust requires regulatory flexibility to respond to ecological changes significantly strengthened the legal authority of the courts and the legislature to continue their efforts to rebalance economic and environmental uses of the state's rivers and estuaries. • Furthermore, Brian Grey (2015) argues that the case resulted in the public trust doctrine being integrated with the reasonable use doctrine for the first time.
social constructions of Japanese Americans difference from those of Chinese
Chinese: -Hardworking -Cheap labor -Vices: gambling, prostitution, opium -Dispensable/interchangeable -Sojourners -Bachelors -Alien/inassimilable/enclaves -Docile/easily managed -Fast learners -Clean -Sometimes boisterous -Too weak for hard labor -Not upwardly mobile because there was such large numbers of them that they could always be replaced and would eventually could back -Exploitable labor force Japanese -"Dirty Japs" -Untrustworthy/threatening -Much more productive than white farmers -Spies because of WWII -Successful -Upwardly mobile -Unacculturable/enclaves -Acculturation: becoming a part of the mainstream culture and adopting all aspects of the culture -Japanese wanted to keep their culture in tact -Gidi: loyalty to Japan -Assimilation can occur through economic integration, political integration, etc. -Settlers -Family oriented -Picture brides
Race and labor in building the transcontinental Railroad: Chinese & Irish workers
Chinese: - "They learn quickly, do not fight, have no strikes that amount to anything, and are very cleanly in their habits. They will gamble and do quarrel among themselves most noisily but harmlessly" - $25-$35 a month - more desired labor - worked the jobs white people didn't want to work - not able to benefit from railroad enterprise Irish: - "some would stay until pay day, get a little money, get drunk and clear out" - $35 a month - Viewed as: ex-miners , unreliable, lazy, prone to strikes
Land grants
Community land grants: issued by Spanish crown, Mexican government, to community in one person's name community leader - understood to be representing ~10-100 families and when they received rights to land they would get rights of private property to homestead, garden plot in village, everything else was held in common including village square, the acaquia - irrigation ditch (embodies notion of Venquenza, symbolizes communalism ), pastures around village, commons, those tracts of private property lived there for 4 years typically and when you sold private property you were selling your rights to commons. ->Private grants weren't issued much by Spanish government but Mexican government saw need for this in 1830-40s when US was starting to encroach on their territory and felt that putting land particularly in the northeast of new mexico into private hands would be a good way of retaining control if the americans were to invade which they did. given to sons of elite in Mexico, people who wanted to become cattle barrens, part of economy that was changing dramatically in the 1830s, much more liberalized economy, commercially oriented after the spanish mercantilist system was no longer in play Private grazing grant^^ Moving up and down in mountains taking advantage of spatial diversity and natural resources. at times you may have droughts and there are only certain areas that are going to be good grazing areas. the movement around the landscape is essential. Mostly men who are travelling
IV. Era of Conflict, 1970s to present
Context: • Emergence of environmental movement. • Shift in social consciousness. • Federal level legislation: NEPA, CWA, ETC. • State environmental legislation: CEQA, etc • Key court decisions. • Population growth. • change in Economy: declining importance of agriculture. • Labor movement in Ag: UFW.
Japanese American agriculture
Farming strategies: risk & resources •Land conversion •Intensive, specialty crop farming •Enclaves and cultural networks Families and women
Hydrology of New Orleans
Freshwater (river, lakes, etc.) wetlands in the delta, good farming region and access to a port led to trade and growth of sugar cane, cotton, and tobacco. People live among swamps and city is under sea-level. Mississippi watershed.
Newlands Reclamation Act (1912)
HE. Established the US Reclamation Service and authorized them to irrigate the west (dams, etc.) and to establish agricultural projects to encourage settlement
SF and Hetch Hetchy (1920s)
HE. HH in Yosemite. Water Wars-Preservation vs. Conservation. Finally authorized by the Raker Act
hydrolic mining
a method of mining by which water is sprayed at a very high pressure against a hill or mountain, washing away large quantities of dirt, gravel, and rock and exposing the minerals beneath the surface
Price Reading
LA River: destroying the local to preserve the regional. LA river is now the American urban nightmare. Green it and clean it.
