Ethics of Convergent Media

Disclosure of privacy and/or embarrassing facts

- Dorothy Barber had a disease regarding her nutrition. - Time magazine ran a photo of her without her permission. - She sued them and won.

Henry Jenkins' Analysis of Media Convergence

- The relationship between the public and mass media has changed and it has been the most fundamental change since Gutenberg invented the printing press.

Ethics

Choosing what is good, both for the individual and for society. Choosing the better or best alternative.

Aristotle's Golden Mean

Ethical conduct is a mean between two extremes. Ex: Cowardliness ----------x----------Foolhardiness *It is non-linear in its application meaning that the same action is not required by every person in every situation Focus is on the actor.

Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative

Every decision that we make, we must examine if it should be a universal law (should that be the choice for every similar decision?). Act so your choices could be as an end, never as a means only. Focus is on the act.

The Trial of John Peter Zenger

Published New York Weekly Journal. Sided with opposition to William Cosby, governor of New York and New Jersey. Charged with seditious libel in 1734. Andrew Hamilton argued truth as defense. Acquittal changed course of debate in colonies and helped begin decline of British influence. Helped create resentment against the British and push the colonies toward the Revolutionary War.

The Authoritarian Theory

Licensing by the government.

NYPD Blue (1993 - 2005)

- Created by Steven Bochco and David Milch, the show was controversial from the first episode with the American Family Association leading protests. - In fact, 57 of the 225 ABC affiliates preempted the first episode of the show in 1993 amidst speculation that Bochco was intent on creating the first ever R-rated TV series. - With persistent violence and the first nudity on primetime network TV, the show was considered a lightning rod of controversy. - But, it quickly gained a huge following and was a consistent award winner. - While it was groundbreaking television, the show also demonstrated how permissive television had become.

FCC Authority

- FCC has no authority on the content of paid cable television (nudity, language, etc.) - It does have authority on free television provided by major networks. - FCC has struggled with the issue of taste and decency since the 80s.

Bikini Photo on Facebook is Fair Game

- Chelsea Chaney was a minor who sued a school district after the district publicly shared an image of her to the community in a presentation on "Internet Safety". - Claimed that the school's search violated her fourth amendment right and that it implied that she had been drinking and pursuing a promiscuous behavior. - The court did not rule in her favor because they said that her Facebook was more public than most people's.

Convergence

- Convergence means using two or more media to communicate. - Ex: msn.com has news, email, weather, sports, etc. - The dot.com craze was when anything that had dot.com at the end, it was considered good.

Wapping Revolution of 1986

- Indirect result of his relationship with Margaret Thatcher. - Newspapers in London were using labor heavy and bulky machinery. - Murdoch claimed that he was building a newspaper, but he wasn't (1984 - 1985) even though he was building a facility with computers in Wapping. - Sent 6,000 termination notices and they began to protest, but slowly after 11 months, they realized that they were defeated (went to work in Wapping).

Woman Falling off of a Roof

- Photograph taken after terrorist bombing of Pan Am .... - Plane exploded and disintegrated over Lochbuie, Scotland. - Parts of the plane flew threw the sky and crashed on land. - Woman fell, being hit.

Calvin Klein Kiddie Porn Controversy

- Pictures of young girls and boys in their underwear. - Worried that it might appeal to pedophiles.

Man Grabbed by an Elephant

- Taken at the zoo in Houston on a Sunday afternoon. - Man pinned against a retaining wall by the elephant's trunk. - He was an experienced zoo worker, but still elephants can be spooked sometimes very easily. Taken to a hospital, treated and released, and only had bruises. - Someone gave the disposable camera to the newspaper company (Pederson's) and said that there might be something interesting on there, sent him a check.

Lee Harvey Oswald Shot Photograph

- Taken by Bob Jackson, SMU student in the 1950s. - Lee Harvey Oswald being shot by Jack Ruby (gun pointed to his stomach). - First Pulitzer Prize won by Dallas talent.

Michael Jackson (1958 - 2009)

- The 24-hour news cycle was never more evident than in the constant cable coverage of Michael Jackson in June of 2009. - Endless questions that seemed to surround his death at the age of 50 only added to the breathless nature of the coverage. - He was a worldwide figure in music and had a talent and persona that transcended race, geography, and, to some extent, age. - Yet, critics used the extensive coverage to point out the difference between what constitutes real news and journalism with the tabloid papers and the cable news channels. - He made his debut when he was 5, and the world had watched him grow to middle age, leading an eccentric lifestyle that no doubt contributed to the fascination over his death.

Kate Moss Caught with Coke

- The Daily Mirror London caught supermodel Kate Moss in cocaine use. - Used a paid informant with a hidden camera. - Paper published pictures and story in 2005. - Despite earlier denials, she finally admitted that she did it. - After that, a number of fashion houses dropped her. - The Daily Mirror showed Moss preparing approx. 20 lines of white powder from a "mammoth stash kept safely wrapped in her handbag". - Snorted it before her boyfriend, Peter Doherty, and his friends joined in.

Stephen Glass The New Republic

- The New Republic had a 90 year history of distinguished political commentary and for discovering young and rising stars including Stephen Glass. - By the time he was 25, he had written a number of stories. - It turns out that he made up quotes, details, and sometimes even whole stories. - He then would create notes, phone voicemails, faxes, and even a website in order to support the material he had created. - Glass learned how to subvert the fact checking process because he had been a fact checker himself. - He was fired in 1998. - The story that led to his downfall was one regarding a 15 year old computer hacker who had been hired by a large corporation as a security consultant after first hacking into the company's system. - Shattered Glass released in 2003 was based on this incident.

Former Spokane Mayor James West

- The Spokane-Review in 2005 published the results of an investigation that disclosed that West was gay and included accusations that he molested two boys 20 years ago when they were Boy Scouts. - West, considered one of the most powerful politicians in eastern Washington, had been an outspoken critic of gay rights legislation. - Once the paper heard rumors that he was gay, they set up a sting operation in which West chatted online with a young man he thought to be interested in work at City Hall. - The man was actually a forensic computer expert working for the newspaper. - He was voted from office in a special recall election in December, 2005. - He died of cancer several months later.

Filippa Hamilton Fired for Being Too Fat

- The Swedish model had worked for Ralph Lauren since she was 15. - Said she was terminated in a letter sent to her agency in 2009 that said she "didn't fit into a sample of clothes that you need to wear". - Hamilton is 5 ft, 10 in tall and weighs 120 pounds. - She said she was not going to go public with the issue until a digitally distorted image of her in a Ralph Lauren ad was shown on several internet sites. - The image made her head look larger than her waist. - After the ad received heavy criticism for its distortion and the message likely sent to girls and young women Ralph Lauren released a statement saying "we have learned that we are responsible for the poor imaging and retouching that resulted in a very distorted body image". - The photo and controversy simply continue the debate over the media frame that exists regarding weight and body shape for young females.

Birth of a Nation

- The birth of Hollywood happened with the movie Birth of a Nation in 1915 (reconstruction after the Civil War). - First film, 3 hours long, silent, but live orchestra music. - Played at the Liberty Theater in New York. - Racist, portrays blacks as lazy and worthless. - Established film as an important media in this country. - Lillian Gish was the actress. - Portrayal of two different families (North and South).

The Alienation of Technology

- The danger of email thank you notes. - Chase Haynes, former SMU student, got an interview with WGN along with 150 other applicants and she sent a thank you note through the male after her interview. She was the only one that got the job.

Elton John (1947 - )

- The height of so-called tabloid London's "bonk" journalism was reached in the late 1980s during The Sun's extended coverage of Elton John's sexual habits. - Paper ran extensive coverage of his homosexuality which was not news since he announced that he was gay years before. - An uncorroborated source (a male prostitute called American Barry) said that John had engaged in sexual bondage with underage boys. - American Barry later told The Mirror that it was all a bunch of lies, he did it for money and The Sun was easy to con. - John sued The Sun and won. - After winning, John said: "You can call me a fat, balding, talentless, old queen who can't sing, but you can't tell lies about me". - British public was not amused by The Sun's shenanigans. - John was knighted by the Queen in 1988 and since then, has remained very popular in the UK and around the world. - Sun circulation declined and has never again reached its top of 4 million.

