Euro Chapter 20 Book Quiz
1783-1830. The Venezuelan-born European-educated aristocrat who became one of the leaders of the Latin American independence movement in the 1820s. Bolivia is named after him.
Simon Bolivar
In what manner did Napoleon build on the legacy of previous French rulers to demonstrate his power? a. like louis xiv, napoleon used art and architecture to depict himself as a warrior-hero of mythic proportions b. napoleon modeled himself after Henry iv and once again brought religious tolerance back to France c. Just like Robespiere during the French Revolution, Napoleon used terror to keep the French population subservient to his will d. Napoleon co opted the image of Charlemagne to depict himself as the ruler who would untie Europe under French rule
a. like louis xiv, napoleon used art and architecture to depict himself as a warrior-hero of mythic proportions
Which of the following did Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) refer to as "everything that is sick"? a. romanticism b. conservatism c. nationalism d. clericalism
a. romanticism
Why did religious and political authorities distrust Methodism? a. it emphasized the perfectibility of individuals but denied the absolute authority of the state b. it rejected the idea that Christians should avoid political involvement c. It fostered a sense of democratic community and encouraged women to preach d. it called for a christian crusade against napoleon, who was seen to be the Antichrist
c. It fostered a sense of democratic community and encouraged women to preach
An Austrian prince (1773-1859) who took the lead in devising the post-Napoleonic settlement arranged by the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815).
Klemens von Metternich
Why did western Europeans support the Greek independence movement? a. Europeans identified with the Greeks because Greece was viewed as the birthplace of Western civilization b. the movement was a check to growing Turkish power in the eastern Mediterranean c. the Greek prince Alexander Ypsilanti, who led the revolt, was a charismatic and popular figure d. europeans saw the movement as the first step toward independence for all subject peoples throughout Europe
a. Europeans identified with the Greeks because Greece was viewed as the birthplace of Western civilization
Which of the following is true of Ferdinand VII after his restoration to the Spanish throne in 1814? a. He restored the prerevolutionary hierarchy and ignored the claims of the middle class that they had inherent and constitutional rights b. despite the Monroe doctrine, he attempted to restore the Spanish empire in America, sending expeditions to seize Brazil and Mexico c. His rule as a liberal, constitutional monarch was held up as a model for other European monarchs d. His excessive use of torture and executions led to such a European outcry that he was deposed by a joint French- Austrian army, and his throne was given to his daughter
a. He restored the prerevolutionary hierarchy and ignored the claims of the middle class that they had inherent and constitutional rights
Why was the Reform Bill of 1832 a political landmark? a. It gave representation to manufacturing cities in the north and set a precedent for the expansion of the percentage of eligible voters b. it granted a powerful voice to the numerically superior but materially poorer south and demonstrated the weakness of industry c. it gave universal suffrage to all men over the age of twenty five and to women who held a sufficient amount of property d. it granted women the right to initiate divorce on grounds other than abandonment, specifically abuse of themselves or their children
a. It gave representation to manufacturing cities in the north and set a precedent for the expansion of the percentage of eligible voters
In what way did the Civil Code limit political and social liberties? a. it reversed the revolution's expansion of women's and children's rights to increase men's power b. it failed to guarantee toleration for all religious groups c. it reinstituted restrictions on commoners' professional mobility d. it failed to provide safeguards for private property and familial integrity
a. It reversed the Revolution's expansion of women's and children's rights to increase men's power
Which of the following provided a major test for the theory of conservatism in the post-Napoleonic order? a. The restoration of the Bourbon monarchy to the throne of France b. the transformation of the duchy of Warsaw into a new polish kingdom c. the unification of the Dutch and Austrian Netherlands into a single kingdom d. the consolidation of the German Confederation, which included Prussia
a. The restoration of the Bourbon monarchy to the throne of France
Because the allied powers still feared Napoleon after his final defeat in 1815, they a. exiled him to St. Helena, a tiny, remote island in the middle of the South Atlantic b. ordered that all mention of his name be removed from the legal codes he had established c. required schools to omit any mention of him in teaching students about recent history d. forbade any of his former officers or troops to serve in the French army
a. exiled him to St. Helena, a tiny, remote island in the middle of the South Atlantic
The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte began after a. his victories in the Italian campaigns of 1796-1797 b. the emergence of a power vacuum in the directory, which needed to be filled by a vigorous leader c. the general success of the french wars after 1795 d. his soldiers' discovery of the Rosetta stone and other important artifacts from the ancient world
a. his victories in the Italian campaigns of 1796-1797
