ESYS 57D Industrial IoT Week-2

Design Phases

1. Concept - This is the initial idea. 2. Research - This is the detailed research regarding the technology required, possible vendors, material and design costs, and a feasibility study. 3. Circuit Design - This is the schematic diagrams, printed circuit layouts, and product enclosure designs.

electrical circuit

An electrical circuit is a physical network (or model of a physical network) of interconnected electrical components including batteries, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and switches.

analog circuits

Analog circuits are circuits in which current or voltage may vary continuously with time to correspond to the information being represented. Analog circuits are used in power management circuits, sensors, amplifiers, and filters.

analog vs digital circuits

Analog circuits are circuits where the signal is contiguous; it can assume any value between no power to full power. Digital circuits present a discrete signaling, assuming either no power or full power values ("all or nothing"), with no intermediate steps.

atoms

Atoms are the building blocks of all elements and matter. Electrons carry negative charges and are attracted to the positively charged protons within the nucleus of the atom.

leads

Electronic components are usually made with leads. Leads are protruding wires that connect to the inside of the component and provide the means to connect the component to other circuit elements.

IoT List of Sensors

IoT List of Sensors: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sensors

power

Power is the amount of energy consumed over time. Power is measured in Watts. The basic formulation of power is power = voltage x current.

Packet Tracer Boards

There is a new group icon contained in Packet Tracer version 7 that is labeled Components. This group contains three sub-group icons for the IoT. The first sub-group is for IoT boards, shown in Figure 1, which contains an Arduino-like microcontroller unit (MCU) and a single board computer (SBC), similar to the Raspberry Pi. The last icon is for creating custom things.

Packet Tracer Connections

To connect IoT things to an MCU board, use the IoT Custom Cable found in the Connections group, shown in Figure

AC

alternating current = current that changes direction (polarity) periodically. Alternating current (AC) is an electric current in which the flow of electric current periodically reverses direction. AC is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences. The usual waveform of alternating current in most electric power circuits is a sine wave. In certain applications, different waveforms are used, such as triangular or square waves. Alternate current is produced in the electrical power plant by taking advantage of various forms of mechanical energy (water flowing from a dam or the spin of a wind turbine) to move large scale alternators. The alternators then transform the mechanical energy into electricity. Direct current produced by a solar plant may be converted into alternating current with an inverter or a motor-generator set.

active components

an active component is a device that can control electric current with an external source of energy, either electric voltage or electric current. The part of the circuit that provides energy to the active component is called the direct current (DC) part of the circuit. An active circuit is a circuit with at least one active component. Active components provide power gain or amplification that produces voltage signaling that is discontinuous or nonlinear. Active components include diodes, transistors, and silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs).

DC motor

an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity.

inverter

apparatus that changes direct current to alternating current. Direct current produced by a solar plant may be converted into alternating current with an inverter or a motor-generator set.

DC

direct current = current flowing in only one direction. Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries, power supplies, thermocouples, solar cells, or dynamos. Direct current is used to charge batteries and as power supply for electronic systems. Direct current can be obtained from alternating current by using a rectifier to convert AC into DC. Rectifiers force current to flow in one direction only and are commonly found in an AC to DC power supply.

semiconductors devices

electronic devices comprised of P and N materials and operate according how they are controlled by bias

Falstad Circuit Simulator Applet

http://www.falstad.com/circuit/ and http://lushprojects.com/circuitjs/

Prototyping Phases

1. Hardware, Mechanical, and Software Development - Software is a significant part of the project. Like the hardware, it should start with the high level design. 2. PCB layout - The printed circuit board (PCB) design is a major element in electronics hardware development. Signal integrity tests should be carried out as part of this activity. Normally PCB CAD software packages are used to create the designs. 3. Build prototypes - Build the prototype of the finished product including graphics and packaging. 4. Product Testing - Thorough product testing and Test Readiness Review (TRR) is required before moving on to the next phase

Production Phases

1. Production Readiness Review - This step should be undertaken before the product is launched into full production. 2. Production - At this point all of the equipment should have been tested. 3. On-going Maintenance - Even when a product has entered production, on-going design maintenance is needed. Component obsolescence, design problems previously unnoticed, minor enhancements and other issues will all need to be addressed.

basic circuit

A circuit is a closed conductive path that allows electrons to flow and create an electric current. To create an electric current the circuit also needs an electrical energy source like a battery to start the flow of electricity. Whereas a closed circuit allows current to flow, an open circuit has a break in the pathway which stops the current from flowing. An open circuit can be created by placing a switch along the circuit pathway. Any electrical device with an on/off switch creates a circuit which can be closed or opened.

