Ethics

Which of the following is a Kantian explanation of why lying is wrong?

It involves treating another person merely as a means to an end.

Nagel believes that a persuasive argument for not harming others is implicit in which of the following questions

"How would you like it if someone did that to you?"

Rachels mentions that some societies believe the earth to be flat to make which of the following points?

The mere fact that people disagree about something does not prove that there is no "objective truth" of the matter.

A moral principle about values would be

a caluative principle

From Mayo's Aristotelian perspective, where is the best place to look for moral guidance?

a moral exemplar

An ethics of principle is concerned exclusively with moral:

actions

what makes a law just, according to king

all of these

According to Rachels, different customs in different cultures:

are often rooted in differing religious and factual beliefs.

What does Marquis believe to be true about both the typical pro-choice and anti-abortion positions?

both depend on plausible moral principles

Care ethicists take the view that human emotions can be

both of the above

It is difficult to see exactly how care ethics can be extended to caring for

both of the above

Marquis argues that the anti-abortionist's moral principles regarding killing are often too __________, whereas the pro-choicer's principles are often too __________.

broad; narrow

How does Marquis propose to resolve the standoff in the abortion debate?

by first identifying what makes it wrong to kill an adult human being

The imperative of morality is:

categorical

Values can support and explain what type of claims?

ethical

philosophy 110 is a course in

ethics

An ethical theory focuses particularly on

explaining what makes things morally right or good

Suppose that there is a computer program that gives the correct moral answer to any question you ask it about what you should or should not do. This program would do well with all of the following criteria except

explanatory power

A moral incompetent is a person who is stupid and can't follow his boss's instructions.

false

According to Mayo, virtue ethics has more difficulty accounting for motives than the ethics of principle.

false

According to Mill, a completely contented fool is happier than an intelligent person who is not fully satisfied with his or her lot.

false

According to Steinbock, a doctor that ceases using extraordinary means to keep a patient alive must intend for that patient to die.

false

According to our analysis of human agency, persons are always owed the same amount of deference or respect for their choices no matter what the level of agency.

false

Aristotle thinks that the moral virtues are inborn.

false

Cahn believes that if we grant God's existence, then we must also grant that murder is immoral.

false

Cahn denies the existence of God.

false

Care ethicists insist that reason has no role whatsoever to play in morality.

false

Care ethics and virtue theory define "caring" in exactly the same way.

false

Hobbes believes that all acts of conquest are motivated by the desire for security.

false

Honesty, for Aristotle, is primarily a matter of fulfilling our obligation to tell the truth.

false

In Kant's view, it can sometimes be reasonable to act unethically. That is what poses the major challenge for ethics, according to Kant.

false

In Plato's Euthyphro, Socrates argues that actions are right because God or the gods say they are right.

false

It can never be morally right, according to Kant, to have another person serve as a means to your attaining something you need—e.g., asking your brother to pick up some groceries for you.

false

It is always morally wrong to interfere with an individual's choices on anything.

false

Kant grants that the consequences of our actions are ultimately our own moral responsibility.

false

Marquis believes that abortion's moral status can be resolved by establishing whether or not the fetus is a human person.

false

Marquis believes that the wrongness of murder consists in the brutalizing effect it has on the killer.

false

Mayo suggests that we try to be just like the heroes or saints that serve as our moral exemplars.

false

Normative ethics has to do with what people generally think about moral issues.

false

Ross's intuitionism is identical to subjectivism because on his theory, whatever anyone thinks is right therefore is right for that person

false

Socrates believes that a legal decision made by the appropriate authorities is, by definition, a just decision.

false

Socrates believes that allowing the Athenians to carry out his unjust sentence would do serious harm to society.

false

Socrates believes that doing the right thing means doing the thing that is most likely to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in any given situation.

false

Socrates denies the immortality of the soul.

false

Speaking in moral terms, a child is usually regarded as fully competent.

false

Steinbock believes that a quick death is always preferable to a lingering one.

false

Steinbock believes that in a few situations it is acceptable for a doctor to intentionally terminate a patient's life.

false

We act out of duty whenever we promote the well-being of others.

false

What Steinbock calls the "cessation of life-prolonging treatment" is the same as what Rachels calls "passive euthanasia."

false

kant believes that suicide is morally justifiable in certain circumstances

false

According to Aristotle, moral virtue arises through

habituation

According to Aristotle, the chief good is

happiness

For Kant, having a will means:

having the capacity to act in accordance with principles.

According to Marquis, murder is wrong because:

it deprives the victim of a valuable future

According to Mayo, the ethics of character has which of the following advantages over the ethics of principle?

it makes room for ideals, which we can approximate by degrees

Hobbes takes justice to consist in:

keeping valid covenants

Freedom of choice or autonomy is the basis of a person's ________ responsibility.

moral

According to Noddings, an act of caring

must be "completed'' by the cared-for

Scrooge is a selfish, stingy, unkind old man is what type of a claim?

normative, normative claim, a normative claim

The claim that all people should always respect and tolerate the beliefs and practices of other peoples actually is best supported by

objectivism

Toward animals, Kant insists that we can have

only indirect duties

Its supporters have characterized care ethics as being a version of

particularism

When one person overrules another person's choice for the latter's own good, that is called

paternalism

According to Aristotle, the unique function or purpose of human beings has to do with our being capable of

reason

Prescriptive claims will typically have words in them such as "ought" and

should

What does Marquis believe his argument establishes?

that killing is prima facie seriously wrong

What does King mean by "positive peace"?

the presence of justice

What, according to Kant, gives an action its moral worth?

the principle of will that motivates it

"What is right is what each individual believes is right." This reflects the thinking of

the subjectivist

According to the cultural differences argument, the fact that different cultures have different moral codes implies that:

there is no objective "truth" in morality.