When an adviser to Frederick William III of Prussia (r. 1797-1840) wrote, "We must do from above what the French have done from below," to what was he referring? a. The institution of French-inspired reforms that included the abolition of serfdom and an overhaul of the army to open the way for the appointment of middle-class officers b. ending religious toleration of the Catholic church in Prussia and instituting Lutheranism as the state religion c. instilling a spirit of patriotic nationalism in the Prussian population in order to reconquer the country's lost territory d. the effort to make Prussia into a constitutional monarchy and end noble privileges that were based on heredity as opposed to merit
a. The institution of French-inspired reforms that included the abolition of serfdom and an overhaul of the army to open the way for the appointment of middle-class officers
Which of the following ideologies argued for the restoration of social and religious hierarchies in the years after the Napoleonic wars? a. socialism b. conservatism c. liberalism d. utilitarianism
b. conservatism
Which of the following actions did Napoleon undertake in 1804 with the pope's blessing? a. he instituted Catholicism as the state religion in France b. he annexed Rome as a satellite state c. he went to war with protestant England d. he crowned himself emperor
d. he crowned himself emperor
The final battle lost by Napoleon; it took place near Brussels on June 18, 1815, and led to the deposed emperor's final exile
Battle of Waterloo
Conservative European states agreed to Belgium's independence in 1831 under the condition that a. the Belgians allowed Charles X of France to become their new king b. Belgium would remain neutral in all international affairs c. The Belgians did not encourage other countries to gain their independence d. Belgium's new democracy banned any of the rebels from participating in the nation's new government
Belgium would remain neutral in all international affairs
The French legal code formulated by Napoleon in 1804; it ensured equal treatment under the law to all men and guaranteed religious liberty, but it curtailed many rights of women.
Civil Code
Face-to-face negotiations (1814-1815) between the great powers to settle the boundaries of European states and determine who would rule each nation after the defeat of Napoleon.
Congress of Vienna
A political doctrine that emerged after 1789 and took hold after 1815; it rejected much of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, preferring monarchies over republics, tradition over revolution, and established religion over Enlightenment skepticism.
Conservatism
The boycott of British goods in France and its satellites ordered by Napoleon in 1806; it had success but was later undermined by smuggling.
Continental System
The most important of the three consuls established by the French Constitution of 1800; the title, given to Napoleon Bonaparte, was taken from ancient Rome.
First Consul
The French Revolution came to an end in 1799 when Napoleon Bonaparte a. took power after a coup, ousted the Directory, and established himself as First Consul b. seized power and crowned himself French emperor c. was elected consul through a national plebiscite d. enacted the Civil Code, which made him head of state
a. took power after a coup, ousted the Directory, and established himself as First Consul
Napoleon attempted to undermine British power in which of the following ways? a. he allied France with Russia and Prussia b. He attacked British possessions in the West Indies and India c. He founded the satellite Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 d. He instituted the Continental System in 1806
He instituted the Continental System in 1806
In 1812, Napoleon made what disastrous military error? a. he began imprisoning soldiers who criticized him, thereby reducing the army's manpower b. he accepted non-French troops into his Grand Army c. he opened a second front by invading Russia d. he installed only generals who were aggressive but lacked his genius for tactics
He opened a second front by invading Russia
Which of the following men was Napoleon's feared minister of police, who made liberal use of his authority to spy on and arbitrarily imprison all political dissidents? a. Louis Leopold Boilly b. Alexandre Berthier c. Joseph Fouche d. Eugene de Beauharnais
Joseph Fouché
The German composer (1770-1827) who helped set the direction of musical romanticism; his music used recurring and evolving themes to convey the impression of natural growth.
Ludwig von Beethoven
The French general who became First Consul in 1799 and emperor (Napoleon I) in 1804; after losing the battle of Waterloo in 1815, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena.
Napoleon Bonaparte
The Confederation of the Rhine, established in 1806, resulted from a. austria's desire to rally the German-speaking lands against france and reassert habsburg control over the former Holy Roman Empire b. Napoleon's decision to reduce the number of German principalities under his control and organize the resulting larger states into a more coherent body c. The German's determination to repel the french army through and organized military alliance even if it meant abdicating a degree of sovereignty to Prussia d. a mere rumor disseminated by Metternich, who sought to sway Napoleon into negotiating a truce by feinging the establishment of a pan-German military allaince
Napoleon's decision to reduce the number of German principalities under his control and organize the resulting larger states into a more coherent body
A measure passed by the British Parliament to increase the number of male voters by about 50% and give representation to new cities in the north; it set a precedent for widening suffrage.