The Culture of Convergence

- The journalism of convergence has changed dramatically and will continue to change. - Henry Jenkins of MIT talks about knowledge communities (share information about anything in blogs, chatrooms, forums, etc.) - One one hand, it provides enormous benefit and on the other hand, it carries the risk of misinformation.

Social Responsibility Theory

- The media is independent, but still has obligations. - Provide a comprehensive and fair account of the press. - Support the things which help people: honest government, education, health care, etc. - Provide access for social and ethnic groups. - Provide forum for the exchange of ideas. - Provide "access to all intelligence".

Reasons for Failure of AOL Time Warner Merger

1. Culture clash between the old and new media companies (young and casual vs. old and traditional). - Why was it called AOL Time Warner? (AOL was much smaller). 2. The deal never made any financial sense - A lot of people lost a lot of money. 3. 130 million subscribers of AOL Time Warner products. - Magazines are totally different from email; it just did not go together. - Lawsuit filed by shareholders against the company.

What the Embeds Missed

1. Had a focus on smaller units, reporting on individual soldiers, but what about the big picture? (Global Strategy) 2. Made a mess of the weapons of mass destruction issue, Bush and Blair pushed to take out the country because they were a threat. 3. Almost no one saw the struggle of democracy in Iraq and the mess of this war (troops dying, civilians in danger).

The Movie Ratings System

1927 - The production code was adopted by Hollywood (decency in film). - No picture should be seen that lowers the morality of its viewers. - Changes made in the 50s and 60s (frank TV, includes divorce, sex, etc.) - MPAA ratings passed in 1968. - Jack Valenti (longtime president of MPAA). - "Who's Afraid of Virginia Wolfe" changed the ratings. - First time they used the word "screw" and "hump the hostess" (screw was later omitted). - 12 to 15 people sit on the committee that rate the movie (varied demographic, but they HAVE to be a parent). - The ratings were originally PG, R, and X (porn). - Revisions were made and today they are (G, PG, PG-13, R, and NC-17. - The standards were changed due to the mood of the people.

1982 National Institute for Mental Health Report

4 major findings: - More aggressive towards other children. - Less sensitive to pain and suffering of others. - More frightened of the world around them. - Even cartoon violence can have effects. * Found in thousands of scientific studies.

Walt Disney Company

- ABC Television - Cable (ESPN, Disney Channel) - Walt Disney Studios (includes Walt Disney Pictures, Pixar, Touchstone, and Miramax) - Radio (ABC News, ESPN, Radio Disney) - Disney Parks and Resorts - Disney Records - Disney Books (No. 1 publisher of children's books)

Mimi Alford claims JFK Affair

- 19 year old debutante whose family connections landed her an internship in the White House in 1962. - Her book "Once Upon a Secret: My Affair with President John F. Kennedy and Its Aftermath", claims that she met JFK in the swimming pool. - Claimed she was invited to swim by Dave Powers, Kennedy'd friend. - Kennedy gave her a personal tour of the White House and took her to Jacqueline Kennedy's room, where they had sex. - Said that she lost her virginity in this encounter and that Kennedy acted "as if what had just happened was the most natural thing in the world". - Said that she would often swim with Kennedy at noon or at the end of a work day, then return to her desk and wait for his call. - Carried on an affair for 18 months. - The last time she was with him was just seven days before his assassination. - Writes that they met at the Carlyle Hotel in NY. - The affair had continued after she had returned to school at Wheaton, an all girls school in Massachusetts. - The last meeting occurred after she became engaged to her high school sweetheart. - Kennedy responded to her engagement by saying "I know, but I'll call you anyway". - Alford writes that she never ran into Mrs. Kennedy during their numerous White House sexual encounters. - Even though she was shocked after the first time they had sex, she never felt guilty about the affair.

Rupert Murdoch Owns...

- 20th century/ Fox/ FX/ Blue Sky Studios. - Cable: National Geographic Channel/ SPEED/ Fuel TV/ Stats Inc./ Sun Sports/ Turner South. - Magazines: Big League/ InsideOut/ donna hay/ ALPHA/ News America Marketing/ SmartSource/ The Weekly Standard/ Gemstar. - Newspapers: Australasia - Daily Telegraph, Fiji Times, Gold Coast Bulletin, Herald Sun, Newsphotos, The Sunday Times, etc. (United Kingdom) - News International, News of the World, The Sun, The Sunday Times, The Times, etc. (United States) - The Wall Street Journal, The New York Post. - Books and Book Publishing: HarperCollins Publishers, Reagan Books, Zondervan. - Direct Broadcasting Satellite TV: BSkyB, Foxtel, Sky Italia. - Other Assets: Classic FM, MySpace.com, National Rugby League, Intermix, etc.

NBC Universal

- 51% owned by Comcast; 49% owned by General Electric - NBC Television - Telemundo Broadcasting - Universal Studios - Universal Theme Parks - Cable (MSNBC, CNBC, Bravo, Sci-Fi, Trio, USA) - Partnership with msn.com

The Sun (May 4, 1982)

- A very sensational "red top" tabloid. - Perhaps best known around the world for running daily the "page three" girl, a photo of a young woman topless. - Paper has been a target for feminists as well as those who claim the paper is relentlessly conservative, jingoistic, and homophobic. - The paper has been solidly on the side of the British government in the Iraq war, referring to British troops as "our boys". - Paper is highly critical of France and Germany (refers to former French President Jacques Chirac as "le worm"). - The paper's conservatives line has moderated in recent years, but the paper backed Tony Blair and the New Labor Party until Blair left office. - The paper is noted for its large and pointed headlines. - After England beat Argentina in the 2002 World Cup, the paper printed "Up Yours Senors". - Argentina felt betrayed by the US because they sided with the UK and were not neutral.

The AOL Time Warner Fiasco

- AOL was email through dial-up service. - Big craze "America Online". - AOL was looking for a partner (Time Warner). - In 2001, the two companies merged. - Represented the worst dot.com deals of the era. - Both companies had motivations for combining their assets, but virtually all of their synergies, cost-saving, and strategic alliances between the two companies turned out to be nothing more than fantasy. - Within two years, both Steve Case (AOL) and Gerald Levin (Time Warner) were gone from the company. - Left were diminished shareholder value, lawsuits over the original deal, and lots of hard feelings. - Ted Turner was the largest investor in the AOL Time Warner merger and consequently, the biggest loser.

Advertising Ethics

- Advertising creates an appetite for goods and services that otherwise would not be needed. - Advertising raises the cost of goods and services than it would have normally been. - Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulates advertising.

Phone Hacking Scandal

- Amanda "Milly" Dowler, 13-year-old murder victim - Abducted on her way home from school in March of 2002 in a small town in Southeast England. - She was murdered and her body was found in September. - Her murderer was convicted in 2011 in a highly publicized trial in which the victim's rights group complained about the way her parents were treated during their testimony at the trial. - Reporters typically obtain information from the police, and The Sun was able to hack into her cell phone and view her voicemails and messages. - Her parents kept calling her cell phone and saw that the message files were being deleted, leading them to assume that she was still alive. - Because of this incident, Murdoch's reputation was damaged and he was forced to shut down the News of the World. - He later apologized for the incident and even appeared before parliament.

What is Truth?

- Ancient Greeks: What is memorable and what is handed down. - Plato: The world of perfect forms. - Medieval: What the king, church, or God says. - Milton: The marketplace of ideas. - Enlightenment: What is verifiable, replicable, and universal. - Pragmatists: Filtered through individual perception.

Carl's Corner - truckstop

- As a landmark, they had statues of dancing frogs. - Pederson's newspapers ran a feature on the place. - Sent a reporter, used a free-lance photographer. - Came back with this photograph (spelling F***, but no one noticed until after they ran the photo). - Pederson's worst day as an editor. - Guy called in the middle of the night, screaming. - 2:00 in the afternoon, held a meeting talking about what to do. - Tommy Miller was the deputy managing editor, came in late and said that "they spelled it right". - Decided not to do anything.

Rupert Murdoch (1931 - ), Media Lord and King

- Australian, went to Oxford. - Father was a reporter in WW1, including Battle of Gallipoli. - Chairman and CEO of News Corp., one of the largest and most diversified media companies in the world. - No question that his media are conservative politically and he openly promotes conservative candidates. - Bought the Sunday Times for almost nothing. - Many consider him responsible for broad biases in the media and for too often crossing the line between news and personal promotion. - Loyal to Margaret Thatcher (courted her; supported her in all of his newspapers). - The villain in the "dumbing down" of media in England. - Others consider him the model for the modern media entrepreneur. - He now owns DOW Jones and The Wall Street Journal. - His newspapers have always promoted NewsCorp/Fox, but everyone does it now. - Murdoch has 2 sons (might take over the empire).

