Ethics and Law Chapters 1-6

__________ refers to the kind of moral thinking that is concerned with considering the consequences of alternative courses of action before deciding on a right action. A. utilitarian ethics B. deontology C. virtue ethics D. none of the above

A or D

A code of ethics is A. a reference and a guide B. a reference but not a guide C. a guide but not a reference D. neither a guide nor a reference

A. a reference and a guide

Ethical devision making is ____________ A. behavior B. inherently done well C. something that cannot be taught to another person D. something that cannot be learned from another person

A. behavior

Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context of A. both male justice orientation and a female ethic of care B. the male justice orientation but not female ethic of care C. the female ethic of care but not male justice orientation D. neither the male justice orientation nor the families ethic of care

A. both male justice orientation and a female ethic of care

A code of ethics provides an enforceable standard of minimally decent conduct for those who fall below that standard. A code of ethics indicates in general terms some of the ethical considerations a professional must consider when deciding on conduct. A. both statements are true B. both statements are false C. the first statement is true; the second statement is false D. the first statement is false; the second statement is true

A. both statements are true

A dentist's devision to participate in safety net programs such as Medicaid can be seen as maintaining a social justice perspective. This can pose a challenge for the dental hygienist who believes in a social purpose perspective. A. both statements are true B. both statements are false C. the first statement is true; the second statement is false D. the first statement is false; the second statement is true

A. both statements are true

Ethical issues concerned with employment are common in the dental office. Most dental hygienists are employees. A. both statements are true B. both statements are false C. the first statement is true; the second statement is false D. the first statement is false; the second statement is true

A. both statements are true

If the patient selects a treatment option that is consistent with accepted standards of care, the professional may ethically act on the patient's choice. The practitioner may also choose to not provide a service requested by the patient if that service is in conflict with the standards of patient care. A. both statements are true B. both statements are false C. the first statement is true; the second statement is false D. the first statement is false; the second statement is true

A. both statements are true

Principles, values, and rules in health care will help guide decision making in the process of providing the best dental health care for the patient. Weighing and balancing ethical principles are the major tasks involved in ethical decision making. A. both statements are true B. both statements are false C. the first statement is true; the second statement is false D. the first statement is false; the second statement is true

A. both statements are true

Students needs opportunities to develop the analytical skills needed to assess ethical dilemmas. Posing ethical dilemma cases when a panel of experts is available to help students analyze and arrive at possible solutions to the hypothetical dilemmas is a means of affording those opportunities. A. both statements are true B. both statements are false C. the first statement is true; the second statement is false D. the first statement is false; the second statement is true

A. both statements are true

Admissions committees aim to select candidates who are the best qualified academically as well as candidates of good character, because integrity and character are important criteria for acceptance. A. both the statement and reason are correct and related B. both the statement and reason are correct but not related C. the statement is correct, but the reason is not D. the statement is not correct, but the reason is E. neither the statement not the reason is correct

A. both the statement and reason are correct and related

Every society must address the problem of how its resources will be distributed because every society has a scarcity of resources. A. both the statement and reason are correct and related B. both the statement and reason are correct but not related C. the statement is correct, but the reason is not D. the statement is not correct, but the reason is E. neither the statement not the reason is correct

A. both the statement and reason are correct and related

If a dentist intentionally charges an insurance company for procedures not performed it is an ethical dilemma, because an ethical dilemma occurs when one or more ethical principles are in conflict. A. both the statement and reason are correct and related B. both the statement and reason are correct but not related C. the statement is correct, but the reason is not D. the statement is not correct, but the reason is E. neither the statement not the reason is correct

A. both the statement and reason are correct and related

Tolerance for others goes beyond the legal warning to not discriminate, because it means caring for all individuals who seek treatment whether or not they are likable. A. both the statement and reason are correct and related B. both the statement and reason are correct but not related C. the statement is correct, but the reason is not D. the statement is not correct, but the reason is E. neither the statement not the reason is correct

A. both the statement and reason are correct and related

A major purpose of a professional code of ethics is to bind the members of a group together by expressing their goals and aspirations, as well as define A. expected standards of behavior B. criteria for licensure C. continuing education requirements D. appropriate fees for licensure

A. expected standards of behavior

It is reasonable to assume that the professions find codes of ethics and standards of professional behavior to be A. extremely valuable B. somewhat important C. of little value D. of no value at all

A. extremely valuable

Which of the following is one of the three most frequently encountered practice dilemmas according to a survey conducted by Gaston and colleagues in 1990? A. failure to refer patients to a specialist B. extraction of the wrong tooth C. removal of existing silver amalgam restorations for health reasons D. failure to inform patient of the treatment option of no treatment