Objectivism entails that

there is one moral standard, and if someone's beliefs differ from that standard, then that person is simply mistaken

Kant views the Good Will as freely choosing

to do ones duty

A common complaint made by principle-based ethicists about emotions is that emotions have morally undesirable qualities and can even drive us into doing wrong.

true

A law that a minority population had no part in shaping but is compelled to obey is an unjust law, according to King.

true

A patient always has the right to refuse treatment, even if the treatment is necessary to save the patient's life.

true

A person under the control of some external constraint or internal compulsion is not autonomous at that time.

true

A story like Ashley's strongly suggests that principle-based theories are incomplete. However, virtue theory also appears to be incomplete.

true

A treatment that counts as ordinary care in one situation may count as extraordinary care in a different situation.

true

According to Aristotle, all of the following are required for a person to be virtuous: You must know the right thing to do; you must choose to do it because it is the right thing; and your doing the virtuous thing arises from your inner character—it is second nature for you.

true

According to Kant, the principle of ends and the principle of universal law should always agree because they say essentially the same thing.

true

According to Mayo, the ethics of principle has a greater logical simplicity than the ethics of character

true

According to Steinbock, a doctor may cease treatment when treatment will create discomfort without improving the patient's condition.

true

An Aristotelian answers the question "What ought I to do?" by quoting a character trait (e.g., "Be brave").

true

Aristotle believes that living a virtuous life is necessary to attaining happiness (eudaimonia).

true

Aristotle grants that different people may be born with different inclinations—for instance, some seem to be born less fearful than others—but no matter what our natural inclinations, virtue still takes time and practice to become fully developed.

true

Aristotle tells us that virtue is not inborn or innate; however, we are all born with the potential for virtue.

true

Aristotle thinks that certain passions and actions are inherently wrong.

true

Cahn is the last name of the author of one of the books we are reading.

true

Care ethics resembles virtue ethics more than most other theories.

true

Despite Crito's initial arguments, Socrates believes he would be doing harm to his friends and relatives by escaping.

true

Divine command theory provides an implausible account of the wrongness of killing, according to Marquis.

true

Even if we grant that moral beliefs and practices do vary to some degree across cultures, it doesn't follow that what one actually ought to do also varies across cultures.

true

Frankena uses the terms "ethics" and "moral philosophy" synonymously.

true

Freedom of choice or autonomy is the basis of a person's moral responsibility.

true

If relativism were true, then a social reformer would typically have to be considered morally wrong.

true

If relativism were true, then all persons within a group ought to conform to the standard of that group, regardless of what they might believe or disagree about.

true

If relativism were true, then we'd have to accept revenge killings if they were widely accepted in a society.

true

If subjectivism were true, then a person need not really justify his moral beliefs. That he holds the belief is justification enough.

true

It seems that we can sometimes determine the same act to be right or wrong, depending on how we formulate the maxim describing that act.

true

Kant argues that if we add pleasure to certain situations, that will sometimes make the situation morally worse rather than better. This indicates that pleasure is not truly an intrinsic (fundamental) good.

true

King claims that an unjust law is no law at all.

true

Marquis's analysis begins with the assumption that murder is wrong.

true

Noddings admits that caring can be burdensome for the carer if the carer's actions seldom receive any acknowledgment or indication of acceptance from the cared-for.

true

Socrates believes that an unjust life is not worth living.

true

Socrates shows no anger toward his jailer.

true

Steinbock believes that Rachels has misinterpreted the statement of the American Medical Association on euthanasia.

true

Steinbock believes that the American Medical Association forbids all euthanasia, whether active or passive.

true

Steinbock wrote a chapter on "Euthanasia"

true

The chapter we read this week for Burnor was chapter 11

true

To say that good is whatever God commands, Cahn argues, is to lose the possibility of meaningfully praising God's goodness.

true

Utilitarians tend to rank pleasures of the mind higher than pleasures of the body.

true

Virtue theory asks us to transform ourselves in what we are as persons. Some argue that this asks something that may be impossible.

true

Virtue-based ethics suggests that it is probably impossible to provide universal moral principles that can tell us what we should do in all situations; morality is just too complicated for such a cookie-cutter approach.

true

We typically owe normal adults moral deference—respect for their choices without interfering. There can be exceptions, however, particularly if something great is at stake.

true

What at first appears to be a genuine moral difference between two groups or societies sometimes turns out just to be a disagreement over certain descriptive claims about the world.

true

kant thinks that all rational beings necessarily desire happiness

true

the person who performs a just act is not necessarily a just person

true

The domination of others, according to Hobbes, is:

typically necessaary for self- preservation

Mill's supreme principle of morality is the principle of

utiity

Hobbes takes the natural state of human relations to be:

war

Mayo takes Aristotle's basic moral question to be:

what shall i be

Ethics and Morals help us to determine what is right and what is

wrong