Charlie Kurfeld

- Back in the 80s, Houston Astros played a home game and won. - Relief picture of Charlie Kurfeld, great guy who made friends with the press. - Picture of him spurting beer. - Pederson's newspaper ran it on the front page, received some criticism, but he still loves the photo.

China Syndrome

- Been around for 15 - 20 years. - Operations of Chinese cable and satellites. - His properties overlooking HR reporting in China. - Worried about human rights reporting in China. - Murdoch contract with Chris Patten, former mayor of Hong Kong (critical of China). - Killed book deal. - Later agreed to publish book of Chinaman's daughter.

Skanks in NYC

- Blog posted anonymously in 2009, stating that Liskula Cohen was the "skankiest in NYC". - Created a firestorm over privacy and the internet as well as if the word "skank" has a defamatory meaning. - Cohen sued Google to find the identity of the blogger. - Angered over Google's release of her name, Rosemary Port, a student at FIT, announced that she would sue Google. - Nothing has happened yet.

Marilyn Monroe (1926 - 1962)

- Born Norma Jeane Mortenson in Los Angeles. - Unknown identity of her father, baptized Norma Jeane Baker. - Not only the main sex goddess of the 1950s, but also a cultural icon of the age. - Her affair with JFK, secret at the time, has been highly publicized and has been one of the issues causing a reevaluation of his presidency. - She suffered depression and was addicted to alcohol and drugs. - Her death, attributed to a "possible suicide" (drug overdose?), came after Kennedy broke off their relationship. - Those close to her say that she fantasized about being the First Lady.

Viacom Pre 2006

- CBS Television (almost 40 stations) - Paramount Pictures, including a home entertainment division - Infinity Broadcasting (180 radio stations) - Cable (more than a dozen top channels, including MTV, Nickelodeon, Showtime, and VH1). - Simon & Schuster - Viacom Outdoor Group - Paramount Parks

CBS Corporation

- CBS network operations and CBS Radio - CBS Television Stations (39) - King World, syndication including Oprah, Dr. Phil, Jeopardy, and Wheel of Fortune - CBS Paramount Television - Some cable (Showtime) - Paramount Parks - Simon & Schuster

Arthur Ashe (1943 - 1993)

- Champion tennis player. - Suffered from a heart condition and received a blood transfusion during his bypass surgery. - Acquired HIV because of it. - USA Today ran the story and Ashe was upset because his daughter did not know about it yet. - Editor of the paper justified his actions by saying that it would free Ashe of the burden of keeping it a secret.

Jo Camel (1987 - 1997)

- Character criticized for trying to appeal to children and teenagers. - Studies showed that the character had a significant impact on children. - Even though R. J Reynolds continued to deny that the character was aimed towards children, the company finally pulled the advertisement after major criticism from the American Medical Association, Congress, and the public.

Socrates and Justice

- Crito visits Socrates in jail and tries to help him escape. - Socrates refuses because he believes that it is ethically wrong. - As a citizen of Athens, he must live by society's rules. Crito's reasoning: - He will lose a friend - What will people think? Socrates' reasoning: - It's not important what most people think - He's a product of Athens, its laws and protection has afforded him - Only a life that is just and reasonable is worth living * Concept of social contract

The (Bernard) Goldberg Bias

- Dan Rather capo di tutti (Comparing Dan Rather to Tony Soprano, saying that he blames everything on everyone else except him). - The labeling of conservatives (To mainstream America, there are major elements of the liberal agenda, but to liberals in the media, they aren't liberal views at all. They're sensible, reasonable, rational views that just happen to coincide with their own). - Ronald Reagan caused homelessness; Bill Clinton cured it (Homelessness is in large a mental health problem that defies the conventional liberal answers of housing and jobs, but on the evening newscasts, it was Reagan who was to blame). - The media was used to spread the ruse of AIDS among the heterosexual population (The goal of AIDS activists was simple; scare the hell out of America, then they would have to pay attention. If they could somehow persuade America that gays and junkies were the first wave and that heterosexuals were next, then the nation would demand that the government put all of its efforts into finding a cure or vaccine). - Working moms neglecting their children (Social scientists Ms. Mary Eberstadt writes "over the past few decades, more and more parents have been spending less and less time at home. As more and more mothers have opted for work outside of the house over taking care of their children at home, the results have been disastrous". Feminists are the pressure group that the media elites are aligned with). - The bashing of males (What happens when simplistic deadbeat dad stories become a staple of American journalism? It creates an atmosphere in which it's easier to accept the notion that once a man has been called a deadbeat, he must be. Male bashing on TV takes a hard toll in the real world).

Net Neutrality

- Democrats under Obama bought the idea. - The policy that all internet traffic must be treated equally. - AT&T cannot give preferential traffic to their own service by slowing down traffic from other streaming services.

A Beautiful Mind (2001)

- Directed by Ron Howard. - John Nash - math genius (played by Russell Crowe). - Won Nobel Prize. - Nash had schizophrenia. - Another side of John Nash that was not portrayed: - Arrested for exposing himself in front of boys. - He and his wife got divorced. - Won Academy Awards (best picture). *Always a question of profit. - Film is protected by 1st amendment.

Schindler's List

- Directed by Steven Spielberg in 1993. - German industrialist built a facility in Krakow, Poland. - Had a list of people that would work for him and not go to the death camps (Jews). - Oscar Schindler is portrayed by Liam Neeson. - Portrayal of him has some benevolence. - Aymon Gert was a lunatic that would randomly shoot Jews, was later dismissed. - The movie does NOT portray the definitive view of Oscar Schindler.

1952: Supreme Court Decision Burstyn vs Wilson

- Distribution of an Italian film in New York, The Miracle (sacrilegious film). - Movie about a shepherd and a woman (woman is forcibly impregnated, considered one of the most intriguing films to come out of Italy in the 1940s). - Banned (historical ruling). - 1st amendment protection to film on the grounds of free speech.

The Question of Patriotism

- During the invasion of Iraq, there was a lot of street fighting. - Journalist signaled to troops about 3 attackers which the army then took out. - Was that his right?

Food Lion and Primetime Live

- Early 1990s, ABC news heard about handling of food products (meat and fish) at Food Lion. - Decided to investigate. - Broadcast in 1992 (set off a major response from Food Lion). - Lawsuit filed - 2 ABC news reporters applied to Food Lion with false resumes. - Food Lion was suing for that reason, NOT fighting the claim that their food handling was wrong. - ABC was fined 5.5 million dollars. - The impact: Is deceptive journalism ethical? - Does selling bad meat rise to the level of justifying deception in reporting practices?

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882 - 1945)

- Elected at the height of the Great Depression (WW2). - Polio made him bound to a wheelchair. - Lucy Mercer Rutherford was Eleanor Roosevelt's social secretary. - She had an affair with FDR for 31 years, with him till his death in Warm Springs, GA. - Eleanor discovered the affair in 1918. - A divorce would have ended his political career, so he promised never to see her again. - However, Lucy and FDR were together on and off throughout his presidency. - The affair was widely known by friends, family, the secret service, and even some press, but it wasn't really written about until the 1960s. - Some speculate that the affair helped Eleanor Roosevelt establish her independence and her active career in pursuing civil rights and other causes.

Benneton

- European tailor. - Family company. - Oliviero Toscani was hired to create advertising that was very distinct and creative. - Took pictures of convicts with the tagline "it's hard to keep hoping every day". - Victims of these convicts were furious that they were portraying these murderers as good guys. - David Kirby was a patient dying of AIDS. - Received complaints that the photo looked too much like when Jesus Christ was dying, surrounded by his apostles.

Flaws in Rathergate Reporting

- Failure to obtain authentication of the documents from the document examiners. - The false statement in the broadcast that a document expert had authenticated the document. - The failure to examine the controversial background of retired Lt. Col. Bill Burkett. - The failure to find and interview the person that Burkett identified as the source. - Failure to interview those who served with Killian for different perspectives. - Misleading statement about Lt. Strong and his authentication of the documents. - The failure to prove that documents were taken from Killian's files - The failure in the vetting process to deal with the speed and sensitivity of the report. *Ratings for evening newscast fell (future of network news?)