Arduino microcontroller

A computer can be programmed to detect an event that was triggered by a sensor, and then perform an action based on that event. Microcontrollers are a great platform for performing these tasks due to their miniature size and meager power requirements. A microcontroller unit (MCU) is a simple computer designed and built in a small form factor. When paired with sensors or actuators, microcontrollers can be programmed to act based on triggers. The Arduino, shown in Figure 1, is a popular microcontroller for prototyping. Arduino boards are able to read inputs, such as light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message. They can then turn the input into an output, such as activating a motor, turning on an LED, or publishing something online. All of this is defined by a set of instructions programmed through the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE).

linear circuit

A linear circuit is one in which the values of the electronic components (resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) do not change with the level of voltage or current in the circuit. Linear circuits are important because they can amplify and process electronic signals without distortion. An example of an electronic device that uses linear circuits is a sound system. A linear circuit is one that has no nonlinear electronic components in it. Examples of linear circuits include amplifiers, differentiators, integrators, and linear electronic filters.

Servo Motor

A motor with a feedback sensor that allows for precise control of angular position, velocity and acceleration.

sensor

A sensor is an electronic component that transforms a physical quantity, such as the temperature in the room, the position of a robotic arm, or the sugar level in the blood, into an electrical signal. The electrical signal that the sensor generates is then transformed into a digital signal to be processed by a very simplified computer system called a microcontroller.. Sensors are devices that detect an event from the physical environment and respond with electrical or optical signals as output. There are sensors that measure light, moisture, motion, pressure, temperature, or other environmental properties. The figure identifies four of the sensors that are included in the SparkFun Inventor's Kit (SIK): soft potentiometer, flex sensor, photo resistor, temperature sensor

solderless breadboard

A solderless breadboard is a tool commonly used in electronic prototyping. The solderless breadboard provides the ability to create temporary circuits by plugging components into holes arranged in rows and columns across the surface, as shown in Figure 1. Circuits can be quickly created and taken apart by plugging and unplugging components like resistors and LEDs into the various rows and columns. The holes in the breadboard are contact holes with copper rails underneath the plastic surface, shown in Figure. Because the breadboard is solderless, it is a reusable prototyping tool making it easy to create temporary prototypes and experiment with circuit design.

Activity - Identify Components

Activity - Identify Components

Activity - Identifying Electronic Terms

Activity - Identifying Electronic Terms

amperes (amps)

Amperes (Amps) measure the strength of electric current. Amperes are a measure of the number of electrons in an electric current. One ampere per second is equivalent to one coulomb traveling through a circuit in one second. This is roughly equivalent to the flow of 6.241509×10^18 electrons per second.

actuator

An actuator is a type of motor that is responsible for creating movement. Two examples of electrical actuators that are included in the SIK, are shown in Figure 1. An electric actuator converts electrical energy into mechanical torque. In this course we will be only working with electric actuators, but actuators can also use Hydraulic (Oil), Pneumatic (Air), and Mechanical power.

Writing Arduino code

Arduino sketch keywords can be divided in three main category types: structures, values (variables and constants), and functions. A complete list of sketch keywords can be found at https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage. The first time you run the Arduino IDE software, or when you create a new sketch, you will be presented with a beginning shell of a sketch in the Text Editor section of the IDE. The following is an explanation of the keywords used in this beginning shell. The void keyword is used only in function declarations. It indicates that the function is expected to return no information. The setup() function is used to initialize variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc. The setup() function will only run once, after each power up or reset of the Arduino board. Note: The curly braces ({}) after the setup() function delimits the beginning and ending of the setup() function. All code contained within these braces will be executed only once. The loop() function is the main section of a sketch and loops consecutively, allowing your program to change and respond. Comments are lines in the program that are used to inform someone viewing the code. Comments are ignored by the Arduino board. Comments come in two forms: Single line and Multiple line. A Single line comment is designated by two forward slashes (//). Everything from the two slashes to the end of the line is considered part of the comment and ignored when the sketch is compiled. Multiple line comments start with a forward slash and an asterisk (/*) and end with an asterisk and forward slash (*/). All text between those delimiters is considered part of the comment. The comment can span many lines. Note: Using the multiline comment delimiters to comment out a section of code can be useful for troubleshooting.

chemical elements

Chemical elements on the periodic table are made up of different types of atoms. The attraction between atoms and their outer electrons is stronger in some elements than in others.

passive components

Components that are incapable of controlling current by means of another electrical signal are called passive devices. An electronic circuit consisting entirely of passive components is called a passive circuit. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are all considered passive devices. Passive components cannot introduce energy into a circuit. They also cannot rely on a source of power, except for what is available to them from the circuit they are connected to. Passive components cannot amplify the power of a signal, although they may increase the voltage or current. The signal processing in a passive circuit is continuous or analog.