Critiques of Hardin's argument
Methodology: empirical critique: CPR management in multiple, complex tenure systems Conclusions: Key = Resource governance. No universal solution. Need for place-based adaptation & flexibility. Putting limits on property and reproductive rights are problematic. Ethical dimensions: communal vs. private/state. Power vs decision making: democratic vs authoritarian Justice/Equity: rights to decide & distribution (costs, benefits, risk, opportunity) Trade-offs: nature & culture
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico ceded 525,000 sq. mi. of territory to the US in exchange for $15 million + promise of ensured safety of preexisting property rights for Mexicans who were already on land + failure to uphold promise
Berkeley in the Sixties
Movie. Its reflective and insightful analysis of the era - from the HUAC hearings and civil rights sit-ins at the beginning of the decade through the Free Speech Movement, the anti-war protests, the growth of the counter-culture, the founding of the Black Panther Party and the stirrings of the Women's Movement - confronts every viewer with the questions the 1960s raised, which remain largely unanswered.
Native American vs. African American definition of importance
Native American: importance determined by what is deemed sacred Afr. American: ownership of resources is elusive, so meaning is derived from memory
informal property rights
Native Americans who used to own stream continue to use it; assuming one has the right to something without legal consent.
aposticization
Native americans had to abandon their cultures, forced to adopt uses of property, ways of life. Lose sense of culture.
Hispano subsistence pastoralism
Nature was arid, spatially and temporally ddiverse ( resources were concentrated ** communally organized landscapes and had cooperative labor.
racial geography in New Orleans
Plessy v. Ferguson- Separate but equal was OK social inequality- african americans did not have the exposure to resources and access to information, funds, transportation that whites had. Instead, they had poverty, violence and little education development of low income housing was mainly for african american laborers in low income neighborhoods and segregated New Orleans; covenants did not let blacks purchase homes in white neighborhoods. - African Americans were left vulnerable in the low elevation areas of NOLA
Paper Sons and Daughters
a term used to refer to Chinese people that were born in China who illegally immigrated to the United States by purchasing fraudulent documentations which stated that they were blood relatives to Chinese Americans who had citizenships in the United States
Japanese Immigration & Labor - Push & pull factors - Policy & law - Types of labor - Divisions of labor - Access & resistance strategies
Push: - Chinese exclusion Act of 1882 created demand for labor in US, so Japan allowed to emigrate for jobs in 1884 - Many were unable to maintain subsistence, so they left Japan Pull: - Japanese needed in Hawaii to work on sugar plantations - Divide and conquer system used by plantations in Hawaii so diff groups battled against each other - High intelligence let them move up the social ladder Work: - Agriculture & Railroads - Canneries→ Poor diets & night blindness - Gambling as pastime
Japanese
Push: Government - Meiji regime, education, passports issued
Japanese immigration & labor push & pull factors policy & law types of labor divisions of labor access & resistance strategies
Push factors: 15. Population growth, too large for everyone to subsist off land and primogeniture system 16. government policy of promoting emigration out of japan 17. Rural dispossession and migration, people moved to cities then overseas. Means- financial resources and government policy. Pull factors: - Wage labor opportunities abroad in California. The wages in California were much higher than anywhere else in the world. There was a lot of land available and there was a need for more labor. Saw ability to own land in america. - The japanese were brought in to replace chinese then koreans brought in to replace japanese - Network-based opportunities. set up enclaves Remittances- when migrants go overseas and send money back, can become significant in the balance of trade. Primarily occupied agriculture and then railroad and fish canneries. Truck gardening- growling produce to exchange directly with the consumers- mode of exchange Timing: crop specialization, technology, consumer markets Farming strategies: converted land through irrigation. Intensive, specialty crop farming. They lived in enclaves and formed cultural networks. Families and women helped in agriculture. -1907 Gentlemen's Agreement- Japan stops flow of laborers to the United States - loophole- family members of people already here could come. -System of picture bride- marry women by mail after looking at their pictures. -1921- Ladies Agreement- barred picture brides. -1913 Alien land Act- those ineligible for citizenship couldn't own/ lease land. Responded by leasing land under the names of their Nissei children. Had land corporations, consumer markets, land conversion, intensive (specialty) crop farming. 1924 immigration act stopped all asiatic people from becoming citizens. japanese American and Chinese american experiences: access patterns of japanese 1 conversion 2 intensive farming 3 enclave community-taught the japanese how to sell their products, and the japanese set up nursery and seed supplies then farming operations and marketing cooperatives. 4 family 5 Issei generation: they were successful so the next generation could be more successful, focused on upward mobility.