New York Daily News (Jan 13, 1928)

- Famous photograph of a woman in the electric chair at Sing Sing prison. - Her name was Ruth Snyder and she was married to Albert Snyder, editor of a boating magazine. She was a "good time girl" (drink, dance, and live a 1920s lifestyle). - Her marriage was not a great one; Albert had dated a woman for 12 years and talked about getting married, but she died from pneumonia. - He then started dating and marrying Ruth Snyder. - He named his boat after his old girlfriend and even had a picture of her hanging in their bedroom. - Ruth Snyder began seeing Judd Grey and they conspired to murder Albert Snyder which they did. They made it look like an Italian style murder. He was bludgeoned to dead. - Ruth Snyder was bound loosely while Judd Grey came and went; made it look like a burglary. - She even asked her neighbors to not untie her until the police came. - They tried to collect the insurance from the policy and then live happily ever after. She even claimed that her jewels were stolen, but police found them under the mattress. - Judd Grey was electrocuted after her. - Journalists are there to record (no cruel and unusual punishment takes place) and write. They are allowed only a pen and paper, no electronic devices. -This photograph was taken by Thomas Howard, witness of the execution. In 1928, cameras were big, black boxes and so he had to be creative to hide the camera. Practiced taking the picture while still under his pants. He took the picture right when the electricity was flowing through Ruth Snyder's body. - He broke an agreement with prison officials that he would not do this. The newspaper used the entire front page to display the picture. - Was there any ethical or legal issue regarding the way the picture was taken? - Once you have it, how do you use it or do you use it at all?

Naomi Campbell and the Tabloids

- Fashion model had been accused of several violent incidents, included hitting her maid with her jeweled blackberry. - Later pled guilty to the charge. - In Feb. 2001, London Daily Mirror published a photo of Campbell leaving a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, even though she denied using drugs. - Campbell finally won an appeals court verdict that overturned a ruling in favor of the newspaper. - She won nominal damages plus legal costs, but the case is a major one in England regarding privacy of celebrities. - Does she have a right to privacy when getting help?

The FCC Mess

- Federal Communications Commission established the FCC Act of 1934. - Agency originally was supposed to sort out radio licenses meaning when two stations were close together, their signals could get interrupted. - The current presidential party in the White House (Republican) decides 3 out of 5 commissioners. - Summer of 2003, FCC proposed a change of media ownership. - Telecommunications Act of 1996 signed by Bill Clinton would free up telecommunications and offer multiple services. - It established satellite services that could compete and because of this, costs went down (a car phone cost $3,000 in the 90s).

Nan Britton (1896 - 1991)

- Fell in love with Harding when she was a teenager. - Harding was a friend of her father's. - In 1927, after Harding's death, she wrote the first kiss-and-tell book called "The President's Daughter". - Mentioned her daughter, Elizabeth Anne born in 1919, was also Harding's daughter. - Detailed the affair, including the time they had sex in the closet in the White House. - Her claims of the affair have never been proven. - Daughter lived in the northwest for many years and died in 2005. - Daughter heard from her mom that Harding was her father, but never sought to find the truth (no DNA test). - Teapot Dome Scandal.

Richard Jewell Case

- First identified as a hero in the Olympic park bombing in Atlanta in 1996, credited with saving lives. - Within just a few days, however, he was identified as the leading suspect in the bombing. - He was profiled as the type who would commit the act and then seek to take credit for helping discover it. - It took more than 3 months before he would be exonerated and receive a letter from the FBI saying that he was not a suspect (never apologized). - Excerpt from the Atlanta Journal Constitution: "Investigators now say Jewell fits the profile of a lone bomber and they believe that he placed the 911 call"; this was unlikely given his location and time the call was made. - Never formally charged with the crime. - Serious questions raised about the conduct of the media and law enforcement. - Jewell suffered from diabetes and heart disease and died in 2007 at the age of 44.

Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochran, 1867 - 1922)

- First job as a journalist at the Pittsburgh Dispatch. - Later talked her way to a job at Joseph Pulitzer's New York World. - In 1888, in one of the first cases of journalistic deception, she went undercover as a mental patient and spent 10 days in Blackwell's Island, New York's notorious asylum. - Wrote a searing expose that led to needed reforms. - Later had herself arrested to report about the deplorable treatment of women prisoners. - In 1889, as one of Pulitzer's well publicized stunts, she went around the world in 72 days, beating the record of the fictional character in the Jules Verne novel.

Bubba the Love Sponge

- Florida talent. - Very over the top. - Very gross and explicitly sexual. - He was on public FM radio!

Golfweek Editor fired over cover

- Follow up of Kelly Tilghman suspension. - Golfweek magazine ran cover featuring a noose. - Dave Seanor, vice president and editor of the magazine, was fired. - The magazine apologized after receiving hundreds of complaints. - Among them was PGA Commissioner Tim Finchem who said the cover was "outrageous and irresponsible". - Seanor said "it's indicative of how, when you bring race and golf into the same sentence, everyone recoils" after he was fired.

News Corporation

- Fox Broadcasting - 20th Century Fox Studios - Cable (Fox Movie Channel, FX, Sports) - Magazines (including Gemstar-TV Guide) - Newspapers (more than 2 dozen, including The Wall Street Journal) - News International publishes 4 national newspapers in the United Kingdom - BSkyB broadcasting operations in the UK - Extensive media operations in Asia and Australia - HarperCollins Publishers (William Morrow, Avon Books, Amistad Press)

Warren G. Harding (1865 - 1923)

- Generally labeled as the worst president in US history. - Typical midwestern upbringing in Ohio and was extremely well liked. - However, he had his weaknesses, such as gambling, drinking, and keeping late hours and he generally surrounded himself with people who did the same. - Once, he admitted the job was beyond him. - The public was aware of two affairs, Carrie Phillips, a German sympathizer during WW1 to whom the Republican party paid hush money to and Nan Britton, a pretty blonde 30 years younger than him. - They often met in the White House and the affair continued until Harding's death.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906 - 1945)

- German theologian and philosopher. - Made major contributions to the study of christian ethics in the 20th century. - His seminal classic, Ethics, was finished while he was in prison and published in 1943. - Foundation of Ethics focused on the reconciliation of the reality of the world with the reality of Christ. - Founding member of the Confessing Church, an early Christian resistance movement to the Nazis. - Participated in assassination plot against Adolph Hitler. - Arrested in 1943 after money used to help German Jews escape was traced to him. - After the plot to kill Hitler failed, Bonhoeffer was among a number of people executed. *Killing can be justified

Vietnam War

- Girl (Kim Phuc) running and there is smoke in the background. - Village has been burned by a chemical agent that it highly flammable. - Took off her clothes because they were covered by the agent. - Nick Ut took the picture, set down the camera, covered her, and took her to the nearest hospital. - They still keep in touch (she is an ambassador in Canada). - Rumored that the South Vietnamese village had been hit by the US accidentally, but it was actually South Vietnam.

I Love Lucy

- Great, quality family TV show. - Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz had a volatile relationship behind the scenes. - Desi Arnaz was an alcoholic and a womanizer. - He agreed to a pay cut if he could have rights to the broadcasting studio. - A number of TV shows not available today had a lot of inappropriate racial comments. - In I Love Lucy, Lucy would make fun of Ricky's Cuban heritage, but in an innocent way. - The characters never used the word "pregnant", and instead would say "expecting". - The beds were kept apart in order to take focus away from the fact that they sleep together.

George Washington on Covering War

- He complained that many of the New York newspapers were loyal to England and wanted them to win the war.

Eric Rudolph

- He was charged in various abortion clinic bombings in early 1998. - Later charged with the Olympic park bombing. - He remained at large and the subject of a manhunt in North Carolina before being captured in 2003. - He achieved hero and cult status among some extremist groups. - Two country songs were written about him and a T shirt saying "Run Rudolph Run" was sold locally in North Carolina. - Avoided the death penalty by confessing in 2005 to numerous abortion clinic bombings as well as the Olympic park bombing. - Rudolph is now serving time at a maximum security federal prison in Florence, Colorado where he spends 22 hours a day in his cell.

The Hutchins Commission

- Henry Luce founded Time magazine in 1923. - Funded Hutchins Commission (deals with freedom and responsibility of the press).