Reform Bill of 1832
A prolific author (1771-1832) of popular historical novels; he also collected and published traditional Scottish ballads and wrote poetry.
Sir Walter Scott
What was the intention behind the French invasion and occupation of Egypt in 1798? a. the french wanted to establish a base in North Africa for further colonization of the Middles East and central Africa b. the Directory wanted to strike a blow at British trade by cutting off Great Britian's route to India c. Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to follow in the footsteps of his Roman hero Marc Antony by invading and colonizing Egypt d. The French wanted to find and import ancient Egyptian artifacts to fill their museums and galleries
The Directory wanted to strike a blow at British trade by cutting off Great Britain's route to India
The epoch after the fall of Napoleon, in which the Congress of Vienna aimed to "restore" as many regimes as possible to their former rulers.
The Restoration
What reforms did the revolution of 1830 achieve in France? a. the king extended political liberties and doubled the number of voting men, though that number remained miniscule, and the king's reforms did little to improve the situation of the poor and working classes b. the revolt forced the monarchy to agree to a constitution and the sharing of powers as well as the extension of suffrage to all men over the age of thirty c. the monarchy was once again abolished, and universal suffrage was extended to both men and women, as new elections were called to restore the French legislature d. the revolution's reforms were primarily economic and included the right or organize worker;s unions and strike against unjust working conditions
The king extended political liberties and doubled the number of voting men, though that number remained miniscule, and the king's reforms did little to improve the situation of the poor and working classes
How did Napoleon's tactics for achieving order differ from those used during the French Revolution? a. Napoleon replaced the local police with national guard units that were trained in security surveillance and given authority to execute political dissenters b. Although he strictly limited political expression, imposing surveillance and arbitrary imprisonment on his opponents, Napoleon never used mass executions to maintain control c. Realizing that the suppression of dissent was at the root of the Terror, Napoleon conversely achieved order by allowing the free expression of democratic ideas d. Napoleon ordered massive urban reconstruction projects designed to both improve the economic situation of the citizens and promote surveillance
b. Although he strictly limited political expression, imposing surveillance and arbitrary imprisonment on his opponents, Napoleon never used mass executions to maintain control
In what capacity had the chief French negotiator at the Congress of Vienna, Prince Charles Maurice de Talleyrand (1754-1838), served Napoleon? a. as a general in Napoleon's army b. as Napoleon's foreign minister c. as archbishop and Napoleon's personal confessor d. as Napoleon's infamous chief of police
b. as Napoleon's foreign minister
Why did Napoleon sign a concordat with the pope in 1801? a. the french bishops agreed to support Napoleon's plan to become emperor b. he believed that religion was a powerful component for maintaining social order c. his religious convictions had been violated by the anti-Catholicism of the Revolution d. the pope had agreed to persuade the Italians to become a french satellite kingdom
b. he believed that religion was a powerful component for maintaining social order
Napoleon's attitude toward the French novelist Anne-Louise-Germaine de Staël is a prime example of his a. support of the promotion and patronage of the arts in France b. inability to tolerate criticism, particularly from writers c. willingness to promote women to positions of power and prestige d. desire to reconcile the French state with Catholicism
b. inability to tolerate criticism, particularly from writers
What well-educated nobleman took the lead in devising the settlement at the Congress of Vienna and shaping the post-Napoleonic European order? a. robert castlereagh b. klemens von metternich c. charles maurice de talleyrand d. johann wolfgang von goethe
b. klemens von metternich
Nineteenth-century poets and writers who collected old legends and folktales that expressed a shared cultural and linguistic heritage stretching back to the Middle Ages embraced what ideology? a. utopian socialism b. romantic nationalism c. conservatism d. liberalism
b. romantic nationalism
How did Napoleon rebuild the French army, which had been in shambles when he came to power in 1799? a. he instituted a hierarchical system modeled after the prussian army in which nobles had independent authority over individual sections of the army b. he worked to instill disicpline among restive troops through forced marches and the execution of deserters, making fear a primary motivation for soldiers' loyalty c. He united all the armies and generals into one Grand Army under his personal command, and he fought alongside his soldiers on the battlefield, inspiring almost fanatical loyalty d. he ended the mandatory conscription that began during the French Revolution and enlisted only those soldiers who desired to fight for France
c. He united all the armies and generals into one Grand Army under his personal command, and he fought alongside his soldiers on the battlefield, inspiring almost fanatical loyalty