printed circuit board (PCB)

Copper etched onto a nonconductive material and then coated with some sort of epoxy for strength. A printed circuit board (PCB), shown in the figure, mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components. A PCB uses conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets and laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Components, such as capacitors, resistors or active devices, are generally soldered on the PCB. PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer (outer and inner layers). Conductors on different layers are connected using small opening in the board called vias. Multi-layer PCBs allow for many more components than single- or double-sided PCBs of the same size. PCBs are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired with one single part. Furthermore, operator wiring errors are eliminated.

conventional current flow

Current flow assumed to be in a direction from high charge concentration (+) to low charge concentration (-). Early understanding of electricity known today as conventional current, electric current is positively charged, and flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal. This is indicated in schematics that use conventional current by an arrow and the letter I.

Electron current flow

Current flow assumed to be in the direction of electron movement from a negative (-) potential to a positive (+) potential. Electric current flows from the negative terminal to the positive terminal and is made up of negatively charged electrons. Most schematics will use conventional current even though the flow of electrons is the opposite of what is shown. In this course, we will use conventional current to describe the flow of current but remember that, in actuality, the electron flow is the exact opposite.

digital circuits

Digital circuits have electric signals that take on two discrete values corresponding to the level of voltage. These values are binary and are represented as 1/0, on/off, or high/low. In digital circuits, binary encoding is used: one voltage represents a binary 1 and another voltage usually a value near the ground potential, or 0 volts, represents a binary 0, as shown in the figure. Digital circuits can be designed to provide both logic and memory by interconnecting these binary signals, enabling them to perform arbitrary computational functions.

electrical current

Electric current is created from the movement of electrons. Current flows in a closed loop and is constant everywhere in that loop.

electrical conductors

Electrical conductors are materials with elements that have a weak attraction between atoms and their electrons. In conductive elements, electrons tend to move from atom to atom. Examples of electrically conductive materials are metals like copper, gold, and silver.

electrical insulators

Electrical insulators are materials made up of elements that strongly attract their electrons and in which the electrons never leave the atom. Examples of materials that are electrical insulators are dried wood, glass, and various rubber materials.

electronic components

Electronic components are specialized devices used in a circuit to control current. Some examples of electronic components are wires, switches, resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, inductors, and integrated circuits, as shown in the figure. Electronic components have two or more electrical terminals or leads. The leads connect to create an electronic circuit with a particular function like an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator. Electronic components can be individual items, arrays or networks of like components, or integrated inside of packages such as integrated circuits.

electronics

Electronics is the field of study focused on the control of electricity and the physical components and circuits that help direct electrical energy.

electrons

Electrons along with protons and neutrons are what make up atoms. The basic charge on an electron is measured in terms of coulombs. One coulomb of charge is equal to the amount of charge carried by one ampere in one second.

relay

If a solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch contacts, this is called a relay. Relays are extremely useful when you have a need to control a large amount of current and/or voltage with a small electrical signal. The relay coil which produces the magnetic field may only consume fractions of a watt of power, while the contacts closed or opened by that magnetic field may be able to conduct hundreds of times that amount of power to a load. In the figure, the relay's coil is energized by the low-voltage (12 VDC) source, while the single-pole, single-throw (SPST) contact interrupts the high-voltage (480 VAC) circuit. It is quite likely that the current required to energize the relay coil will be hundreds of times less than the current rating of the contact. Typical relay coil currents are well below 1A (1 ampere), while typical contact ratings for industrial relays are at least 10A (10 amperes).

solenoid

If you place a magnetic object near the coil for the purpose of making the object move when you energize the coil, you have a solenoid. The movable magnetic object is called an armature. Solenoids can be used to electrically open door latches, open or shut valves, move robotic limbs, and even actuate electric switch mechanisms. If a solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch contacts, this is called a relay.

parallel circuit

In a parallel circuit, current flows from the battery terminal but splits at a junction which leads to parallel pathways through the circuit. Components connected along each pathway each get their own share of current, as shown on the right in the figure. In a parallel circuit you can power multiple components like LEDs. However, because each component gets its own supply of current, if any one component or LED were to fail, it would not stop the current from flowing to the other pathways and powering the other components or LEDs. In this way a parallel circuit could solve the common problem of a holiday string of lights, that when one light fails the circuit is opened and all of the lights go out.

short circuit

In contrast to closed circuits and open circuits, a short circuit is usually not created by design. A short circuit happens when an unintended connection between two points in the circuit bypass the normal pathway. Because electrical current normally takes the path of least resistance, short circuits can cause too much current to overload components. This causes overheating and results in unsafe scenarios like melting wires, component failure, and the possibility of electrical fire.