Mirage Tavern Sting Operation

- In 1977, the Chicago Sun Times purchased a small in Chicago named Mirage Tavern. - Purchased under false names by two of the reporters. - Reporters documented dozens of shakedowns by Chicago inspectors who were city and state employees. - Photographs were taken of the city employees who took bribes to overlook the violations (fire code, wiring didn't meet city code, liquor license, food handling, and even tax). - The amounts of the bribes were typically small, between $100 to $1,000. - In 1978, the paper ran a 25-part investigative series detailing the violations and identifying the dozens of government employees who had taken bribes. - Investigation was generally praised by the journalistic community as an excellent example of watchdog journalism. - Numerous indictments of government employees followed, and major reforms were enacted at the state, local, and federal levels.

Britney-Madonna Kiss

- In 2003, Britney Spears and Madonna kissed during the MTV Awards. - The FCC had no authority on this, but they still received a lot of complaints. - It created a huge stir about women making out.

Janet Jackson and the Super Bowl

- In 2004, Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake performed at the Super Bowl. - The lyrics were "I'm going to have you naked by the end of this song". - Next thing anyone knew, Janet Jackson was topless. - Complaints against CBS, NFL, and FCC.

9/11/01 World Trade Center North Tower

- In both buildings, on the levels above, there was no chance of escape and little chance of survival. - In this case, many made the decision to end their own life (suicide jumpers). - Published by the New York Times, not on the front page. - Do you publish a photograph of a suicide jumper in the next day's edition? - In the midst of the emotion, horrible event that shook the nation. - Approx. 3,000 people who died in the terrorist attacks and 200 of them were suicide jumpers. - Pederson, editor of a newspaper in Houston, put the photograph online, not on the actual newspaper. - Now, he believes that he should have. Some people believe that it is a part of the public record and so it should be printed.

Misappropriation of image

- In the 1960s, Hugo Zacchini invented a famous circus act and was photographed performing it and so he asked to be compensated.

Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert

- In the 2000 presidential election, one of the surprising new findings of the Pew Center for People&Press was that a number of young people got their information on politics from late-night comedians. - Replays of Jay Leno and David Letterman became standard news clips on the network nightly and morning news programs. - Jon Stewart (The Daily Show) and Stephen Colbert (The Colbert Report), both on Comedy Central, now rule nightly television and have become standard viewing. - Both are funny, smart, take shots at politicians on both sides, and communicate the type of news and information on politics that young people want.

Intrusion and Trespass

- Intrusion (electronic/wiretapping device). - Trespass (physical space) - Newspapers hacked executives of Chiquita's voicemail and so a lawsuit was filed. - Jackie Kennedy was stalked and photographed by Ron Galella and she filed a restraining order. - Hilda Bridges was abducted by her ex husband and held hostage for a while, he committed suicide right in front of her. - Once she was rescued by the police, the photographers snapped a picture of her naked and so she sued the newspaper, but lost due to the fact that it was a public area.

William "Billy" Russell (1821 - 1907)

- Journalist for the Times of London. - 1st real war correspondent. - Studied war and battle tactics. - 1st independent reporter of a major news organization that was sent to a foreign country to cover a war. - Sent to cover the Crimean War in 1854. - Described the horrible conditions suffered by the British troops. - Contributed to Florence Nightingale's assembling a team of nurses to help the medical process. - Wrote about everything even if his reports seemed as an attack (criticism) on the British. - He was a British citizen. - Reporting had enormous impact on the public and the government. - Queen Victoria was upset by the reports, describing them as "infamous attacks against the army which have disgraced our newspapers". - Russell provided accounts of the Indian Mutiny (1858), the US Civil War (1861 - 1865), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). - Russell's vivid report on a suicidal charge by British troops against the Russians in 1854 inspired Alfred Lord Tennyson's famous poem Charge of the Light Brigade.

Iraq and the Embedded Journalists

- Journalists were embedded in the military. - Famous picture taken of James Blake Miller taking a cigarette break at the Battle of Fallujah. - The photographer, Luis Sinco of the LA Times, captured the most iconic photo of the Iraq war. - Sinco was embedded with Marines who attacked the insurgent stronghold of Fallujah that led to some of the bitterest fightings of the war. - The image became public on Nov. 10, 2004, and ran in more than 100 newspapers in the US. - Miller returned to his native rural Kentucky and was later diagnosed with PTSD.

Comcast

- Largest provider of cable television services in the United States, including full range of internet and broadcasting services. - Among cable operations are E! Entertainment Network, Style Network, Golf Channel, Versus, Comcast Sports Network, PBS Kids Sprout, TV One, and G4. - NBC Universal (51%)

Goals for Ethics of Convergent Media

- Learn to realize potential ethical problems. - Avoid reliance on legal standards. - Develop a systematic methodology for handling questions of ethics. - Respect alternative points of view. - Once a decision is made, accept accountability. - Use professional ethics as a contemplative process to understand how life ought to be lived.

Life Magazine

- Life magazine ran a photograph of a lifeguard, a crying mother, and a small child lying on the ground recovering. - Questions raised about these kinds of photos being appropriate.

Viacom

- MTV and MTV2, VH1 - Comedy Central, BET, TV Land, Nickelodeon, Nick@Nite, Spike, CMT - GameTrailers, digital video content and delivery - Paramount Pictures - DreamWorks - Famous Music, publishing catalog with more than 125,000 copyrights

Nelson Rockefeller, former vice president of the US

- Making an obscene image (flipping off some protesters) - San Francisco Examiner ran the photo.

Brian Williams NBC News

- Managing editor and anchor of NBC Nightly News for 10 years and had the #1 show in the network news ratings/ - Suspended in Feb. 2015 for having lied about an incident in his coverage of the war in Iraq years earlier. - Williams claimed that in 2003, he was in a helicopter in Iraq that was forced down after being struck by a rocket propelled grenade. - Repeated this claim several times over the years. - Other incidents in his reporting also came to be questioned, including his description of events during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 in New Orleans. - Williams was suspended for 6 months without pay and returned as a news reporter on MSNBC in September 2015.

FCC in Recent Years

- Many people think that the FCC is an analog signal trying to change to the digital world. - Former FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski was appointed under President Obama in 2009, graduating from Harvard Law School where he was a notes editor of the Harvard Law Review. - He spent 10 years in the high tech industry and also served as chief counsel of the FCC from 1994 to 1997. - As chairman, he took a more limited view of business than his predecessor, Michael Powell. - He announced a major policy decision for net neutrality (currently being challenged in court). - The business and technology issues facing the FCC are of extraordinary importance in determining much of the high tech future of the US and access to the technology of the average American. - When Genachowski resigned, Tom Wheeler was appointed to the FCC (aged 67, oldest FCC head). - Former lobbyist, which upset many people because Obama said he would never have any lobbyists in his government. - Major companies like AT&T praised his appointment while consumer groups were more reserved. - He is a strong manager and can make decisions quickly unlike Julius Genachowski. - In 2014, Wheeler made comments critical of net neutrality, but then pushed through a broad regulation plan of the internet that passed on a 3-2 vote.

Hot Convict vs. Inmatecheck.com

- Meagan Simmons arrested for DUI and her mugshot looked great. - As time goes on, she begins to feel a little uncomfortable with her reputation. - She files suit, but the case hasn't been followed up.

Media Framing for Women

- Media framing is an image that emerges of a person, group, event, etc. that comes from the media. - The frame could be generally true or completely false. - Ex: SMU is a school for rich white kids. - Ex: Dallas Cowboys are a bunch of overpaid underachievers.

The credibility gap

- Mistakes and anonymous sources - Grammatical errors - Media respect for communities - Commercial bias as opposed to political bias - Sensationalism sells - Media values conflict with those of community

Donna Rice

- Model in the 1980s. - Gary Hart was a Democratic senator running in the presidential election. - Reports of him having an affair with Donna Rice. - He denied it. - Photo of them on the Monkey Business Yacht surfaced which led him to lose Democratic candidacy.

Ernie Pyle (1900 - 1945)

- Most famous war correspondent during coverage of World War II. - Wrote in simple, elegant prose that described the horror of war, but also preserved the bravery and humanity of those serving. - From 1935 until his death in 1945, he was a war correspondent for Scripps Howard newspapers, first reporting the war from Europe and then from the Pacific theater. - Awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 1945. - He was killed in April of that year by a sniper fire while accompanying US troops in Okinawa. - Pyle is buried between two unknown soldiers at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific on the island of Oahu, Hawaii.

