Euro History Module 10 Early Middle Ages

Serfs

- A person who is bound to live and work on a lord's land and cannot leave, though technically not a slave - very little rights and could be bought/sold with land - most peasants are serfs - Life expectancy - 35 years

Status of Women

- According to the Church and feudal society, women were inferior to men - Noblewomen - Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war on lord's request - Usually confined to activities of the home or convent Peasants women- Most labor in home and field, bear children, provide for family - Poor, powerless, do household tasks at young age

Benedict and Scholastica (480-547)

- Benedict - an Italian saint and monk; created a set of rules for monks to follow called the "Rule of St. Benedict" It was a guide for Monastic Life and contained a unique spirit of balance, moderation, and reasonableness, that was accepted by most monasteries - Scholastica - sister of Benedict who starts convents and adopts similar rules for nuns living in convents.

Knighthood and The Code of Chivalry 1100s

- set of ideals how to act Knights masters in the Chivalry Code are 1) Feudal Lord 2) God/Heavenly Lord 3) Chosen Lady - might be lord's wife, daughter, or queen; basically saying you would defend her honor

Troubadors

- traveling poet-musicians employed in the castles of Europe who wrote short songs and verses about the joys and sorrows of romantic love

Middle Ages

--A period that lasted from about 500 to about 1500 --new society emerges after fall of Rome rooted in classical heritage of Rome, beliefs of the Church, customs of Germanic tribes

Battle of Tolbiac (496)

- Clovis appealed to God, fearing defeat, saying, "For I have called on my Gods, but I find they are far from my aid...Now I call on Thee. I long to believe in Thee. Only, please deliver me from my enemies." - the tide of the battle shifted and the Franks won. - Afterward, Clovis and 3,000 of his warriors were baptized. - Realizes he needs the support of the church as he conquers Gaul - A strategic alliance is made between Clovis and the Church, marking the start of a partnership between two powerful forces.

Changes in Europe after 500 CE

- Decline Learning - Only clergy, monasteries, religious orders, etc. - Loss of common Language - Latin - Romance Languages develop, but no official language (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian) - Greek Language and culture almost disappears - Germanic tribes had strong oral tradition - Disruption of Trade - Population shift - downfall of cities

Venerable Bede (673-735)

- English monk wrote "Ecclesiastical History of the English People" - Monasteries also became Europe's best-educated communities. - Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books - Maintained learning during the early Middle Ages

Note: Germans Adopt Christianity How did the Church spread?

- Frankish rulers convert Germanic peoples to Christianity - Missionaries travel to convert a Germanic and Celtic groups

Franks

- Germanic people who lived and held power in Gaul. - Their leader was Clovis and his wife was Chloride. - Clovis Converts to Christianity in 496. By 511 Clovis had united the Franks into one kingdom. The strategic alliance between Clovis and the Church marked the start of a partnership between two powerful forces.

Gregory the Great (b. 540-604 CE)

- Gregory 1 becomes pope in 590 CE - Broadens the authority of the papacy beyond its spiritual role - Becomes a secular leader - Used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor. He also negotiated peace treaties with invaders such as the Lombards. - spiritual kingdom fanned out to most distant churches of Europe -Churchly kingdom, ruled by a pope, became a central theme of the Middle Ages

Theodora (500-548 CE)

- Justinian's wife; former prostitute who as Justinian's wife became extremely influential - Was one of his chief advisors - Justinian once called her his "partner in my deliberations" - Convinced Justinian (and others) to remain in Constantinople during the Nika rebellion - Justinian passed no major laws after her death

Literature of Chivalry

- Love Poems and Songs - Solidified the Chivalric Code - Knights' duties to ladies are as important as those to their lords -Troubadours

Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204)

- Most celebrated woman of the age -Wife of two kings (Louis VII, King of the Franks, annulled) and Henry II of England - Mother of two kings of England (Richard and John) - Eleanor's son, Richard the Lion‐Hearted, also wrote songs and poems