A. failure to refer patients to a specialist

Causing some degree of harm when that harm will lead to a greater good may be desirable as well as necessary to the principle of double effect which is part of the principle of A. nonmaleficence B. beneficence C. autonomy D. justice

A. nonmaleficence

After entering professional practice, it becomes the ___________ of those professionals to help regulate their profession. A. obligation B. passion C. option D. possibility

A. obligation

Externally established rules determine right and wrong action for which of the following levels of reasoning according to Kohlberg's Three-Level Model of Moral Development? A. preconventional reasoning B. conventional reasoning C. postconventional or principled reasoning D. none of the above

A. preconventional reasoning

According to the ethicist Laurence McCullough, which of the following is one of the two virtues required in a professional person? A. self-effacement B. integrity C. honesty D. patience

A. self-effacement

The higher standards expressed in a professional code of ethics and enforced by those within the profession represents A. self-regulating behavior B. a service orientation C. a standard of practice D. an organized association

A. self-regulating behavior

Many factors besides finances must be identified when determining why certain populations become patients and others do not, including A. social, political, economic, and cultural factors B. social, political, and economic, but not cultural factors C. social and political, but neither economic nor cultural factors D. political and economic, but either social nor cultural factors

A. social, political, economic, and cultural factors

Moral ________ occurs when moral responsibilities conflict with personal inclinations. A. weakness B. uncertainty C. dilemma D. distress

A. weakness

The code of ethics for dental hygiene can be amended at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a ____% vote of that group. A. 51 B. 66 C. 75 D. 90

B. 66

Each of the following ethical values focuses on society except one. Which one is the exception? A. justice B. autonomy C. caring D. stewardship

B. autonomy

All of the professional traits of a health care professional are rooted in A. nonmaleficence B. beneficence C. veracity D. integrity

B. beneficence

Learning what is expected of a professional person reinforces __________ in the developing professional. A. deference to authority B. character traits C. group norms D. obligation

B. character traits

Which of the following ethical theories proposed that some actions are required by the rightness or wrongness of the action, regardless of the consequences of the action? A. utilitarian ethics B. deontology C. consequentialism D. virtue ethics

B. deontology

Some of the choices that the dental hygienist will face will be simple issues of right and wrong, whereas others may be ethical __________ that require careful decision making. A. conundrums B. dilemmas C. paradoxes D. decisions

B. dilemmas

American Dental Education Association (ADEA) recommendations for improving the oral health status of all Americans includes increasing the A. number of dental and dental hygiene schools B. diversity of the oral health workforce C. number of midlevel providers D. use of electronic oral health record keeping using tablet computers

B. diversity of the oral health workforce

In 1989, the American Dental Education Association (ADEA) established guidelines that stated curriculum should provide opportunities for refining skills of __________ so students are able to apply ethical principles to new and emerging problems in the profession. A. ethical awareness B. ethical analysis C. ethical dilemmas D. moral sensitivity

B. ethical analysis

The _________ goals of the dental hygiene code of ethics are listed in the beginning of the code, and these capture the essence of why the code is important to dental hygienists and the public. A. two B. four C. six D. eight

B. four

The concept of a universal law in ethical thinking was developed by A. john stuart mill B. immanual kant C. aristotle D. plato

B. immanual kant

Which of the following models of professionalism described by Ozar is considered to be most desirable? A. commercial model B. interactive model C. guide model

B. interactive model

Who was responsible for writing a political philosophy essay in the mid-1800s that is the basis for societal presumption that individuals are free to act as they see fit? A. immanuel kant B. john stuart mill C. abraham lincoln D. john wooden

B. john stuart mill

A professional must consider our obligations as a group, by honoring the _________ principle in the code of ethics and sharing ethical concerns as a moral community. A. veracity B. justice C. autonomy D. beneficence

B. justice

The main normative principles in health care are nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy and A. veracity B. justice C. confidentiality D. paternalism

B. justice

Which of the following is the top stage of competency according to the expert learning continuum? A. competent B. master C. proficient D. beginner E. novice

B. master

Experiences, as we make sense of them, in turn change the basic conceptual structures by which people construct A. nostalgia B. meanings C. a hierarchy D. a framework

B. meanings

Some philosophers have noted that most codes of ethics stress the ___________ of health care professionals rather than describe the _________ of those receiving health care services. A. obligations; obligations B. obligations; rights C. rights; obligations D. rights; rights

B. obligations; rights

___________ involves situations in which excessive services or services that are unnecessary for a particular case are provided. A. substandard care B. overtreatment C. scope of practice D. fraud

B. overtreatment

The responsibility of all oral health care professionals to assists and lead society in finding solutions to oral health disparities is based on the historic definition of a A. calling B. profession C. guide D. contract

