Ethics Final

Which of the following is NOT an objection that Kass makes against cloning? a. It constitutes unethical experimentation. b. It threatens identity and individuality. c. It will produce harmful biological mutations as clones produce further clones. d. It perverts our values concerning parenthood and the raising of children.

.]c. It will produce harmful biological mutations as clones produce further clones..

Which of the following is not an example Aquinas gives of a self-evident proposition? a. "Every whole is greater than its part" b. "The light of Thy countenance, O Lord, is signed upon us" c. "Things equal to one and the same are equal to one another" d. "Man is a rational being"

: b. "The light of Thy countenance, O Lord, is signed upon us".

The HUMANITY FORMULATION of the Categorical Imperative

Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. it means that people should be treated with RESPECT. This means that people should be treated equally. They should never be treated as only a means. They should always be treated as ends. An action is right if and only if (and because) the action treats persons (including oneself) as ends in themselves and not as mere means.

Definition of Natural Law Theory

An action is right if and only if (and because) in performing the action one does not directly violate any of these basic values. EX: KILLING a human is usually wrong because it destroys human life. Immoral too is the use of CONTRACEPTION (at least most of the time) because it inhibits human procreation. LYING (almost always) undermines the human good of knowledge.

The UNIVERSAL LAW FORMULATION of the Categorical Imperative

An action is right if and only if one can both a) consistently conceive of everyone adopting and acting on the general policy (that is the maxim) of one's action. AND also, b) consistently will that everyone act on that maxim.

What is the Doctrine of Double Effect?

An action that would cause at least one evil effect and at least one good effect is morally permissible if and only if all of the following conditions are met: 1. intrinsic permissibility 2. necessity 3. nonintentionality 4. proportionality

What are imperatives?

Commands

Does Kant think moral requirements have hypothetical imperatives?

False. Moral requirements are CATEGORICAL. They are ABSOLUTE. No matter what your feelings, desires, and inclinations happen to be, and even what the immediate consequences of your action might be, you should, for example, try to help needy people. You can't just escape a moral command by renouncing the relevant desire.

A good argument has:

Good CONTENT Good FORM Good content means that the premises are true. Good form means that the premises actually support the conclusion.

St. Thomas Aquinas claims that there are four basic intrinsic goods:

Human life Human procreation Human knowledge Human sociability Each of these four goods has intrinsic value. And to destroy one of these goods is intrinsically bad (evil).

Kant makes a distinction between hypothetical and categorical imperatives. What are they?

Hypothetical imperatives are conditional, whereas categorical imperatives are absolute. "If ... the action is good only as a means to something else, then the imperative is hypothetical; if it is conceived as good in itself and consequently as being necessarily the principle of a will which of itself conforms to reason, then it is categorical..."

The categorical Imperative

Kant thinks that the right motives are derived from a principle that every rational person must accept. He calls this the Categorical Imperative. This is what ensures that your will is good. moral rules that we ought to follow

What if there is a moral dilemma with Natural Law theory?

Natural Law Theory has a solution to this sort of moral dilemma. It is found in the DOCTRINE OF DOUBLE EFFECT: Direct violations are those that cannot be justified by the DDE.

DUTY-BASED MORAL THEORIES.

Others do not define rightness in terms of goodness.

two kinds of moral principles:

Principles of right conduct: moral principles that specify conditions under which an action is right (or wrong). Principles of value: moral principles that specify conditions under which something is intrinsically good (or bad).

VALUE-BASED MORAL THEORIES.

Some determine the rightness of actions in terms of intrinsic goodness.

What are the two aims to moral theory?

Theoretical aim: theory should explain what makes right actions right and wrong actions wrong. Practical aim: theory should offer practical guidance for how we might arrive at correct or justified moral verdicts.

The basic idea behind Natural Law Theory is:

There are objectively true moral principles that are grounded in HUMAN NATURE. In other words, there are objective facts about human nature that determine what human GOOD consists in.

Moral theories differ regarding the relationship between the right and the good.

True

Natural Law theory is a value-based moral theory T or F?