Harshness of Manor Life

- Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to priest - Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for beds - Daily grind of raising crops, livestock; feeding and clothing family - Poor diet, illness, malnutrition - Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God's plan

Dark Ages

- Ren (Renaissance) writers label time period M.A (Middle Ages) Dark indicates what was going on in the Middle Ages. - Emergence of the Catholic Church become extremely powerful - Growth monasticism→ Reformation + early aspects of Enlightenment - Boom E. M. A. (Early Middle Ages) - Mini Ren- During Carolingian Dynasty

The term "Dark Ages" is a mistake because

- Ren writers think period of Greece/Rome is a pinnacle - Church becomes powerful & growth in monasticism - Boom for agriculture - explosion of Carolingian Ren (modern day France)

Feudal Social Classes

- Social classes are well defined Three Social Groups: Those Who Fought - Nobles & Knights Those Who Prayed - Men and Women of the Church Those Who Worked - Peasants (vast majority of people in Europe during the Middle Ages) - social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasants

Charlemagne (Charles the Great) (r. 768-814)

- Son of Pepin who fought the Lombards - Builds huge Frankish empire greater than any since Rome, spreading Christianity through conquest -Crowned "Holy Roman Emperor" by Leo III, notable b/c it signifies the Pope's power to confer the position -Consolidated his power by using intendants - royal agents - to spy on the nobility and keep them in line -Furthers learning by creating schools - dies in 768 leaving the kingdom in 2 sons, 1 dying in 771

Hippodrome of Constantinople

- Sultanahmet Square - Could hold 100,000 people - Horse racing and chariot racing were popular pastimes in the ancient world - Hippodromes were common features of Greek cities in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine eras

Manor (Economic Side of Feudalism)

- The Lord's estate, a manor, which had an economic system (manor system) - Serfs and free peasants maintain the lord's estate, give grain - Lord provides housing farmland, & protection from bandits - Medieval manors include lord's house, church, workshops, village -Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely self-sufficient

Monastaries

- The church builds monasteries - where monks live to study and serve God -Religious communities inhabited by monks; social centers that helped the sick and the poor - Monks establish schools (for wealthy children), preserving learning through libraries -Along with convents, play a key role in spreading Christianity

Magyars (post charlemagne invaders)

- a nation and ethnic group of superb nomadic horsemen from Hungary who attacked Western Europe in late 800s and overran Northern Italy - took captives to sell as slaves

Louis the Pious (814-840) and his sons

- poor ruler -leaves 3 sons who fight for control of the empire; Lothair, Louis the German, Charles the Bald

The Mongol Invasions of Russia

-1200 Genghis Khan- Mongol leader; one of the most feared warriors of all time -Mongols destroy Kiev Southern Russian area becomes known as "Khanate of the Golden Horde" -Khanate - kingdom Golden - mongol royal color Horde - camp -Mongols controlled it for 200 years -Mongols wanted absolute loyalty and large amounts of tribute -Mongols caused Russia to be isolated from the rest of the world, hindering advancements in technology that goes on elsewhere

Feudalism (emerges 850-950)

-A political and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances, emerges in Europe -In exchange for protection, a lord (Noble who holds the land) gives FIEFS (land grants) to a recipient known as a VASSAL (powerful landholders who are granted the land for service or labor), who owes the lord services in return

Justinian I b. 482 CE (reigned 527-565 CE)

-Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. -Reconquered much territory in the west previously, trying to restore the unity of the old Roman Empire (It was the last effort to restore the Mediterranean unity) -Built the Hagia Sophia -Made Justinian's Code, a codification of law

Ivan III becomes Prince and what does he do?