B. profession

Two reports from the Institute of Medicine in the early 2000s advocated increased professionalism and ______________ as a part of improving quality and bridging the gaps in health care. A. remuneration B. social justice C. integrity D. patient education

B. social justice

The code of ethics that was first developed in _________ is more comprehensive than earlier versions and privets extensive guidance for the dental hygienist working in a variety of health care delivery settings. A. 1927 B. 1957 C. 1995 D. 2005

C. 1995

Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives as possible is part of step _____ of the six-step decision-making model. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

C. 3

The first code of ethics for dental hygienists was created by A. alfred fones B. ADA C. ADHA D. NIH

C. ADHA

Which of the following organizations developed the "Standards for Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice"? A. ADEA B. ADA C. ADHA D. ASTDD

C. ADHA

Which of the following is the term used to describe the system that has been developed in the US to protect the public welfare and provide standards for the evaluation of educational programs and schools? A. standards B. competencies C. accreditation D. uniformity

C. accreditation

Which of the following is Stage 1 of Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development? A. heteronomous stage B. autonomous stage C. amoral stage D. egocentric stage

C. amoral stage

Which of the following is characteristic of successful moral education programs? A. a single day of intensive training B. a lecture presentation by an expert in the subject matter C. an early start with elementary schoolchildren D. participant involvement in discussion of moral dilemmas

C. an early start with elementary schoolchildren

Which of the following principles gives rise to the concept of permitting individuals to make decisions about their own health? A. justice B. veracity C. autonomy D. beneficence

C. autonomy

Which of the following is the name given to the practice of withholding information from a patient because of a belief on the part of the clinician that the information may harm the individual? A. res gestae B. paternalism C. benevolent deception D. autonomy

C. benevolent deception

According to which of the following persons, the duty to report a case of suspected child abuse is derived from the relationships surrounding the child and the need to protect the interests of the child? A. lawrence kohlberg B. jean piaget C. carol gilligan D. immanual kant

C. carol gilligan

___________ usually is defined as qualities or dispositions that are consistently practiced. A. ethics B. morals C. character D. viruses

C. character

Each of the following is true of codes of ethics except one. Which one is the exception? A. codes of ethics are aspirational in nature B. codes of ethics typically are powerful ethical statements C. codes of ethics are legal mandates D. state dental boards are sanctioning practitioners for legal violations as well as ethical violations

C. codes of ethics are legal mandates

Both nonmaleficence and beneficence require the physician to do what will best benefit the patient, which is a ___________ approach. A. male justice orientation B. female ethic of care C. consequentialist or utilitarian D. nonconsequentialist or deontological

C. consequentialist or utilitarian

A hygienist who is unfamiliar with placing dental sealants should A. perform the procedure without informing the patient because he or she will learn best by doing it B. perform the procedure and inform the patient that he or she is a beginner C. defer placing sealants until achieving competency D. never perform the procedure again for the remainder of his or her career

C. defer placing sealants until achieving competency

Which of the following "Standards for Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice" requires interpretation of assessments in order to reach conclusions about the dental hygiene treatment needs? A. evaluation B. planning C. dental hygiene diagnosis D. implementation

C. dental hygiene diagnosis

The first ethical code dates back to the time of Greek physician A. plato B. aristotle C. hippocrates D. euripides

C. hippocrates

The most critical step in the ethical decision-making model is to A. state the options B. implement the decision C. identify the ethical dilemma or problem D. apply the ethical principles to the options

C. identify the ethical dilemma or problem

Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of the first three steps of the decision-making model? A. collect information, identify the ethical dilemma or problem, and state the options B. collect information, state the options, and identify the ethical dilemma or problem C. identify the ethical dilemma or problem, collect information, and state the options D. state the options, collect information, and identify the ethical dilemma or problem

C. identify the ethical dilemma or problem, collect information, and state the options

The final step of the six-step decision-making model is to A. apply the ethical principles to the options B. make the decision C. implement the decision D. identify the ethical dilemma or problem

C. implement the decision

The term interprofessional education (IPE) refers to occasions when students from two or more health professions A. are combined into a single education program, for example, R.N. and L.P.N. or D.O. and M.D. B. complete the degree requirements for more than one program, for example an M.D. and a D.D.S C. learn together during part of their professional training D. take the same written board examination as part of the licensing process

C. learn together during part of their professional training

Each of the following is listed under the ADHA standards of professional responsibility except one. Which one is the exception? A. increasing access to care B. an obligation to provide pro bono service C. liberty D. promoting public health

C. liberty

A ___________ is a general normative standard of conduct, holding that a particular decision or action is true or right or good for all people in all times and all places. A. reference point B. demonstration C. principle D. value

C. principle

Maintaining current knowledge of dental hygiene theory and technique is one facet of which of the following professional traits of a dental hygienist? A. loyalty B. maturity and self-analysis C. reliability and responsibility D. honesty and integrity

