Ethics ch7

integrity testing

"Sting" operations to test whether or not police officers will make honest choices.

Sherman explained that deviant officers go through what he called a________ as they pass through various stages of rationalization to more serious misdeeds in a graduated and systematic way.

"moral career"

Examples offered by Fyfe and Kane of______police corruption would be an officer who steals from a drug seizure (an individual "event") or a group of officers who repeatedly extort or accept money from criminals (an "arrangement").

"unambiguous"

Queensland model

Created In Queensland, Australia, after the Fitzgerald Inquiry (1989) found a network of vertical corruption reaching to the commissioner, and widespread misconduct, including fabrication of evidence, assaults on suspects, and bribery related to gambling and prostitution. The scandal eventually resulted in legislation pertaining to freedom of information and whistle blower protection.

_______ for instance, provide a long list of commissions and task forces that investigated police corruption scandals in a num-ber of cities,

Fyfe and Kane (2006)

gratuities

Items of value received by an individual because of his or her role or position rather than because of a personal relationship with the giver.

who rejects the two major arguments against gratuities such as the slippery slope and the unjust enrichment argument?

Kania

_______ was ranked first in the public's trust in the honesty of their public officials,

New Zealand

Barker and Carter (1994), who propose that police abuse of authority comes in three different areas:

Physical, psychological and legal abuse

Metz (1990) suggested several ways in which police administrators can encourage ethical conduct among officers:

Set realistic goals and objectives for the department • Provide ethical leadership • Provide a written code of ethics • Provide a whistleblowing procedure that ensures fair treatment of all parties • Provide training in law enforcement ethics

grass eaters and meat eaters .

Terms that were used to describe New York City police officers who took advantage of their position to engage in corrupt practices

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The most common pre-employment screening tool that is used by law enforcement agencies

rotten apple argument

The proposition that the officer alone is deviant and that it was simply a mistake to hire him or her.

What were some predictive variables related to those who received citizen complaints or departmental discipline in the Philadelphia police department?

They found 15 which included being younger, being previously rejected for hire, experiencing military discipline, scoring low on some sections of academy training, and receiving academy discipline.

"The blue discount suit,"

according to the authors, was a term that indicated how officers felt about gratuities.

corruption continuum

argues that organizations create unethical employees through an atmosphere of administrative indifference toward integrity (no ethics training, indifferent recruiting, internal politics, and unfairness in promotions), ignoring obvious ethical problems (or engaging in cover-ups), hypocrisy and a fear-dominated culture, and survival of the fittest (employees will do whatever it takes to survive).

the Violent Control and Law Enforcement Act

as a result of the Rodney king incident, the act authorizes the Department of Justice to investigate and bring a lawsuit for "equitable remedies" against police departments that are found to have a "pat-tern or practice" of unconstitutional actions.

according to this one study of terminations for misconduct, factors associated with high risk included

being black or (to a lesser extent) Latino, prior citizen complaints, prior criminal history, history of a public-order offense, and prior employment disciplinary history.

The research found that 22 factors were significantly related to receiving a citizen complaint of physical abuse, including_______

being younger, receiving military discipline, having one's driver's license suspended, having ever been placed under arrest, and having had one or more deceptive polygraph results

An important finding of the research was that the officers' _____ seemed to be influenced by what discipline they perceived would be forthcoming for each incident

beliefs

Kania

believes that police "should be encouraged to accept freely offered minor gratuities and . . . such gratuities should be perceived as the building blocks of positive social relationships between our police and the public." He rejects the two major arguments against gratuities:

Transparency International

charts corruption worldwide, ranking more than 90 countries. This agency defines corruption as abuse of public office (including police) for private gain (e.g., bribe taking).

continuum of compromise

consist of perceived sense of victimization. cynacism. sense of entitlement. blue curtain of secrecy

Under_______ ethics, it is the officer's duty to en-force the law against everyone, including officers.

deontological

The Wood Commission Report

exposed corruption in the New South Wales Police Department in 1997 (Wood, 1997), including instances of fabrication of evidence, theft, armed robberies, sale of drug evidence, sale of information, and a protection racket

What circumstances are present in law enforcement that, perhaps, create more opportunities for drug use?

exposure to a criminal element, relative freedom from supervision, and uncontrolled availability of contraband

The so-called Big Five, _________ have been the target of enough studies to indicate that they are reliable measures of personality

extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness

The countries with the highest scores for honesty typically are______, while poorest countries produced very low scores.

first-world countries

Accepting bribes, gratuities, and unsolicited protection money was the extent of the corruption engaged in by ______

grass eaters

rotten bushels .

groups of officers banding together to commit deviant acts

Corruption

has also been described as "acting on opportunities, created by virtue of one's authority, for personal gain at the expense of the public one is authorized to serve"

methods to discourage rotten apple

improved screening. education and training. integrity training. early warning or audit system

Malloy proposed comprehensive lists of tactics to reduce police misconduct and corruption, including;

increasing the salary of police, eliminating unenforceable laws, establishing civilian review boards, and improving training.