True

what makes us moral? (According to Kant)

What makes us moral is that we have GOOD WILL. Good will means having the right INTENTIONS.

Corresponding to the theoretical aim of moral theory is the principle of: a. explanatory power b. parsimony c. practical guidance d. none of the above

a. explanatory power

Halwani argues that: a. infidelity is generally (but not necessarily) wrong when you are involved in an exclusive relationship b. we all have an obligation to be monogamous, regardless of the kind of relationship we are in c. sex outside of marriage is always morally wrong d. adultery is wrong in all conceivable cases

a. infidelity is generally (but not necessarily) wrong when you are involved in an exclusive relationship.

According to Hursthouse's characterization of virtue ethics, an action is right if and only if: a. it is what a virtuous person would do in the circumstances b. it is what a vicious person would not avoid doing in the circumstances c. it produces the most virtue in the world, compared to alternative actions d. all of the above

a. it is what a virtuous person would do in the circumstances.

By definition, if a person or thing needs to be taken into account in moral decision making (i.e., if it counts morally), then that person or thing has: a. moral standing b. moral permissibility c. viability d. all of the above

a. moral standing.

Curnutt's argument is best thought of as an application of which moral theory? a. rights-based theory b. consequentialism c. ethics of prima facie duty d. virtue ethics

a. rights-based theory.

In satisfying Kant's Humanity formulation of the categorical imperative, we are obligated to adopt two very general goals: the goal of promoting the (morally permissible) ends of others and the goal of: a. self-perfection b. producing happiness c. increasing welfare d. self-sacrifice

a. self-perfection

To say that an action is intrinsically permissible (a feature mentioned in the doctrine of double effect) is to say that: a. the action, apart from its effects, is morally permissible b. the action, only because of its effects, is morally permissible c. no actual person would ever endorse that action d. the action is valuable because of its relationship to things that are intrinsically valuable

a. the action, apart from its effects, is morally permissible.

Roberson defines procreative liberty as: a. the freedom to decide whether or not to have and raise offspring b. the right to use anyone's DNA to have a child by reproductive cloning c. the right to have offspring which cannot be overridden by any other d. the philosophical position that endorses the

a. the freedom to decide whether or not to have and raise offspring.

Pope John Paul II claims that, even if it cannot be shown with certainty that a human embryo is a person, an "absolutely clear prohibition" on abortion can be justified by: a. the mere probability that the embryo is a person b. the scientific consensus that abortion is wrong c. our moral obligation to do what is in our own best interest d. all of the above

a. the mere probability that the embryo is a person.

According to Matheny, in order to justify eating animals, we would have to show that: a. the pleasure gained from consuming them, minus the pleasure gained from eating a vegetarian meal, is greater than the pain caused by eating them b. the pleasure gained from consuming them is less than the pain caused by eating them c. they are sentient creatures who thereby possess direct moral standing d. all of the above

a. the pleasure gained from consuming them, minus the pleasure gained from eating a vegetarian meal, is greater than the pain caused by eating them.

According to Sumner's view on abortion, to know whether abortion is morally permissible we must also know about: a. the stages of fetal brain development b. the stages of fetal cardiovascular development c. the views of different cultures regarding the value of human life d. the views of different religions regarding the value of human life

a. the stages of fetal brain development.

Aristotle's moral theory is a version of: a. virtue ethics b. consequentialism c. rights-based theory d. utilitarianism

a. virtue ethics.

The primary difference between a proposal that is a threat and a proposal that is an offer is: a. with a threat, if you decline, you become worse off, unlike with offers b. threats are necessarily given with a harsh tone of voice, unlike offers c. offers may only occur between friends d. all of the above

a. with a threat, if you decline, you become worse off, unlike with offers.

Which of the following is NOT a possible definition of "unnatural" that Corvino discusses in his objection to the generic unnaturalness argument? a. "Unnatural" means "not practiced by other animals" b. "Unnatural" means "diminishes evolutionary fitness" c. "Unnatural" means "disgusting" d. "Unnatural" means "does not proceed in accordance with innate desires"

b. "Unnatural" means "diminishes evolutionary fitness".

