Ethics Chapter 5

High levels of create a higher probability that firms cut corners because margins are usually low.

Competition

is an organizational factor that gives a company specific characteristics. Over time, stakeholders begin to see the company as like a living organism with a mind and will of its own.

Corporate culture

culture involves values and norms that prescribe a wide range of behavior for organizational members, while culture reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors, including corporate policies, top management's leadership on ethical issues, the influence of coworkers, and the opportunity for unethical

Corporate, ethical

Companies take basic and translate them into core .

Customs, values

The states that economic and social equalities should be arranged to provide the most benefit to the least-advantaged members of society.

Difference principle

Which of the following is not one of the six "spheres of influence" to which individuals are subject when confronted with an ethical issue?

Educational attainment

All of the following are true with regards to organizational factors except

Employees approach ethical issues on the basis of what they learned from others in the organization.

The thought experiment used by John Rawls that examined how individuals would formulate principles if they did not know what their future position in society would be is called

Equality principle

is the ability to perceive whether a situation or decision has an ethical dimension.

Ethical awareness

have been found to decrease unethical practices and increase positive work behavior.

Good personal values

is the first sign that an unethical decision has occurred.

Guilt

Which of the following would not be considered a negative reinforcement of employee behavior?

Ignoring the behavior

The includes the motivational "carrots and sticks" superiors use to influence employee behavior.

Immediate job context

The ethical decision making process in business includes all of the following except

Making ethical decisions

relates to individuals' perceptions of social pressure and the harm they believe their decisions will have on others.

Moral intensity

When we discuss approaches, we are talking about how organizational decision makers should approach an issue.

Normative

involves subordinates simply following the directives of a superior without question. It demonstrates the influence that significant others can exert in the workplace.

Obedience to authority

External and internal rewards relate to which part of the ethical decision-making framework?

Opportunity

Which of the following is not an issue that helps in business ethics evaluations and decisions?

Personal guilt

Normative business ethics takes into account the realities outside the legal realm in the form of industry standards.

Political

1. Which of the following is the first step in the ethical decision making process?

Recognizing that an issue requires an individual or work group to make a choice that ultimately will be judged by stakeholders as right or wrong

Which of the following is not an individual factor that affects business ethics?

Significant others

institutions include religion, education, and individuals such as the family unit.

Social

Which of the following is not considered a significant other group in the workplace?

Spouses

6 stages of cognitive moral development

Stage 1: Punishment and obedience Stage 2: Individual instrumental purpose and exchange Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships,and conformity Stage 4: Social system and conscience maintenance Stage 5: Prior rights, social contract, or utility Stage 6: Universal ethical principles

All of the following are true with regards to opportunity and ethical decision making except

The opportunity for unethical behavior can be eliminated with aggressive enforcement of codes and rules.

All of the following are true regarding institutions except

There is no clear link between institutional theory and the stakeholder orientation of management.

For people who begin the value shift that leads to unethical decisions, which of the following is not a usual justification to reduce and eliminate guilt?

This is in keeping with my personal morals and the code of conduct, so it is okay.

Organizations that have ethics programs based on a orientation are found to make a greater contribution than those based simply on compliance, or obeying laws and regulations.

Values

Values have all the following characteristics except

Widely accepted

Studies have shown that within the organization have more impact on a worker's decisions on a daily basis than any other factor.

a. significant others

If management fails to identify and educate employees about ethical problem areas, ethical issues may not reach the critical

awareness level.

The can be defined as a set of values, norms, and artifacts, including ways of solving problems shared by members of an organization

corporate culture

The perceived relevance or importance of an ethical issue to the individual, work group, or organization is

ethical issue intensity.

People who believe in , go with the flow because they feel the events in their lives are uncontrollable.

external locus of control

Employees that see themselves as going with the flow because that's all they can do have a(n)

external locus of control.

Codes, rules, and compliance are essential in organizations. However, an organization built on to develop a high integrity corporate culture

informal relationships

Studies have found that more than a third of the unethical situations that lower and middle-level managers face come from _____

internal pressures and ambiguity surrounding internal organizational rules.

The relationship between business ethics and age

is complex, although experience helps older employees make ethical decisions.

Research concerning nationality and the ability to make ethical decisions

is hard to interpret in a business context because of cultural differences.

Following the ethical directives of a superior relates to

obedience to authority

According to the ethical decision-making framework, the absence of punishment provides a(n) for unethical behavior.

opportunity

Multiple elements work on individuals to affect their behavior. While an individual may intend to do the right thing, _ can alter this intent

organizational or social forces

Those who have influence in a work group are referred to as significant others and include

peers, managers, coworkers, and subordinates.

An ethical corporate culture needs along with to establish an ethics program and monitor the complex ethical decisions being made by employees .

shared values; proper oversight

By incorporating objectives into corporate core values, companies begin to view as significant.

shareholder, stakeholders