The researchers emphasized that it seemed to be both ________ factors that led to the likelihood of misconduct

individual and environmental

methods to discourage rotten barrel

internal affairs. civilian review/complaint board. changing culture. ethical leadership.

The Mollen Commission

investigated New York City Police Department corruption. They found that Beyond just co-operating with criminals, the corrupt cops were active criminals themselves, selling drugs, robbing drug dealers, and operating burglary rings.

Abuse of power

involves actions where officers physically injure or offend a citizen's sense of dignity.

Police corruption

involves offenses where the officer uses his or her position, by act or omission, to obtain improper financial benefit. For instance, officers may take bribes either to not do their job (write a ticket) or to do their job (provide police protection).

Police crime

involves situations where police officers violate criminal statutes. Police might engage in crimes that have nothing to do with their position (e.g., commit burglar-ies or insurance fraud while off-duty), however, it may be that their ability to commit the crime might be entirely related to their position (Fyfe and Kane )

Legal abuse

involves various forms of wrongdoing designed to convict suspects, including perjury, planting evidence, and hiding exculpatory evidence.

What is Kania's definition of impure intent when recieving gratuities?

it would be an unethical exchange if the intent of the giver was to give in exchange for some future service, not as reward for past services rendered. the intent of the police officer taking the gratuity was not to receive unsolicited but appreciated gifts, but rather, to use the position of police officer to extort goods from business owners. if both the giver and the police officer's motives were unethical: if the giver expected special treatment and the officer's intent was to take the gratuity in exchange for performing the special service.

The term whistleblowers also refers to_____

lamplighters

graft

Any exploitation of one's role, such as accepting bribes, protection money, or kickbacks.

role modeling

was significant in limiting unethical conduct of an interpersonal nature (sexual harassment, discrimination, bullying)

procedural justice

whether people feel the process is fair

outcome justice

whether they think the decision is fair

"bimbo hunting,"

which involved sexual harassment of women out drinking

"perceived sense of victimization,"

which refers to what happens when officers enter the profession with naïve ideas about what the job will be like.

Klockars, Ivkovic, and Haberfeld (2004) study

samples of police officers from 14 countries rated the seriousness of 11 hypothetical situations ranging from gratuities to "shopping" at a crime scene

conscientiousnes

seems to be the most relevant to job performance.

Explanations of corruption can be described as

• Individual • Institutional (or organizational )• Systemic (or societal)

The most common targets for change involve policies concerning .

use of force, citizen complaint procedures, in-car video use, racial profiling, data collection, early identification systems, and training

Under ________, the fact that the speeding officer can cause an accident means that the utility for society is greater if the ticket is issued, for it might make the officer slow down, and by doing that, accidents can be avoided.

utilitarianism

up to ______percent of officers in one city used marijuana and other drugs while on duty.

20

female officers estimated that _____ percent of officers were involved in less serious forms of sexual misconduct while only 1 to 4 percent engaged in more serious forms (sexual coercion, rape).

46

_____percent of officers reported drinking alcohol on duty.

8

______, a euphemism for graft, is endemic in many developing countries where officials, including law enforcement officers, expect it before doing the job they are supposed to do;

Baksheesh

How do gratuities undermine public confidence?

Cohen (1986: 26) believes that gratuities are dangerous because what might start without intent on the part of the officer may become a patterned expectation;

______ is related to the degree of organization, control, and motivation one has and has been related to being organized, reliable, hard working, self-governing, and persevering.

Conscientiousness

_________ focus on the department itself rather than the individual officer. generally require major changes in policies or procedures, and they may require hiring more officers and/or increasing training for officers.

Consent decrees

openess

was associated with fewer violations in a number of areas, especially in favoritism and discrimination.

early warning systems

look at number of complaints, use-of-force re-ports, use-of-weapon reports, reprimands, or other indicators to identify officers.

"dragging the sack"

may be developed to an art form by some police officers, who go out of their way to collect free meals and other gifts.

Research reveals that close supervision, especially by ________such as sergeants, reduces the use of force and incidents of misconduct by officers

mid-level managers

"shopping"

occurs at a crime scene (taking items and then attributing their loss to the burglary).

Noble cause

officers lie or commit other unethical acts to catch criminals, is an organizational explanation, as is any description of deviance that includes the aspect of sub-cultural support.

Meat eaters

participated in shakedowns, "shopped" at burglary scenes, and engaged in more active deviant practices.

Fyfe and Kane classification of police misconduct typology:

profit motivated crimes. off duty crimes against persons. off duty public order crimes. drugs. on duty abuse. obstruction of justice. adminstrative/failure to perform. conduct related probationary failures

Psychological abuse

ranges from deception in interrogation to intimidation on the street.

The most common explanation of police officer corruption is the _______

rotten-apple argument

_____ in supervision seemed to be more important in controlling the misuse of resources, fraud, and other forms of financial corruption

strictness

The slippery slope argument

taking gratuities leads to future, more serious, deviance

The unjust enrichment argument

that the only honest remuneration for police officers is the paycheck

Who is most likely target by cops for sexual harrassment?

under age 30