According to Kant, all imperatives are expressed by the word: a. "want" b. "ought" c. "will" d. "may"

b. "ought".

Which of the following best characterizes Pope John Paul II's argument against abortion? a. A human fetus has a future like ours, and as such deserves the same moral protections as normal adult human beings b. A human fetus from conception is an innocent human being, and thus has the same right to life as any other person c. A human fetus from conception is a sentient creature, and thus has the same right to life as any other sentient creature d. A human fetus has an immaterial soul seven hours after conception, and from then on has the same right to life as any other person.

b. A human fetus from conception is an innocent human being, and thus has the same right to life as any other person.

Which of the following statements best describes Regan's view on which approach is better for determining whether zoos are morally defensible? a. A utilitarian approach is better than a rights-based approach b. A rights-based approach is better than a utilitarian approach c. The utilitarian and rights-based approaches are equally useful d. Virtue-based environmentalism is better than both utilitarianism and rights theory

b. A rights-based approach is better than a utilitarian approach.

A positive right of A against B would involve A's claim that: a. nobody interfere with B's pursuit of certain goods b. B do or provide something to A c. everybody must assist B in his pursuit of certain goods d. none of the above

b. B do or provide something to A.

Which of the following is a premise of Kass's despotism argument? a. Cloning is inherently morally wrong. b. In reproductive cloning, one seeks to impose one's will on a child's future. c. The permissibility of cloning depends on the parent's intent to raise the child. d. We have a good reason not to clone.

b. In reproductive cloning, one seeks to impose one's will on a child's future..

Aquinas' moral theory is a version of: a. Consequentialism b. Natural law theory c. Rights-based theory d. Virtue ethics

b. Natural law theory.

Which of the following is a limit that Robertson places on reproductive freedom? a. Reproductive freedom is only fully available to those with the very best genes b. Reproductive freedom applies only when there is the intention to raise the children one bears c. Reproductive freedom never includes the right to in vitro fertilization d. No such freedom exists

b. Reproductive freedom applies only when there is the intention to raise the children one bears.

According to Caplan, which of the following questions must be answered in order for the "destruction of human nature" objection to have any force? a. Is there anything unfair about destroying human nature? b. Why do facts about human nature tell us anything about how it ought to be? c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

b. Why do facts about human nature tell us anything about how it ought to be?.

In ethics, the terms "right" and "wrong" are used primarily to evaluate the morality of: a. persons b. actions c. consequences d. concrete objects

b. actions

John considers what Mary has done, and thinks to himself Mary did the right thing. This thought is primarily a judgment about: a. Mary's upbringing b. an action Mary performed c. Mary's moral character d. what John thinks he would have done

b. an action Mary performed

Mary's laptop deserves moral consideration only because she owns it and cares about it. Thus, Mary's laptop has: a. direct moral standing b. indirect moral standing c. relative moral standing d. inherent or intrinsic worth

b. indirect moral standing

Wolfson cites the Hawaii Supreme Court in arguing that the chief functions of marriage include: a. having or raising children b. intimacy and monogamy c. personal significance d. all of the above

b. intimacy and monogamy.

According to the Vatican, a proper function of sexual behavior is: a. pleasurable interaction between mutually consenting individuals b. mutual self-giving and human procreation in the context of true love c. the production of character-building temptation d. the repression of corrupting inclinations

b. mutual self-giving and human procreation in the context of true love.

According to Singer, thinking ethically is all about: a. thinking about what is in one's own self-interest b. putting yourself in the place of others c. considering how to sacrifice oneself for the sake of others d. all of the above

b. putting yourself in the place of others.

According to Marquis, abortion is: a. absolutely wrong b. seriously presumptively wrong c. generally permissible d. always permissible

b. seriously presumptively wrong.