-Challenged Mongol rule; Russia break free -Took the title of Czar -1480 Great Stand at Ugra River; seen as the end of vassalage to the Mongols, it was a bloodless battle

Secular

-Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters; in the context of the Church, the Pope becomes a secular power

Changes in Western Europe (following the fall of Rome)

-Disruption of trade -Downfall of cities -Population shifts -Decline of learning -Loss of common language

Icons and Icon Controversy

-Icons: sacred religious images used by Eastern Christians to aid their devotions (ex. displays of saints) -Iconoclasts: oppose display of religious on the grounds that they are idols -Iconophiles: approve of the display of images

Clovis (b. 466-511)

-Leader of Franks and first barbarian to convert to Christianity because he believes Christian God will give him victory - reigned Franks from 481-509 - considered to be the founder of the Merovingian Dynasty (480-751 CE)

Convents

-Like monasteries but inhabited by nuns, basically female monks

Vikings (post Charlemagne invaders; attack Western Europe)

-Scandinavian warriors who raided Europe and the Mediterranean in special shallow draft vessels during the early middle ages -lightning fast strikes, ships could sail in 3ft water, carry 300 warriors and supplies, great sailors -Leif Ericson - discovers Newfoundland 500 years before Columbus - 1000 AD adopted Christianity and became farmers

Knights training

-Sent to another lord's castle for training Page - age 7 Squire - age 14 (servant to a knight) Knight - age 21 -Knights gain experience in local wars and tournaments

Cyrillic Alphabet

-an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet created by Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius for the Slavic peoples As of 2019 250 million people in Eurasia us Cyrillic Russia accounts for about half of all users 2007, Cyrillic becomes third official script of the E.U., following the Latin and Greek alphabets

Excommunication

-banishment of a member of the Church from the sacrament of communion, in effect, condemning a person to hell. -meant to persuade someone who has strayed to get back in line

Carolingian Dynasty

-family of Frankish Rulers that rule from 751-987

Prior to 800 Slavs

-farmers and traders -No political unity -Common language -Same ethnicity

Prime Ivan 1 "Grand Prince" "Ivan Moneybags"

-makes Moscow prestigious -Put down rebellion -Became a tax collector for Mongols; makes a lot of money

Muslims (post charlemagne invaders)

-plan to attack and plunder/convert/settle in Europe -invaded Italy and Spain from their strongholds in North Africa and made it as far north as Switzerland

Time Periods of European History

1) Classic of Antiquity 2) Middle Ages 3) Modern Ages

Strategic value of Constantinople

1. surrounded by water on 3 sides 2. Theodosian walls 3. center of trade from west to east 4. linked empire to black sea and meditteranean

Byzantine Architecture

330-1453 CE Characteristics: Exotic domes; Richer, golden mosaics; Vast open spaces; Rounded arch; & Use of marble

Timeline of Events 500-1200

511-Clovis unites Franks under Christian rule 527- Justinian becomes ruler of the Byzantine Empire 630-Muhammad returns to Mecca after making the Hijrah to Medina. 690-Empress Wu Zhao assumes the throne in China. 732-Charles Martel stops Muslim invasion. 750 Abbasids in Persia take control of the Muslim Empire. 771-Charlemagne becomes ruler of Frankish Kingdom in Europe. 800-Pope Leo III crowns the Frankish king Charlemagne emperor. 800-Empire of Ghana thrives in West Africa. 843-Treaty of Verdun divides Charlemagne's empire. 850s-Byzantine culture spreads to Russia. 900s Outside invasions spur growth of feudalism. 900 Classic period of Mayan civilization in Central America ends. 960 Song Dynasty of China begins. 1100s-Code of chivalry develops 1185-Kamakura Shogunate rules Japan

Tithe

A family's payment of one-tenth of its income to a church

Tournaments

A form of entertainment where knights could fight in contests; useful in helping knights train for war

Epic Poetry

A long narrative poem about the adventures of a hero, typically a knight, and his great deeds (example the song of Roland)

Justinian Code

A single, uniform code based on the useful bits of previous Roman law. Justinian set up a panel of legal experts and went through 400 years of Roman civil law around A.D. 534; the code survived for 900 years and decided legal questions, regulating whole areas of Byzantine life. It consisted of four works: 1) The Code: 5000 laws 2) The Digest: summation of the Laws 3) The Institutes: described how to use the laws 4) and The Novellae: laws added after 534 CE (Presented legislation).