Hispano communalism & Verguenza
Subsistence pastoralism, within context of society after the Reconquista they came back and recolonized the area after Pueblo revolt established system of cooperation with pueblo indians, established small peasant villages, farming communities, culture that focuses on communalism over individualism as a cultural value and principle of social organization. Catholic church played important role, calling on paritioners to display humility before God and before the church, obligations of members of community, de-emphasizing notion of getting ahead. Verguenza: used differently in this context than other spanish speaking areas, literal translation of shame, ideal of civi virtue and justice, self-restraint of getting ahead of one's neighbors, makes sense of limited social stratification, limited resources where everyeone needs to have some access to some resources to survive as individuals,members of family, of community Long term perspective in kinship obligations and responsibilities. reverence and modesty in relation to nature. You need to be able to conserve resources for generations to come. Starting point to notion of humility in relation to nature. Also evident in forms of catholicism, animistic nature of spirit all around us.
"America's Errand into the Wilderness"
Territorial control and resource dev, manifest destiny and the agrarian myth, natural resource dev and capital concentration, capital and asian labor in the west, waves of immigration, regions and race.
mercantilism
capital accumulations in the colonial centers, importing low cost resources and exporting high cost goods.
unit 3 topics
capitalism in CA and the American west, asian immigration, incorporation, roles and experiences in natural resource industries (mining, rail roads, agriculture) in California
CPR
common pool resources
Central Valley Water Project and State Water Project
federal project that provides water to Central Valley and Bay area - stores 17 % of CA developed water - diverts water from 5 major rivers - Connects w state water project: largest built water project in the u.s, provides water for over 2/3 of Californians, California's biggest energy consumer
history of resource extraction in CA: mining
gold, silver, copper, petroleum = starting point of value into system
Merchant's Framework - gender
in the agrarian economy of frontier america, women's dairying activities such as tending to vegetable/herbal gardens affected the quality of nearby soils/waters and their levels of pests, thus affecting human health. Men who cut forests, planted/fertilized fields, hunting and fished also affected many ecosystems.
assimilation
incorporation into mainstream social, economic, and political institutions (civic life)
Meiji Japan (restoration period 1868-1912)
modernization: - western institutions of governing in place - policy of mass education - increased standard of living - process of urbanization industrialization: - railroads and factories - rapid industrialization militarism: - army developed weapons
Chinese Resistance
organized into societies for mutual aid and assistance
common pool resources-
resources produced by a core resources system, from which a limited quantity of fringe resources can be extracted without undermining the reproduction of the system
2)
rules of utilization adapted to local situation
The Agrarian Ideal
the idea that it is better to stay close to the land and practice a rural-centric lifestyle than an urban-centric one.
Impact of different CPR systems
...