One of the main problems Gallagher sees in the legalization of same-sex marriage is an erosion of the idea that: a. God designed human beings to only enter romantic relationships with people of the opposite sex b. there is a special connection between a child and his or her biological parents c. it will lead to higher taxes through the expansion of legal benefits d. same-sex marriage only benefits homosexuals and their children

b. there is a special connection between a child and his or her biological parents.

Halwani's position on adultery is an application of which moral theory? a. consequentialism b. virtue ethics c. utilitarianism d. the ethics of prima facie duty

b. virtue ethics.

Timmons claims that philosophers argue for their moral principles, and: a. we should appeal to divine revelation in order to determine the soundness of those arguments b. we can rationally evaluate their arguments c. these arguments, being arbitrary, cannot be rationally evaluated d. there is no way to determine which arguments are better than others

b. we can rationally evaluate their arguments.

To say that the consequentialist account of right action is a maximizing conception is to say that, according to the account: a. we are obligated to convince as many people as possible to accept consequentialism b. we ought to perform that action whose consequences will have at least as much overall value as any of the alternative actions c. we are to perform that action whose consequences will have the least overall value as any of the alternative actions d. none of the above

b. we ought to perform that action whose consequences will have at least as much overall value as any of the alternative actions.

If you were to evaluate the following argument-- Job Stewart is a US president; all US presidents are male; therefore, Jon Stewart is male--what should you say? a) good content, good form b) good content, bad form c) bad content, good form d) bad content, bad form

c) bad content, good form

In evaluating arguments, good form means that: a) the conclusion is true b) the conclusion supports the premises c) the premises support the conclusion d) none of the above

c) the premises support the conclusion

Which of the following best characterizes Cohen's view about animal rights? a. Animals do not have rights, and as such we do not have any obligations towards them b. Animals do have rights, but nonetheless we do not have any obligations towards them c. Animals do not have rights, but they still deserve some moral consideration d. Animals do have rights, and we have an obligation not to cause them suffering

c. Animals do not have rights, but they still deserve some moral consideration.

Why does Curnutt think animals have desires, like the desire to live? a. Because they have welfare interests b. Because we attribute desires to animals on largely the same basis that we attribute desires to humans c. Because animals have beliefs, and having beliefs is sufficient for having desires d. Because animals possess language, albeit different from human languages

c. Because animals have beliefs, and having beliefs is sufficient for having desires.

Warren's view can be characterized in which of the following ways? a. It is a moderate view because Warren subscribes to a gradualist position. b. It is a conservative view because Warren believes that abortion is only justified when the life of the mother is in danger. c. It is a liberal view because Warren believes that a woman's right to protect her life, health, happiness, and freedom by terminating her pregnancy will always override whatever right to life a fetus may have. d. It is the correct view because no objections can be lodged against it.

c. It is a liberal view because Warren believes that a woman's right to protect her life, health, happiness, and freedom by terminating her pregnancy will always override whatever right to life a fetus may have.

Which of the following is an example of a duty-based moral theory? a. consequentialism b. natural law theory c. Kantian moral theories d. none of the above

c. Kantian moral theories.

According to John Corvino, if it is true that some people are born with homosexual tendencies, then: a. They ought t oact on those tendencies b. They ought not to act on those tendencies c. nothing follows about what such people morally ought or ought not to do regarding those tendencies d. all of the above.

c. Nothing follows about what such people morally ought or ought not to do regarding those tendencies.

The Vatican takes what kind of approach to sexual morality? a. a Kantian approach b. a utilitarian approach c. a natural law approach d. a consequentialist approach

c. a natural law approach

Sandel's case against moral engineering can best be considered: a. a Kantian approach b. an application of the ethics of prima facie duty c. a virtue ethics approach d. a natural law theory approach

c. a virtue ethics approach.

According to Halwani, virtue ethics has the advantage of: a. rejecting the distinction between virtue and vice b. rejecting the distinction between sex in the context of love and sex in the context of pleasure c. accepting that both "moral" and "nonmoral" considerations are relevant to well-being d. maintaining that morality is only a matter of convention

c. accepting that both "moral" and "nonmoral" considerations are relevant to well-being.