Nika Rebellion (532)

An extremely destructive riot that began in the hippodrome reflected public displeasure over Justinian's heavy taxes to fund his projects. Destroyed nearly half of Constantinople, nearly cost Justinian his throne and was put down by Belisarius, slaughtering 30,000

Chivalry

An ideal code of conduct for knights (that is seldom actually followed) characterized by things such as bravery, gallantry towards women, protection of the weak -derived from several different languages all meaning Warrior on horseback French- Chevalier Spanish - Caballero Italian - Cavaliero

Attacks from East & West until Romans Fall Timeline

Avars, Slavs, and Bulgars attacked the northern border 626-Persians and Avars struck Constantinople 674 and 717-Arabs armies attacked 860 and 1043-Russian invasions three times 11th century-Turks took over muslim and headed to Byzantine Territory 1453-fell to the Ottoman Turks 1453-fell to the Ottoman Turks (During this time, the Byzantines used bribes, diplomacy, political marriages, and military power to keep their enemies at bay)

Great Schism 1054 CE

Break between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church Reasons for it: Procession of the Holy Spirit Leavened or Unleavened bread for the Eucharist Power of the Bishop of Rome Place of Patriarch of Constantinople

St. Cryil (826-885) and Methodius (815-885)

Brothers and Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries Known as the "Apostles to the Slavs" for their work evangelizing the Slavs Created the Cyrillic alphabet

Heraclius I (610-641)

Byzantine emperor who defeated Sasanian Persia but was himself defeated by the Muslim Arabs; he reorganized the empire into themes/military provinces. (Constans II should be given credit for what Heraclius did)

Pepin the Short

Charles Martel's son; takes the throne of the Frankish kingdom and establishes the Carolingian dynasty; anointed by the pope as "king by the grace of God"

Constans II (641-668)

Constans II, "the Bearded", was the Eastern Roman emperor who should be given credit for what Heraclius I did to the organization of the Empire

The capital of the Roman Empire was moved to this city in A.D. 330.

Constantinople

Major Rivers in Early Russia

Dnieper- 1400 mi; flows into Black sea Don- 1,160 mi; flows into Sea of Azsow Volga- 2,194 mi; flows into Caspian Sea; heart and soul river of Russia

St. John Chrysostom (344-407)

Early Church Father who served as archbishop of Constantinople Denounced abuse of authority Among the most prolific authors in the early Christian Church Recognized as a Doctor of the Church

Periods of the Middle Ages

Early: 500 - 1,000 CE High: 1,000 - 1,300 CE Late: 1,300 - 1,500 CE

Byzantine Missionaries from the ________ ________ Church _______ the Slavs and who are the Slavs?

Eastern Orthodox & Converted Slavs are the largest European ethnolinguistic group Slavs are geographically distributed throughout northern Eurasia: Central and Eastern Europe Balkans to the west Siberia to the east

Battle of Tours (732)

Frankish army let by Charles Martel repelled a Muslim invasion of Western Europe

Knight Weaponry/Armour

Gambeson - padded jacket Chainmail plate armour

400 → 600 CE Germanic Kingdoms emerge

Germanic tribes mix w/ inhabitants - The Concept of Government Changes: Germanic (barbarian) kingdoms replace Roman provinces. - Germans are held together by family ties and loyalty, not government - Small communities are governed by unwritten rules and traditions - Germanic warriors pledge loyalty to their chief; live in the lord's hall

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople Built 537 CE

Hagia Sofia: means Holy Wisdom in Greek, built by Justinian, it was the most splendid Church in the Christian world. It displayed Byzantine architecture: exotic domes with rich, golden mosaics Greco-Roman culture-grow upon it, advance it Religious and spiritual Church for 1,000 years

St Basil (330-379 CE)

Influential theologian Supported the Nicene Creed Known for his care of the poor and underprivileged. Established guidelines for monastic life which focus on community life, liturgical prayer, and manual labor

What religion does Kiev become in 989 and what led up to it?