Burlingame Treaty
China ended emigration restrictions and the US guaranteed tolerance for religion, in schools, etc. (1868)
Race and labor in building the transcontinental railroad
Chinese & Irish workers Irish - hired by union pacific, but central pacific further west there were other opportunities to make fortune, so weren't necessarily interested in making that money so after few years of not being able to muster labor force -> turned to Chinese Chinese - not the first choice, whites paid 35$ month, Chinese paid $25 month, strike of 1867 brought up prices. More hazardous jobs given to Chinese, fewer opportunities to get into skilled trades. Segregation of work camps.
Chinese and Japanese push, pull, means
Chinese push factors: Instability in Guangdong, british colonial activity and dominating the opium trade; drove all sorts of changes in China, Opium Wars, Treaty of Nanking, indemnity on imperial government, forced them to take money from peasantry in the form of cash, inheritances got smaller due to bigger families,famine, floods, etc. -means: chain migration, economic opportunities,1) rotating credit system: kinship based networks generate enough cash to pay the transportation,loans from within the kinship network and paying it back once you get cash in the U.S. financing elements, 2) Credit ticket system, someone at the dock to sell you a ticket, you work off your ticket, ., - no formal limitations until 1882, China was also close to California, it too 2-3 weeks on a steamer and 2-3 months on clipper ship
Public Trust Doctrine
Government has the right to make useful waterways available to all.
"Gold Mountain"
Labor shortage led to highest wage level in the world in California. Pull factor
Otrams framework
commons through community-->
unit 3 policy
property rights/ civil rights/ immigration and naturalization
• Central Pacific RR / Union Pacific RR
• Incentives to build as fast as possible - often bad work, risked lives • Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864 • CP builds east from SF, Union builds West from Omaha
• Gold mining ecology
• Infrastructure • A lot of timber used • Dams built poorly would result in floods • Stream bed and hill erosion • Tailings and leaching • Floods • Difficult to establish farms (too much risk) • Fires • Mining vs. agriculture: Sawyer decision (1884) • Agriculture targets mining industry • Farmer ask for perpetual injunction against mining in Sierras, receives it • Agriculture was able to grow as an industry with reduced risk
• Bret Harte: "The Heathen Chinese"
• Poem - responsible for poem, images: suggests to take a look at it • Harte was very liberal, written satirically, pointing out hypocrisy, double standards of cheating - White man was fine, a Chinese man was killed • Chinamen seen as sly, greedy, untrustworthy, and childlike
Bay Delta Conservation plan, 2012
• Proposed by Jerry Brown • $25BN - $15BN for 2 tunnels under the Delta and $10BN for wetland restoration Opposition to the Bay Delta Conservation Plan • Local motto: "Stop the Tunnels! Save the Delta!" • Tunnels will drain the Delta's fresh water, and allow salt water to infiltrate the Delta. *See notes on Atlantic Article for further details and overview of Delta politics, etc
Meiji Japan
• To pay for the modernization, industrialization and naval ships, etc a land tax was imposed • This forced people out. Lower middle class, possibly entrepreneurial, educated, complex agricultural techniques • Land tax, population rise, government policy • Education focus - English as a required topic • Living standard/lifespan increase→ population increase • Lots of women were working in manufacturing, more than other places: push factors • Military and through supporting emigration: education, literacy, etc to limit • Militarism is behind nature of relationship between Japan and USA • Japan defeats Russians: lots of anti-Japanese sentiment • Exclusion from schools, segregated oriental schools • International level of tension, great dal of political support for Japanese Exclusion Act, so Japanese enter in Gentlemen's Agreement 1907 with Jefferson
• Executive Order 9066 :moved Japanese in assembly centers, then camps, east-ward
• Within a short period of time after Pearl Harbor, Feb 19th 1942, Roosevelt signed EO 9066. • War Relocation authority: removal of all Japanese Americans from almost all of West coast, parts of Arizona. • 120,000 removed, some people being able to get out of removal to camps by finding opportunities outside of that area. Difficult because there weren't many Japanese communities outside CA.