Aristotle claims that a state of character arises from the repetition of similar: a. beliefs b. relationships c. activities d. opinions

c. activities.

According to Cohen, if I promise to give you a dollar, then: a. you have a right to my dollar b. I am obligated to give you my dollar c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

c. both A and B.

In his article, Corvino discusses arguments against the morality of homosexuality that appeal to: a. unnaturalness b. harm c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

c. both A and B.

Kass worries that cloned individuals: a. will be seen as curiosities b. will be scrutinized in relation to the person they are clones of c. both of the above d. none of the above

c. both of the above

Matheny defends his claim that sentience is sufficient for moral consideration by: a. pointing out problems with the view that rationality, language, and intelligence are required for moral consideration b. pointing out problems with the view that membership in the species Homo sapiens is required for moral consideration c. both of the above d. none of the above

c. both of the above.

Which of the following is the term used to refer to a stage in prenatal development which in humans begins at roughly the second week of pregnancy and lasts until roughly the eighth week? a. fertilization b. fetal stage c. embryonic stage d. viability

c. embryonic stage.

Timmons claims that divine command theory does not plausibly address the theoretical aim of moral theory, but he allows that divine command theory might: a. still be the best moral theory b. still satisfy the principle of explanatory power c. help believers decide what to do d. none of the above

c. help believers decide what to do.

According to Bentham, a thing is said to be for the interest of an individual when: a. it is something the individual finds interesting b. the individual wishes others to experience that thing c. it tends to add to the sum total of the individual's pleasure d. the interest desires it

c. it tends to add to the sum total of the individual's pleasure.

If animals have no direct or indirect moral standing, then using them for human purposes is: a. always wrong b. always obligatory c. never wrong d. never optional

c. never wrong.

One of the main purposes of Corvino's article is to: a. demonstrate that homosexuality is unnatural b. show that it is morally wrong to engage in homosexual acts c. offer counterexamples to common arguments against homosexuality d. explain why homosexuality is harmful and unnatural

c. offer counterexamples to common arguments against homosexuality.

What does SCNT stand for, as used in the discussion on cloning? a. skin cell nuclear transfer b. stem cell nuclear transmission c. somatic cell nuclear transfer d. none of the above

c. somatic cell nuclear transfer.

According to Aquinas, every law is ordained to: a. the truth b. human perfection c. the common good d. individual happiness

c. the common good.

Regan argues that zoos are not morally defensible, on the rights view, because: a. the conditions of the animals' captivity inevitably causes them to suffer b. zoos interfere with the rights of both humans and animals c. the conditions of the animals' captivity limits their freedom d. all of the above

c. the conditions of the animals' captivity limits their freedom.

Sumner claims that both extreme liberal and extreme conservative views on abortion seem to ignore: a. the importance of the fetus' right to life b. the fact that many extreme views on abortion are held by male philosophers c. the importance of fetal development d. the importance of personhood

c. the importance of fetal development.

One point of Thomson's "unconscious violinist" case is to show that: a. the fetus has a full right to life from conception b. the fetus does not have a full right to life until it is born or "wakes up" c. there is something wrong with arguing directly from the claim that the fetus is a person to the conclusion that abortion is morally impermissible d. there is nothing wrong with arguing directly from the claim that the fetus is a person to the conclusion that abortion is morally impermissible

c. there is something wrong with arguing directly from the claim that the fetus is a person to the conclusion that abortion is morally impermissible.

In therapeutic cloning, the goal is to: a. produce and raise a child b. go down a slippery slope c. treat disease d. none of the above

c. treat disease.

How does Caplan respond to the "deformation of character and spirit" objection? a. He says vice is a subjective term; there is really no such thing as virtue or vice. b. He denies that we should strive to be virtuous. c. He concedes that the argument looks sound, but claims that there are still reasons to reject it. d. He says vice is a trait of many if not all human beings, regardless of whether they are (bio)technologically enhanced.

d. He says vice is a trait of many if not all human beings, regardless of whether they are (bio)technologically enhanced..