How did the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) set the parameters for future relations between European states? a. it shifted the balance of power from western to eastern Europe, as powerful leaders from Austria and Prussia took control of diplomatic and military negotiations b. it set limits on the number of military troops each country could maintain in order to limit future aggression and territorial expansion c. It established a new framework for international relations based on periodic meetings, or congresses, between the major powers d. it imposed severe penalties on France in order to greatly diminish its political and economic status, which served as a warning to other countries considering territorial expansion
c. It established a new framework for international relations based on periodic meetings, or congresses, between the major powers
What effect did the French revolution of 1830 have on the rest of Europe? a. it convinced oppression populations that revolt was useless, as conservative forces powerfully resisted change b. it forced European leaders to enact reforms in order to compete once again with the French c. It sparked revolts throughout Europe, especially among populations desiring independence or government reform d. it led to a second European congress, in which Metternich and other European leaders dress up a plan to quell potential revolutions throughout European
c. It sparked revolts throughout Europe, especially among populations desiring independence or government reform
Between 1807 and 1812, which European nations demonstrated the strongest resistance against French rule? a. Prussia and Austria b. Italy and Germany c. Spain and Portugal d. The Netherlands and Denmark
c. Spain and Portugal
In 1820, the British throne was shaken by a scandal that arose from a. the duke of Wellington's efforts to persuade George IV to use the military to put down reform meetings b. allegations that George IV had been willing to make a deal with Napoleon that would have allowed him to live in Britain c. charges of infidelity leveled against Queen Caroline by her husband, George IV, and the people's consequent outpouring of support for the queen and contempt for the king d. rumors that George III had not died from natural causes but rather that his children, including George IV, had poised the ailing monarch
c. charges of infidelity leveled against Queen Caroline by her husband, George IV, and the people's consequent outpouring of support for the queen and contempt for the king
How did the constitution of 1799 effectively end the French republic? a. it reinstated the monarchy, gave renewed powers to the Catholic church, and suppressed all political dissent b. it made napoleon emperor of France with near absolute power to govern; although plebiscites approved his decisions, no alternatives were offered c. it ended representative government by making Napoleon the First Consul and giving him power to pick the Council of State, which drew up all laws d. it established a military dictatorship in which Napoleon governed as the leading general of France without any advice or support from civilian legislative bodies
c. it ended representative government by making Napoleon the First Consul and giving him power to pick the Council of State, which drew up all laws
Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) was known throughout the world for a. negotiation the settlement of the Monroe Doctrine between the US and Britain b. leading the Greek revolt against the Turks in the 1820s c. playing a leading role in Latin America's struggle for independence from Spain and Portugal d. guiding the rebellion against King Ferdinand VII of Spain in 1814, and for his subsequent martyrdom
c. playing a leading role in Latin America's struggle for independence from Spain and Portugal
German composer Ludwig von Beethoven's Ninth Symphony (1824), which contained the poet Friedrich Schiller's verses in praise of universal human solidarity, demonstrates a. the increasing use of traditional folk songs in the works of great composers b. Germany's openness to French influences in the wake of the Congress of Vienna c. the way in which romanticism also reflected the political climate of the era d. the growing influence of British art and culture over European artists
c. the way in which romanticism also reflected the political climate of the era
During the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) and beyond, British prime minister Robert Castlereagh (1769-1822) had which of the following goals? a. to create a settlement that would punish france and prevent it from ever again becoming a great power in europe b. to reduce the power of the catholic church throughout Europe c. to make great Britain the chief arbiter of European affairs d. to establish constitutional monarchies in the newly reorganized states in order to bring them into line with British values and traditions
c. to make great Britain the chief arbiter of European affairs
How did Napoleon view women's roles within his new paternalistic vision of French society? a. seeing women as essential members of the nation, he went further than the French revolutionaries and gave women the right to vote and participate in political life b. he saw women as the moral backbone of French society, so he instituted mandatory primary and secondary education for girls and improved women's legal rights c. although he reaffirmed the Old Regime's patriarchal control over women, Napoleon believed that women should have free access to education and abortion d. He believed women should be restricted to the private sphere of the home; his legal code curtailed women's rights, and he took little interest in girls' education
d. He believed women should be restricted to the private sphere of the home; his legal code curtailed women's rights, and he took little interest in girls' education