Fox is an Example of a Success Story

- Murdoch said that the big 3 (CBS, ABC, and NBC) had a huge liberal bias and that there needed to be a conservative news station. - Apparently, even though he's a billionaire, he's "down to earth" meaning he flies commercial and rents single rooms, not fancy suites?

Alex Rodriguez Out on the Town

- New York Post in 2007 "Stray-Rod" headline. - Man considered the greatest baseball athlete of his generation went out on the town in Toronto. - Outed by banner headlines (widespread exposure). - Rodriguez dined at a fancy steak restaurant and then went to a strip club with a "busty blonde". - Rodriguez's wife and mother of their young daughter was nowhere to be seen. - Playing for the NY Yankees creates a high profile. - Now admitted to taking steroids while playing for the TX Rangers and right after signing the biggest contract in Major League history.

News of The World (final edition; July 10, 2011)

- News of the World had a very sensational and affair oriented reputation. - Talked a lot about pedophiles. - In April 2004, it revealed the affair David Beckham and his personal assistant, Rebecca Loos. - Beckham was an international celebrity not only because of his good looks and athletic ability, but also because of his highly publicized marriage to former spice girl Victoria Adams. - David and Victoria sued the newspaper, but the lawsuit was later withdrawn. - The paper has a focus on celebrity news and sex scandal, earning the name "screws of the world". - In 2000, the paper began a highly publicized and criticized campaign against pedophiles after the abduction and murder of Sarah Payne, a 7-year-old who disappeared from a cornfield near her grandparents' home in southern England. - It was one of the most highly publicized crimes in England.

Time Magazine on Eyes Wide Shut

- One of the early ethics questions raised about convergent media. - Time published a cover of the movie in 1999, two weeks before the opening of the film. - Time Warner owned both the magazine and the studio from which the film came. - Movie about sexual exploration and exploitation. - The magazine gave the film a gushing review and called it "a must see". - The American public did not like it; it did not make much sense. - The line between the editorial and business interests has blurred; can editorial voices remain independent?

Ghetto Boys

- One of the first real popular hip hop groups in Houston called the Ghetto Boys. - Photograph from a Texas magazine. - Assigned a reporter to stay with the Ghetto boys for a couple of weeks to see what they do. - Sitting in his Lexus and the photographer started taking pictures, he said "wait a second" and pulled out a gun from under the seat and put it to his head. - Pederson made the call not to run it.

John F. Kennedy (1917 - 1963)

- One of the most charismatic men ever elected as president. - His administration beginning in 1961, seemed to signal an awakening of social, political, and cultural significance in the United States. - Credited for bold decisions, and his death shocked the nation and illuminated his presidency, labeled Camelot. - As the years pass, historians seem less kind to his time in office, not only because of his womanizing, known to his inner circle and some of the press at the time, but also because of his foreign policy that seemed lacking in foresight. - His affair with Marylin Monroe remains the subject of much speculation and theories of conspiracy regarding her death.

Fatty Arbuckle (1887 - 1933)

- One of the most famous stars in the silent film era. - Gifted actor who was among the first to use his body in a comedic fashion, developing slapstick. - In 1921, while partying with friends in SF, accused of the death of a woman (Virginia Rappe). - One of the most sensational criminal cases of the era; frequent comparisons made to the O. J Simpson trial. - 3 trials; first two had hung juries and the third one acquitted him with a written apology from the jury. - The national newspaper group owned by William Randolph Hearst, led by the SF Examiner, covered the trials in an inflammatory manner and constantly painted Arbuckle as guilty. - Even though he was acquitted, his acting career was ruined.

2005 Abercrombie and Fitch Christmas Catalog

- Only available for purchase in the store. - Featured nudity. - Content was very sexualized.

Plagiarism

- Pederson's threat is that if any one of his students ever plagiarizes in their career and he is asked about their character, he will throw them under the bus (say that that person was the worst student ever). - Copyright deals with written material (books, magazines, etc.) - Trademark is for logos of a company (CocaCola). - Plagiarism is using someone else's work and passing it off as your own. - Plagiarism is not an ethical issue because ethics is defined as choosing the best option. - Paraphrasing is NOT enough! - Using direct quotes: If CNN is broadcasting a news conference viewable on other networks, then you don't need to give CNN credit.

Michael Phelps and the Cannabis Pipe

- Phelps won a record 8 Olympic gold medals in the Beijing games in 2008. - Photographed smoking a cannabis pipe published in News of the World (tabloid in London) early in 2009. - He acknowledged that the photo was authentic and apologized saying "I engaged in behavior which was regrettable and demonstrated bad judgment". - "I promise my fans and the public that it will not happen again". - Paper reported that the photograph was taken the previous November at a part at the University of South Carolina where Phelps was visiting a female student. - Witness said that Phelps was "out of control from the moment he got there".

Britney Spears (1981 - )

- Pop princess Britney Spears has been the attention of the media in recent years, from her early career as a teenage success to her marriage to Kevin Federline in 2004 and their two young children (nothing has been private). - Her divorce in 2006 prompted even more coverage of her partying habits. - Witnessed a complete emotional and psychological meltdown as she tries to put her life back together. - Does a celebrity have a right to privacy when trying to recover from a personal issue?

Arizona paper

- Ran a photo of a guy wearing a hat that said "go f*** yourself" sideways.

Detroit Free Press - picture at a horse show

- Rear end of a horse and a female side by side. - Photo editor refused to run the picture, but then it gets entered in a national photo contest and wins.

Griswold vs. Connecticut (1965)

- Ruled in favor of the right to privacy (1st amendment). - Dealt with invasion of a marital couple's privacy to search for use of contraceptives (birth control).

Grover Cleveland (1837 - 1908)

- Served two non consecutive terms (elected in 1884 and 1892). - Single during his first campaign and plagued with a charge that he had fathered an out of wedlock son with a widow named Maria Halpin. - He acknowledged it as a possibility. - "Ma, Ma, where's my Pa? Gone to the White House, ha ha ha". - Public was generally more impressed by Cleveland's honesty. - Early in his first term, he married 21 year old Frances Folsom (27 years younger than him) who became the most popular first lady since Dolly Madison (adored by the public). - Daughter was named Ruth Madison.

Kelly Tilghman suspended for remark

- She was suspended for two weeks from the network (The Golf Channel) for saying that one way younger pros could compete with Tiger Woods would be to "take him into a back alley and lynch him". - The Golf Channel and Tilghman apologized. - Tiger Woods has since reaffirmed that he and Tilghman have been friends for years and that her comment had no "ill intent".

Dr. Stephen Hatfill "Person of Interest"

- Shortly after 9/11 attacks. - Anthrax was mailed to several journalists and government offices. - FBI looked for someone who either worked or had worked at federal laboratories and who had technical expertise to handle anthrax. - Hatfill was identified as a person of interest. - Sued the federal government for invasion of privacy (government paid him 2.8 million dollars plus another 3 million over 20 years). - In 2008, Bruce Ivins, a scientist who had worked at an elite federal biodefense lab for 18 years, was indicted for the anthrax crimes. - He committed suicide before formal charges were brought.

Codes of ethics in journalism

- Similarities: Fairness, independence, accountability, tell the truth (as often as you can), reveal sources (when you can) - Ambiguities - Licensing is evil - No enforcement provisions - Diversity is great (when it's convenient) - An appeal to personal conscience

What is the Impact of Audience Television Fragmentation?

- Smaller audiences watching. - Legacy networks (ABC, NBC, CBS) have lost control of the primetime TV. - Lost control of the news agenda. * The legacy networks have been reduced in influence and control of the primetime TV agenda.

Jill Kelley (A Privacy Lawsuit)

- Socialite known for entertaining top military officials at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa. - She reported receiving anonymous, threatening emails in 2012, FBI traced it back to Paula Broadwell (a woman who felt inferior to her), but also discovered "inappropriate communication" with General John R. Allen, then the U.S top commander in Afghanistan. - Paula Broadwell and David Petraeus had an affair and he stood up for her against Jill Kelley by leaking Kelley's information, creating a negative image of her (SNL further fueled the fire). - She sued 3 federal agencies and a number of current and formal officials of the FBI and Pentagon. - Stated that her right to privacy was invaded when officials read her email and led to her reputation being destroyed. - in 2016, her lawyers withdrew from the case, citing irreconcilable differences. - The lawsuit was then dropped.