Which of the following is NOT an objection Pence gives to the argument that SCNT is not best for the child? a. The argument assumes genetic determinism or genetic reductionism. b. The expectations people will place on SCNT individuals could be no worse than normal expectations of children created sexually. c. People's prejudicial attitudes are likely to change. d. If people's prejudicial attitudes do not change, then we should not allow SCNT.

d. If people's prejudicial attitudes do not change, then we should not allow SCNT.

An unborn vertebrate animal that has developed to the point of having the basic structure that is characteristic of its kind is known as: a. a zygote b. a blastocyst c. an embryo d. a fetus

d. a fetus

Warren is best described as: a. a natural law theorist b. a virtue ethicist c. a utilitarian d. a rights-based theorist

d. a rights-based theorist.

Audi proposed that we expand Ross's list of prima facie duties to include: a. veracity b. enhancement and preservation of freedom c. respectfulness d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is a basic intrinsic good, according to Aquinas' version of natural law theory? a. human life b. human procreation c. human sociability d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is an example of a virtue? a. honesty b. courage c. kindness d. all of the above

d. all of the above

According to Sandel, eugenics and genetic enhancement can be seen to be wrong from a secular perspective, because they would produce unwelcome changes in: a. humility b. responsibility c. solidarity d. all of the above

d. all of the above.

Which of the following is a feature of consequentialist moral theory? a. it is a value-based theory b. it involves the idea of alternative actions open to the agent c. it is a strongly impartialist moral theory d. all of the above

d. all the above

Which of the following is an example of a virtue? a. pleasure b. hunger c. desire d. courage

d. courage.

Which of the following is an example of a vice of character? a. blindness b. physical weakness c. obesity d. cowardice

d. cowardice

Kant refers to the special worth or value of persons as: a. virtue b. beauty c. praiseworthiness d. dignity

d. dignity

Thomson discusses a different version of the violinist case wherein the violinist only needs to use your kidneys for one hour to survive. Her own view about this case is that: a. you have no obligation to let the violinist use your kidneys for that hour b. the violinist has an obligation to disconnect himself before that hour is over c. because you ought to let the violinist use your kidneys for that hour, we should conclude that he has a right to use your kidneys for that hour d. even though you ought to let the violinist use your kidneys for that hour, we should not conclude that he has a right to use your kidneys for that hour

d. even though you ought to let the violinist use your kidneys for that hour, we should not conclude that he has a right to use your kidneys for that hour.

According to Bentham, utility is that property of any object which tends to produce: a. desire b. pleasure c. hope d. fascination

d. fascination.

Kant's moral theory is a version of: a. consequentialism b. virtue ethics c. utilitarianism d. none of the above

d. none of the above.

Marquis argues that abortion is morally wrong by: a. showing that a fetus is a person with full moral rights, including the right to life b. appealing to the fact that a fetus is biologically human and arguing that it is presumptively morally wrong to kill biologically human beings c. showing that a fetus is sentient and that it is morally wrong to harm and kill sentient creatures d. none of the above

d. none of the above.

On Warren's view, a necessary condition for the possession of full and equal moral rights is: a. being a member of the human species b. being a member of a human group c. being an animal d. none of the above

d. none of the above.

Sandel believes that the use of genetic enhancement is inherently wrong because: a. its use would be unsafe b. its use would be unfair c. both of the above d. none of the above

d. none of the above.

According to Wolfson, most studies on the effects of family structure on children's well-being show that: a. family structure has no correlation whatsoever with children's well-being b. gay parents are somewhat less fit for raising children than heterosexual parents c. combined income, level of education, and household location are the most important factors for children's well-being d. quality of dedication, commitment, self-sacrifice, and love are more important for children's well-being than family structure

d. quality of dedication, commitment, self-sacrifice, and love are more important for children's well-being than family structure.

What is A MORAL PRINCIPLE?

is a general moral statement that specifies conditions under which an action is right (or wrong) or that something is intrinsically good (or bad).

What is a moral theory?

is a theory about the nature of the right and the good and the proper method for making correct or justified moral decisions.