What measures did Napoleon impose on the colonized populations in the annexed territories and satellite kingdoms of France? a. he abolished local customs and languages in favor of the French language and customs and forced the local populations to covert to Catholicism b. He punished resistant populations by confiscating the bulk of their agricultural resources and forcing them to billet his troops c. he confiscated the best farmland and urban dwellings to give to French citizens who intended to settle in the newly colonized territories d. he forcibly introduced French-style reforms, including the abolition of serfdom and the introduction of the Napoleonic Code, as well as conscripting and taxing local populations
d. He forcibly introduced French-style reforms, including the abolition of serfdom and the introduction of the Napoleonic Code, as well as conscripting and taxing local populations
Which of the following was part of Metternich's campaign to suppress dissent within the states of the German Confederation? a. The Enabling Law b. The Act of Supremacy c. The Burschenschaften d. The Carlsbad Decrees
d. The Carlsbad Decrees
Napoleon's founding of the Legion of Honor in 1802 was part of his campaign to a. claim the legacy of ancient Rome by establishing an elite based on virtue and faithfulness b. build a permanent elite fighting force that could help increase French colonial possessions abroad c. control French culture by granting liberal pensions to those artists and writers of whom he approved d. create a new nobility by establishing a social hierarchy based on merit
d. create a new nobility by establishing a social hierarchy based on merit
In the early 1820s, rebellions against the monarchies in Spain and Russia were led by army officers because these men a. had the most to loose when the liberal monarchs of those two countries decided to end the special privileges given to military officials b. were generally the only literate people in their society, which made them the natural leaders of any reform campaign c. were most familiar with the extent of royal corruption and were able to choose a good moment from starting a rebellion d. had been influenced by French ideas about reform during the long campaigns against Napoleon
d. had been influenced by French ideas about reform during the long campaigns against Napoleon
Which of the following is true of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818)? a. it was an attack on the catholic revival taking place in Europe b. it was a plea to governments to spend more on scientific research c. it expressed the concern that the work of scientists would ultimately hurt the power of the church d. it warned that innovation and science could bring pain and unhappiness, not just progress
d. it warned that innovation and science could bring pain and unhappiness, not just progress
Napoleon's genius as a general aside, which of the following was a key factor in his army's amazing success in the early nineteenth century? a. france was one of the most populous countries in Europe and could draw upon a vast reserve of men b. because of the economic resources needed to go to war, few European countries were willing to take on the French army c. his soldiers were promised pensions, which encouraged many poor peasant sand craftsmen to enlist d. military service came to be equated with patriotism, and professional advancement was based on merit rather than privilege
d. military service came to be equated with patriotism, and professional advancement was based on merit rather than privilege
The British political theorist Edmund Burke (1729-1797) was known for what influential belief? a. that reason was incapable of answering life's most important questions b. that merit and talent needed to be the basis for political and social advancement c. that Napoleon's reforms were bound to fail because they were not rooted in Christian ideals d. that government should be rooted in experience and that all change should be gradual and respect tradition
d. that government should be rooted in experience and that all change should be gradual and respect tradition
Napoleon's decisive defeat at the battle of Waterloo in 1815 came at the hands of a. the French army, which had turned its back on its former leader b. the British army, with some assistance from colonial troops c. the newly formed continental army of the USA d. the Prussian army and a coalition of British, Dutch, German, and Belgian troops
d. the Prussian army and a coalition of British, Dutch, German, and Belgian troops
Following the battle of Borodino in September 1812, Napoleon a. entered Moscow to find that the Russians had set it on fire and retreated b. overran moscow and entered the royal palace, taking tsar alexander i prisoner c. negotiated a truce with Tsar Alexander I in which the Russian monarch agreed to relinquish control of Poland in exchange for a French retreat d. ordered his troops to retreat, an effort that failed to save the bulk of his army
entered Moscow to find that the Russians had set it on fire and retreated
After Napoleon defeated the Russians at Friedland in 1807, the ensuing Treaties of Tilsit a. effectively took Russia out of the continental conflict by demanding its neutrality b. turned Russia into France's largest satellite state in Europe c. forced Prussia to relinquish its territory west of the Elbe, which became the kingdom of Westphalia under Napoleon's brother d. established a formal alliance between France and Russia against Great Britain and Austria
forced Prussia to relinquish its territory west of the Elbe, which became the kingdom of Westphalia under Napoleon's brother
Following Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig in 1813 and his abdication in 1814, the allies a. imprisoned him and his family in the batille in Paris b. occupied France until an international congress decided France's future c. restored Louis XVIII to the throne d. reestablished the French republic by calling for the election of a new French national assembly
restored Louis XVIII to the throne