Bill Clinton

- Star Magazine releases a story in 1992 about Bill Clinton having an affair with Gennifer Flowers. Despite the affair, Bill Clinton was elected president. - In 1995, Monica Lewinsky appears as an intern in the White House. - Lewinsky told a friend of hers about the affair. - Time magazine broke the story in Feb. 2 1998 and Clinton denied the allegations. - There was even a sexual harassment claim filed by another woman. - Monica Lewinsky kept a blue dress that had Clinton's semen on it (Clinton was caught and forced to acknowledge the allegations).

All in the Family

- Starred Carroll O'Connor who played Archie Bunker, a bigot with a big heart. - Critics were outraged at first that comedy could be made of bigotry, but the show proved to be one of the most successful in the history of CBS. - Today, Archie's chair that was a centerpiece of the TV living room resides in the American section of the Smithsonian museum in Washington.

Thomas Jefferson (1743 - 1826)

- Suffered hard press criticism. - Accused of fathering a child with a slave named "Sally Hemmings". - His opponent, James Callender, wrote in a Richmond newspaper in 1802 that Jefferson had "kept, as his concubine, one of his own slaves" and that he had fathered several children with Sally. - Jefferson never responded and the accusation lingered for years. - Testing in the 90s concluded that a Jefferson male fathered the last child by Sally Hemmings. - While there were 25 known Jefferson males in Virginia carrying the specific chromosome at the time, the simplest explanation was that Jefferson fathered the child.

Ownership Rules Proposed by the FCC in 2003

- The number of radio stations a company could own dramatically expanded. - The percent of a national audience that a company could reach went from 36% to 45%. - Cross-ownership restriction prohibited a company from owning two different medias (ex. a newspaper and a TV station). - This caused a lot of controversy and an individual civic rights group sued the FCC (surprisingly, the NRA and the National Organization for Women were on the same side). - Congress stepped in and changed it from 45% down to 39%.

Spring of 2003: The Iraq Invasion

- The weapon tells us that it is a British soldier. - An attempt to move civilians and keep them safe. - This is a photograph taken by Bryan Walsky, captures and absolute moment in space and time. - Man holding a small child. - Digitally edited photograph highlighting the soldier and the man with the child. - Walsky was fired by the L.A. Times on the spot. - Said it was a matter of fatigue and wrong assessment. - In order to create a very powerful image, he altered the photo.

Time Warner

- Time Inc. (155 magazines, including Time). - Warner Bros. Entertainment (Warner Bros. Pictures and Television). - Turner Broadcasting (TNT and CNN). - Time Warner Cable (Road Runner Broadband). - New Line Cinema, HBO and Cinemax. - AOL (CompuServe and AOL Music).

The Media Giants

- Time Warner - Viacom (MTV, Comedy Central, DreamWorks, Paramount Pictures, Nickelodeon) - CBS Corporation (CBS network and station operations, CBS Paramount Television, King World, Simon & Schuster) - Disney (ABC and ESPN) - News Corporation (Fox) - Comcast

False lights

- Time vs. Hill (1964) involved a family being held hostage in their home by 3 escaped convicts. - Book, movie, and play was made based on the story and Time magazine reviewed it, but it painted the convicts in a bad light. - Hill family sued saying that it was an inaccurate portrayal. - Supreme court sided with Time magazine.

Budd Dwyer

- Treasurer of the State of Pennsylvania. - Charges of bribery, - Went into the room at the State Capital in Harrisburg. - Said that he was innocent, that people lied, and that the truth had not come out. - Pulled out a gun (357 magnum) and said "if this is going to offend any of you, I apologize in advance". - One of the reporters took a step onto the podium, but then backed off. - Put the gun in his head and pulled the trigger. - Press associated photos. - Philadelphia Inquirer ran the entire sequence (sensational). - Justified that it was a public official paid by our taxes and that the public deserved to see it published. - A lot of criticism.

The Sun (June 5, 2006)

- Typical coverage of The Sun was the separation of Paul and Heather McCartney. - On this day, The Sun reported a world exclusive of Heather having done pornographic poses for a German magazine back in the late 1980s. - The Sun thought that Heather was a money grabbing social climber. - After the story came out, Heather claimed that it was a German sex instruction magazine, but it wasn't. - Led to her and Paul McCartney's divorce.

The Music Giants

- Universal Music Group - Sony BMG Music Entertainment - Warner Music Group - EMI Group

Special Issues for Women and Young Girls

- Unrealistic expectations of body shapes and sizes. - Academic and intellectual performance. - Links to eating disorders, depression, and low self-esteem. - Inability to develop healthy sexual habits. - Impact on society.

Jayson Blair New York Times

- Up and coming young reporter for the most prestigious news organization in the US. - A phone call from the editor of the San Antonio Express news complaining of material lifted from the paper set off an investigation that revealed a string of stories that had been fabricated and had used material lifted from other writers. - Apparently, he was supposed to travel and report on news, but he would actually just stay in his apartment and write his stories from there. - He would make phone calls and read stuff from other newspapers. - The Times called the Blair incident a low point in the 152 year history of the paper. - He was fired in 2003. - The top two editors of the newspaper resigned. - There had been numerous warning signs that Blair's work should have been questioned more closely by editors.

Dan Rather

- Vilified by conservatives for years who thought that he showed a liberal bias. - Rather stepped down as anchor of the CBS evening news in March of 2005. - Primary reason was a report on allegations of preferential treatment received by President Bush years ago during his time at the Texas Air National Guard. - Rumor that President Bush had been grounded from the National Guard because of cocaine use. - CBS claimed that there were documents that supported this, but that was not true. - There were bloggers that came online and challenged the authenticity of the documents. - Dan Rather went on CBS' 60 minutes and talked about the backlash received for this story and said that he stood by the evidence. - However, it was confirmed that these documents did not come from Bill Burkett (who wrote reports on Lt. Bush) and Rather was forced to apologize. - The independent panel noted that Rather remained apart from the actual reporting on the story. - While four of his colleagues were fired, Rather was allowed to stay on CBS, even though his departure from the network several months later after giving up the anchor's chair was hardly cordial. - Perhaps part of Rather's problem over the years was having to follow one of the legends of broadcast news, Walter Cronkite.

Violence and the Media

- Violence is always one of the things that professor Pederson has had misgivings about. - Violence is hard to pinpoint (the cause - involving recent shootings). - In the 1950s (beginning of television), there were 3 million homes with TVs. - Issues of taste and decency and violence ( the idea that children who watch TV might be affected). - In the 1950s, TV was kept pretty family friendly even when cop shows were introduced because they didn't show any violence. - The violence issue began in the 1960's with Bonnie and Clyde. - Critics of Bonnie and Clyde began a discussion that had to deal with filmmakers being ready for changes that the public wasn't ready for.

Calling Out Employees on Facebook is not Permitted

- Virginia Rodriguez was a manager at a Sam's Club in Texas. - She viewed pictures of co workers on Facebook on July 4th who had called in sick that day and so she criticized them.

New York Journal Feb. 17, 1898

- Warship Maine had blown up and the paper immediately blamed the Spanish. - Led to a war with the Spanish (William Randolph Hurst).

Howard Stern

- Was on Clear Channel Communications, the largest radio broadcast company in the US with more than 1,200 stations. - Talked about all sorts of sexual stuff. - He was suspended in 2004 because of a new decency policy which was publicly touted as a zero-tolerance policy. - This policy was widely viewed as a reaction to the Janet Jackson Super Bowl controversy. - Stern has continued to criticize the FCC and claimed that he was the victim of a witch hunt. - He was a first amendment advocate. - In late 2004, he signed a multimillion-dollar deal with Sirius satellite radio and went on air, uncensored and free, in early 2006. - Despite his raunchy show, Sterns has millions of fans and free speech supporters.

Ajit Pai Current FCC Chairman

- Wheeler stepped down when Trump became president and Trump immediately appointed Pai. - He is a well-known lawyer and FCC commissioner who opposes the net neutrality rule that was imposed by the FCC during the Obama administration. - Pai is the son of immigrants from India who grew up in rural Kansas. - He is a Harvard graduate and earned a law degree from the University of Chicago. - Pai was nominated by Obama as a Republican nominee to the FCC. - He worked for Verizon Communications and has also worked for the Justice Department and the office of general counsel for the FCC. - Consumer groups criticized his appointment as Chairman. - He has expressed support for the 1st amendment, including his vote against net neutrality and cross-ownership rules.