St. Thomas Aquinas view on Natural Law Theory

natural law: "good is to be done, evil is to be avoided." The natural inclinations of human beings indicate which ends are intrinsically valuable. These inclinations are a part of human nature. Thus, morality is ultimately grounded in facts about human nature.

EXTRINSIC VALUE:

something's being valuable (at least partly) because of how it relates to something else that is intrinsically good.

INTRINSIC VALUE:

something's being valuable because of features inherent to it.

According to Kant, animals are also not people. The key is that a person is a RATIONAL BEING.

true

Kant speaks of the inherent WORTH and DIGNITY of every PERSON.

true

The philosophical approach to ethics is to defend one's answers with REASONS.

true

Matheny's argument is an application of: a. a form of consequentialism b. a version of Kantian theory c. virtue ethics d. all of the above

a form of consequentialism.

Warren specifies five traits which are most central to the concept of personhood and then suggests which of the following about these traits? a. Any being which satisfies none of these traits is certainly not a person. b. To be a person, a being must satisfy all the traits to some degree. c. To be a person, it is necessary that a being satisfy four out of the five traits. d. It is clearly sufficient for personhood that a being satisfy only one out of the five traits.

a. Any being which satisfies none of these traits is certainly not a person.

Why can't animals be bearers of rights, according to Cohen? a. Because rights are essentially human b. Because animals lack any kind of rationality c. Because animals are not as powerful as humans d. None of the above; Cohen holds that animals can have rights

a. Because rights are essentially human.

How does Singer respond to the objection that people have a right to spend the money they earn on themselves? a. He says that having a right to do something doesn't settle the question on what you should do b. He says that knowing you should do something entails that you have a right to do it c. He denies that people have a right to spend the money they earn on themselves d. He argues that people also have a right to spend the money they earn on others

a. He says that having a right to do something doesn't settle the question on what you should do.

Which of the following is entailed by what Gallagher calls "the relationship view" of marriage? a. Marriage is created by the couple for the couple b. Marriage is necessarily a religious relationship c. The state has a right to privilege one form of family structure over another d. Marriage is fundamentally about reproduction and the continuation of society

a. Marriage is created by the couple for the couple.

Which of the following is a claim the Vatican would deny? a. Masturbation is sometimes morally permissible. b. Premarital sex is always morally wrong. c. Homosexual acts are always morally wrong. d. Knowledge of sexual morality can be acquired through reason.

a. Masturbation is sometimes morally permissible..

Pence compares six different cases of reproduction, from natural twinning to SCNT. What conclusion does he draw from this comparison? a. SCNT is not a different kind of reproduction, since there are no morally relevant differences between it and other permissible means of reproduction. b. Since there is a low risk of harm for natural twinning, there will be a low risk of harm for SCNT. c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

a. SCNT is not a different kind of reproduction, since there are no morally relevant differences between it and other permissible means of reproduction.

What is the main difference between a cloned (SCNT) individual and an individual who is a product of normal sexual reproduction? a. The SCNT individual has genetic material primarily from one person instead of two b. The SCNT individual has genetic material primarily from two people instead of one c. The SCNT individual has no genetic material d. There is no significant difference

a. The SCNT individual has genetic material primarily from one person instead of two.

Bentham's moral theory is a version of: a. Utilitarianism b. Virtue ethics c. Rights-based theory d. Natural law theory

a. Utilitarianism.

Although Curnutt argues for the claim that meat-eating is all-things-considered wrong, he admits that the following could, in rare circumstances, justify eating meat: a. a human being's health b. family tradition c. the tastiness of the meat d. all of the above

a. a human being's health.

Person A says to B: "I am going to steal your car unless you agree to clean out my garage on Saturday." A's proposal is: a. a threat b. an offer c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

a. a threat.

Singer argues that developing nations are harming poor nations by: a. causing global warming b. handing out too much foreign aid, which increases need c. ignoring important aspects of their culture d. indoctrinating them with Western values

a. causing global warming.