Kiev became Orthodox. First, in 957, Princess Olga, paid a visit to Constantinople and converted to Christianity. Her grandson Vladimir converted himself and the region to Christianity after hearing an amazing report from scouts who went to Byzantium.

Feudal Pyramid

King --> Nobles and Bishops --> Knights --> Peasants European Nobility Ranks: England- King --> Duke --> Marquises --> Earls --> Viscounts --> Barons --> Knights France - King --> Duke --> Marquis --> Count --> Viscount --> Baron --> Chevalier

Patriarch

Leading bishop of Eastern Christianity

Charles Martel

Most powerful official in kingdom; is major domo (mayor of the palace) In 719, Charles Martel becomes more powerful than king - Defeats Muslims from Spain in the Battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe, and becomes a Christian hero Son, Pepin, begins Carolingian Dynasty

Belisarius

One of Justinian's best commanders; led the campaigns that reconquered North Africa and Italy

Differences of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy

Roman- Latin service; pope has authority; priests can't marry, divorce is not permitted Eastern Orthodox- Greek service; patriarch and other bishops; emperor claims authority, priests may be married; divorce is allowed under certain conditions

Yaroslav the Wise b. 978

Ruled Kiev (1019-1054), forged trading alliances with western Europe, and created a legal code. He continued to grow the empire and built the first library. 1054-Yaroslav died and divided Russia among his 3 sons who fight (The Crusades added to Kiev's troubles by disrupting trade)

What are the tech. advancement in 700 in Europe

Saddle - a seat that helps keep you on the horse Stirrups - it allows the use of force behind you when attacking the enemy

Russian Legends of Origin of Russia

Slavs invited Rurik, the Viking Chief, to be their King In 862 Rurik found Novgorod, Russia's first important city Oleg- established Kiev which is on the Dnieper River Kiev became a major trading city because of access to this river; one could sail down the Dnieper river to Constantinople

Justinian plague and its impact

Swept through the Byzantine Empire and parts of Western Europe between 541 and 543. It was similar to the bubonic plague: it weakened Justinian's military resources, therefore hammering his efforts to restore unity in the Mediterranean. It destroyed a huge percentage of the Byzantine pop. and 10,000 people were dying per day in the worst year of the plague.

Mese, Constantinople

The Mese, a long road running through the heart of Constantinople, became the world's busiest market. The avenue was lined with shops selling goods from across the world. List some of the worldly goods that were traded in the shops in Constantinople.

Treaty of Verdun (843)

The first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious who was the son of Charlemagne. The treaty, signed in Verdun-sur-Meuse, ended the three-year Carolingian Civil War Lothair fgot Middle Francia (the central part of the empire) Louis the German got East Francia (eastern portion of empire) Charles the Bald got western Francia (which becomes France)

The Warrior's Role in Feudal Society

To defend their territories, feudal lords raised private armies of knights, whose military service is rewarded with fiefs of land and other valuables, which allowed knights to devote their entire lives to the military arts - Knights give min of 40 days of service

Rollo

Viking, who makes an alliance with French King Charles the Simple.

Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy info and Comparisons

Western Church became the Roman Catholic Church and the eastern church became the Eastern Orthodox Church. Similarities: Both churches believe in the gospel of Jesus and in the Bible as interpreted by their church. They also believe that God uses sacraments to convey his love to humans. Sacraments are visible signs of something sacred; for instance, the water used in baptism is a sign of God's power to cleanse people of sin.

Song of Roland

is one of the earliest and most famous medieval epic poems. It praises a band of French soldiers who perished in battle during Charlemagne's reign. A few brave French knights led by Roland battle an overwhelming army of Muslims from Spain and sacrifice themselves for the army

Manorial System

like the feudal system, peasants and serfs work a lord's lands in exchange for promises of tools and protection from the lord

Varangians

most likely Vikings who arrived in 800 CE Also called Rus where the name "Russia" is taken from.

Early Russia location

west of Ural mountains to Baltic Sea