C. reliability and responsibility

How many steps are in the ethical devision-making model as interpreted by Atchison and Beemsterboer? A. two B. four C. six D. eight

C. six

The three fundamental ethical principles of the "Physician Charter" include the primacy of patient welfare, patient autonomy, and the principle of A. professionalism B. interprofessionalism C. social justice D. altruism

C. social justice

Each of the following is one of the "Major Findings of Oral Health in America" except one. Which one is the exception? A. both statements are true B. both statements are false C. the first statement is true; the second statement is false D. the first statement is false; the second statement is true

C. the first statement is true; the second statement is false

The first Surgeon General's Report of Oral Health was published in 2000. There have been more than 50 surgeon general reports on oral health published since that time. A. both statements are true B. both statements are false C. the first statement is true; the second statement is false D. the first statement is false; the second statement is true

C. the first statement is true; the second statement is false

According to Campbell and Rogers, moral uncertainty exists when A. obligations and responsibilities are in conflict B. there is frustration from perceived powerlessness when what is happening appears to be wrong and you are unable to act ethically C. there is a question as to whether a moral obligation exists D. moral responsibilities conflict with personal obligations

C. there is a question as to whether a moral obligation exists

More than __________ million people in the US are established to be underinsured or have no health insurance. A. 17 B. 27 C. 37 D. 47

D. 47

Which of the following is one of the "Four A's" to rise above moral distress? A. acknowledge B. above C. abolish D. assess

D. assess

The ethical devision-making model presented in the text is diagrammed as a ___________. A. triangle B. square C. pentagon D. circle

D. circle

______________ are essential skills requiring knowledge, skill, and ability that are performed by a health care provider. A. duties B. obligations C. basics D. competencies

D. competencies

A person's cognitive moral development _______ stop developing at a specific age, and their ability to imply what they understand in actual decisions _______ stop developing at a specific age. A. does; does B. does; does not C. does not; does D. does not; does not

D. does not; does not

Basic beliefs and core values are part of which of the following sections of "The Dental Hygiene Code of Ethics"? A. preamble B. purpose C. key concepts D. fundamental principles

D. fundamental principles

According to Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development, a person accepts the moral authority of others during the ________ stage. A. autonomous B. egocentric C. amoral D. heteronomous

D. heteronomous

Avoiding harm ________ always possible and promoting good ________ always possible in the practice of dental hygiene. A. is; is B. is; is not C. is not; is D. is not; is not

D. is not; is not

It ________ prudent (and or but) it _______ feasible for a dental hygienist employee setting in which a solo dentist or small group of dentists owns and manages the dental care business to provide free or discounted dental hygiene care. A. is; is B. is; is not C. is not; is D. is not; is not

D. is not; is not

There ___________ a legal mandate for dental care to be available to all persons in the US, and the provision of dental care__________ applied equally. A. is; is B. is; is not C. is not; is D. is not; is not

D. is not; is not

The principle of __________ is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved. A. nonmaleficence B. beneficence C. autonomy D. justice

D. justice

Which of the following states does not require a license to practice as a dental hygienist? A. new mexico B. alabama C. connecticut D. none of the above. all states grant a license to practice

D. none of the above. all states grant a license to practice

According to Garetto and Yoder, we do not have a responsibility for accessibility to health care for which of the following groups? A. those who are unaware of the need for health care B. those who cannot get to health care C. those who are afraid of receiving health care D. none of the above. we have a responsibility for accessibility to health care for all of these groups

D. none of the above. we have a responsibility for accessibility to health care for all of these groups

The responsibility and power for legislative protection of the public rest with the dental schools and dental hygiene programs. The primary purpose of licensure is to protect the health and safety of the public. A. both statements are true B. both statements are false C. the first statement is true; the second statement is false D. the first statement is false; the second statement is true

D. the first statement is false; the second statement is true

Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive moral development? A. the model consists of three stages of moral development B. the model defined moral development according to both levels and stages C. the model is developed according to the ethic of care D. the model categorized stages in the moral development of male children

D. the model categorized stages in the moral development of male children

The Surgeon General's Report of Oral Health established that oral health should be looked at separately from general health, because oral health is a critical component of overall health. A. both the statement and reason are correct and related B. both the statement and reason are correct but not related C. the statement is correct, but the reason is not D. the statement is not correct, but the reason is E. neither the statement not the reason is correct

D. the statement is not correct, but the reason is

Which of the following represents the highest stage of Kohlberg's Three-Level Model of Moral Development? A. law and order orientation B. instrumental relativist orientation C. social contract legalistic orientation D. universal ethical principle orientation

D. universal ethical principle orientation