What Kids See Today (average TV viewing)

- When a child is 18 years old, he/she would have seen 200,000 acts of violence and 40,000 of those acts would be murder. - Younger children are more affected, more trouble understanding the reason for the violence. - Learning from what they see on TV. - Violence in video games is also a serious issue and it can have more of an effect on children because it is more interactive. - However, data suggests otherwise (controversial). - Cumulative effect on desensitization.

Plato's 4 Virtues

- Wisdom: - Courage: Knowing what a society should truly fear (something that could change society for the worse). - Temperance: The head (mind and spirit) control the desires. - Justice: All three of these concepts are kept in line.

Fallen Police Officer Funeral

- Woman grieving over the casket of her son who was a police officer. - Killed in a police chase. During the chase, the police car ran off a bridge in Houston and died. - Mother grieving at the funeral for her son. - When police and firefighters have funerals, it is generally a big, public event. Let you get as close as you want. - Nothing wrong about how this photograph was taken. - Pederson's newspaper didn't want to run the photograph. - Calls came the next day, (African American women) saying that you're creating a stereotype about African American women (overweight, emotional, etc.). - They were very civil, almost informative.

Roe vs. Wade (1973)

- Woman's right to an abortion

Jack Kelley USA Today

- Worked from 1993 until he was forced to resign in 2004. - A noted foreign correspondent for the paper, often writing of daring reporting efforts and providing details and quotes that often appeared too good to be true. - He reported from Russia, Chechnya, Pakistan, Cuba, Egypt, Kosovo, Yugoslavia, and Israel. - Reported on isolated locations were information and details were difficult to document. - It turned out that many of the stories that he wrote for the paper were based on events that simply did not happen. - He also used quotes and information from other news organizations. - Kelley had been nominated for the Pulitzer Prize by the paper 5 times.

The Libertarian Theory

An open pursuit of truth and reason. Let ideas compete (John Milton). Let truth and falsehood compete and the people will always choose truth (John Milton). If people are going to have self governess, then they need to have knowledge and the facts (James Madison). Truth is made clearer by testing in debate (John Stuart Mill). A 20th century position on the marketplace (Justice William O'Douglas). The essence of the 1st amendment - government should be checked by the press (William Brennan). Basic functions of the media (watchdog towards the government). Movement for change.

John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism

Choose the decision that creates the greatest amount of happiness and the least amount on damage. There is no real concept of right or wrong. An act's rightness is determined by its contribution to a desired end. Focus is on the result.

Why the Change from Libertarian to Social Responsibility?

Due to the libertarian press not working out: - The press used its power to serve its own end, both political and economic - The press was a tool for big business and too often let advertisers dictate editorial policy - The press resisted social change - The press was too sensational and superficial - The press endangered public morals - The press too often invaded the privacy of individuals - The press was controlled by one socioeconomic class (business class) *The newspapers were abusing freedom of the press and truth was being filtered through our human processes (everyone had a different idea about truth) -> changing nature of truth, doubts about the rationality of man.

Morals vs. Ethics

Ethics: A disciplinary study Morals: Almost always has a religious foundation - It is important to explain your reasoning. - Two perfectly moral people may arrive at completely different ethical decisions. - Understand that taking an ethical decision may not mean that every person impacted by the decision will have something positive happen.

The Potter Box Model

Factual Analysis -> Values -> Principles -> Loyalties -> Decision

Censorship in England

Henry VIII (initially tried to gain favor with the Pope) published a list of heretical books in 1529 and the next year, established licensing. Queen Mary established Stationer's Company, a printing monopoly, in 1557. The Star Chamber Court was used from 1487 - 1641. Stamp taxes in place from 1712 until 1855.

Sisella Bok's Lying to Liars/ Model of Ethics

How do you feel about the action? Consult your conscience about the "rightness" of the action. Is there another way to achieve the same goal that will not raise ethical concerns? How will others respond to the proposed act?

Bok's Justification of Deception

If the deception will more good than the harm it causes. When deception has been rationally chosen. There is no other means to get the information needed. The deceiver is willing to acknowledge the deception and explain his/her actions. *Lying can be justified

The Original Position and the Veil of Ignorance

If your mom thinks that you're doing homework, but you are actually watching the bachelorette. Your peers see something else. First principle of Justice: Absolute rights Second principle of Justice: Social and Economic Inequalities Veil of ignorance is derived from the original position and is intended to consider every possible voice in a decision.

Pope Alexander VI (1431 - 1503)

Original name is Rodrigo Borgia. He obtained the papacy in 1492 through bribery and ruled a Vatican known for intrigue and corruption. He maintained a Vatican that featured a lavish and secular lifestyle. He had 4 illegitimate children with an Italian woman, one of them was Lucrezia Borgia. He provided enormous weddings for all of his children. The church had labeled printing a work of the devil, and less than 50 years after Gutenberg's printing press, he instituted censorship of all printing not sanctioned by the church. The church would try to keep a firm lid on printing for more than 100 years, including the tragic trial of Galileo in 1633.

Fake News

The 2016 campaign: - The Pope endorses Donald Trump - The Russian Dossier on Trump on Buzzfeed The Great Newspaper Hoaxes of the 19th Century: - The Great Moon Hoax in 1835 (British astronomer developed a powerful telescope that showed that men were on the moon). - The Great Balloon Hoax (A hot air balloon was going from England to Paris, but a strong wind blew it all the way across the Atlantic and it landed in South Carolina). - The Petrified Man Hoax (This idea that a petrified man remained in perfect form). The War of the Worlds 1938 Radio Broadcast: - Audio clip played on the radio describing an alien invasion in New Jersey. Fake News Goes Beyond News Media: - On the set of "A Dog's Purpose, reports of animal cruelty. - Edited video given to TMZ mischaracterized the events on the set. - Waited 15 months to release the manipulated video only days before the movie's premiere, raise questions about their motives and ethics.

The Libertarian Press

The press had no responsibility to government or the public. Government will not interfere with the media. The media are free to pursue whatever political, social, or economic interests it desires. It is assumed that some voices among the media are true and some are false. Ultimately, the people are trusted with accepting the right opinions and the right voices and rejecting the false ones.

The role of truth in postmodernism

Truth is very individual with each of us understanding it through our own experiences and values.

TARES Test

Truth: Authenticity: Difficult on how it is measured. Is there a general need for it in society? Respect: Equity: The relationship between the public and the advertiser/company. Ex: French restaurant having French magazines (a little snooty). Social Responsibility: Are people hurt or helped by this product/service?

Advertising Guidelines

Truth: Shall tell the truth, and shall reveal significant facts, the omission of which would mislead the public. Substantiation: Claims must be substantiated by evidence in possession of the advertiser and advertiser agency, prior to making such claims. Comparisons: Shall refrain from making false, misleading, or unsubstantiated statements or claims about a competitor or his/her products. Bait Advertising: Shall not offer products or services for sale unless such offer constitutes a bona fide effort to sell the advertising products or services and is not a device to switch consumers to other goods and services, usually higher priced. Guarantees and Warranties: Advertising of guarantees shall be explicit, with sufficient information to apprise consumers of their principal terms and limitations, or, when space or time restrictions preclude such disclosures, the advertiser should clearly reveal where the full text of the guarantee or warranty can be examined before purchase. Price Claims: Shall avoid price claims which are false or misleading, or savings claims which do not offer provable savings. Testimonials: Advertising containing testimonials shall be limited to those of competent witnesses who are reflecting a real and honest opinion or experience. Taste and Decency: Shall be free of statements, illustrations, or implications which are offensive to good taste and public decency.

John Rawl's Emphasis on Fairness (1921 - 2002)

Went to Princeton and spent most of his teaching career at Harvard and Cornell. Theory of Justice was published in 1971 and is considered one of the most important books of political philosophy published in the 20th century. It is a book of social contract theory in which he argues for a society starting in the "original positions". Intended to consider every possible voice in a decision. His ideas on ethics have now become standard for use in exploring ethical issues in communications and business. His philosophy is considered the first major change in political theory in more than 100 years, since Mill's Utilitarianism. *A counter to Utilitarianism