Ohm's Law

In the 1800s, George Ohm discovered that voltage is constantly proportional to current in a circuit with a fixed source of resistance. Ohm published his theory, which has become a fundamental concept in electronics, known as Ohm's Law. According to Ohm's Law, voltage is directly proportional to the strength of current multiplied by resistance within a circuit. Simply stated voltage equals current multiplied by resistance (V = I x R)

integrated circuits

Integrated circuits are miniaturized circuits produced on a single piece of semiconductor. Integrated circuits are often referred to as chips and can have hundreds to billions of electronic components embedded into a single chip.

LED

Light Emitting Diode The LED is symbolized by a triangle with a line segment on one end and two arrows pointing outward. The triangular part of the symbol represents a diode, and the two arrows facing out represent the fact that this diode emits light. Diodes are part of a special class of electronic components known as semiconductors.

building a circuit

Remember that a circuit needs a continuous loop and a power source in order for electricity to flow. A simple circuit can be created by connecting electronic components (LED, resistor, and jumper wires) in series along a row on the breadboard, shown in the figure. When the row has been connected, then the power source would be connected to the lower red and black jumper wires. This should complete the circuit and light the LED.

Arduino IDE - Main Parts

The Arduino IDE can be divided into four main areas, as shown in the figure. The MenuBar contains five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, and Help. These menu items provide access to additional context-sensitive commands that are only available if they are relevant to the work currently being carried out. The Toolbar contains icons that provide tools to Verify the code in a program, Upload a program to the Arduino board, create a New program, Open an existing program, Save a program, and open a Serial Monitor. The Text Editor is similar to other editors that you may have used. It provides the usual text editing features, including cut & paste and search & replace. The Console displays text output, including program feedback, error messages, and other useful information.

Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE software package is a program that allows you to interact with the Arduino board. It is free software that can be downloaded at the Arduino web site: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software The Arduino IDE software package contains the integrated development environment (IDE) as well as the required drivers for the Arduino boards. After the software has been downloaded, unzip the file and install the Arduino IDE software and drivers. Programs written using the Arduino IDE are called sketches and are saved with the file extension of .ino. Sketches can be stored into a sketchbook that can be opened from the File > Sketchbook menu or from the Open button on the toolbar. You can view and modify your default sketchbook folder location by clicking File > Preferences.

SparkFun RedBoard

The SparkFun RedBoard, shown in Figure, is an Arduino-like board with an ATmega328 microcontroller that can be programmed over a USB Mini-B cable using the Arduino IDE. It is capable of taking inputs (such as the reading of a light sensor or the push of a button) and then performing various actions (like blinking an LED or moving an actuator) based on how you program it.

Packet Tracer Actuators

The second sub-group icon is labeled Actuators and a number of IoT things are contained within this sub-group, as shown in Figure

Packet Tracer Sensors

The third sub-group icon is labeled Sensors. Other IoT-related items can be found in this sub-group, as shown in Figure

resistor

The zigzag symbol at the top of the diagram represents a resistor. The role of the resistor is to limit the amount of current that flows through the circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms (symbolized as Ω) and the resistor in this circuit helps to keep the LED from receiving too much current and being destroyed.

testing your Arduino code

To test the code, click the second icon on the toolbar to upload your sketch to the Arduino board, shown in Figure 2. Every time you make a change to your sketch, you will need to compile and upload the new version to the Arduino board again. After a sketch is uploaded to the Arduino board it will remain there until you change it, even if you reset or power off the Arduino.

voltage

Voltage is the force that drives current. It can also be referred to as electric pressure. Voltage is measured as the difference in electric potential energy between two points.

compiling your Arduino code

When your prototype circuit has been built and your code has been written and saved, click the first icon on the toolbar to verify your code. The IDE will compile your code and check for syntax errors. Review any messages that you receive in the Console area of the IDE, shown in Figure

Series vs Parallel Circuits

While the decision between series or parallel circuits depends on the application, the power supply must be powerful enough to provide power to the entire circuit in both cases.

schematic

a circuit diagram, or schematic, that shows all the components of the circuit and how they are connected. The schematic in the figure is known as a circuit diagram. It is a graphical representation of an electrical circuit. A circuit diagram shows the components and interconnections of the circuit using standardized symbolic representations. The presentation of the connections between the circuit components in the diagram does not necessarily correspond to their physical arrangement in the finished device. A pictorial circuit diagram uses simple images of the components and their physical connection.

bias in electronics

a current through or a voltage across an electronic device that establishes it's mode of operation.

series circuit

n a series circuit the components are interconnected one after another in a path between the positive and negative terminals of the power source, as shown on the left in the figure. The electric current travels through each component in a linear fashion. An example of a series circuit can be seen in a string of decorative holiday lights with each light connected to the next, one right after another.