European History: The Renaissance
The Renaissance in northern Italy lasted from about ________ to ________ and the Renaissance in Northern Europe from about __________ to _______.
1300, 1600, 1450, 1600
One standard measure of the dates for the Renaissance in Northern Italy and Northern Europe is the early ___________________ to the early _____________________.
1300s-1600s
________________________: a focus in art, science, and literature on detail, which focus would be the basis for the coming Scientific Revolution, forming the basis not least of all for the scientific method
Attention to detail
What is the title of the work? Who is the artist? How does the work symbolize Renaissance artistic ideals, themes, or techniques?
David, Michelangelo, this work displays the tendency of Renaissance artists to depict human beings not just realistically but idealistically. In other words, David is the model of perfect manhood and symbolizes the great possibilities for human achievement.
Merchant-class fathers could marry their daughters to the sons of nobles in exchange for the payment of _____________________.
Dowrys
It was easy to tell rich nobles and businessmen apart from the poor peasants during the Renaissance by visible and marked differences in: a. ______________________; b. _____________________; and c. _________________ patterns.
Dress, manners, speech
Historians credit Albrecht _____________________ (1471-1528) with bringing Renaissance artistic ideas to North Europe after he studied in Italy in 1494.
Dürer
(Reasons for the movement of the Renaissance to Northern Europe) _________________________: Northern European cities were also recovering from the Black Death (about 50 years later than the cities of northern Italy), and now their rich citizens had the money and leisure time to patronize the fine arts, literature, and architecture.
Economic
Desiderius ________________________ (1466-1536) was a monk who sought to combine Christianity and the Renaissance, and he also strongly advocated study of Greek and Roman art and literature.
Erasmus
Jan van ___________________________ (c. 1390-1441) was a Flemish (Belgian Flanders) painter who developed new techniques in oil painting.
Eyck
The invention of the printing press was vitally important for two reasons: a. It made possible the _______________________ circulation of literature; and b. It made books and other literary works available at far _________________________ prices than had been possible in the Middle Ages.
Faster, cheaper
Historians consider Erasmus to be the "______________________."
Father of Christian Humanism
Petrarch is considered the "_____________________," and it was he who coined the negative description "Dark Ages" to refer to the Middle Ages, feeling that as he was bringing the Renaissance into existence, a new age of light was coming to Europe.
Father of the Renaissance
_________________________ (1377-1446) helped recover classical architectural forms, and his most famous work is the dome of the cathedral in Florence
Filippo Brunelleschi
What are three reasons that the Renaissance began in northern Italy? __________________________, __________________________, __________________________.
Financial, Geographic, and Nationalistic
Three northern Italian cities that were heavily influential in the Renaissance were Genoa, Venice, and Milan, but the epicenter of the movement was the city of ___________________________.
Florence
The most famous royal patron of the Northern Renaissance was ______________________ I of France, who collected the art that would later become a part of the collection in the famous __________________________ Museum.
Francis, Louvre
The four great cities of northern Italy __________________________,__________________________,__________________________,__________________________ had become rich by the early 1400s through: i. international _____________________; and ii. the _________________________ associated with that trade.
Genoa, Milan, Venice, Florence
Architects in North Europe did not look to the Greeks and Romans and Classical architecture for inspiration, but instead they sought to perfect the _____________________ architectural style so typical of North Europe.
Gothic
The nobles during the Renaissance were generally _______________________ who rented out their land to the peasants.
Landowners
This wealth gave rich citizens of these cities the money and ___________________ _______________ necessary to support the arts and literature.
Leisure time
Francis I also invited ____________________ to France late in the artistic genius' life, and he lived in France from 1516-1519 and actually died in France in 1519.
Leonardo da Vinci
______________________ (1452-1519) was the quintessential "Renaissance man" who sought to explore, among many other things, the details of the human form
Leonardo da Vinci
In later life Erasmus would engage in a literary duel of the theological issue of human freedom and God's sovereignty with no less than Martin ___________________________.
Luther
Niccolo _________________________ (1469-1527) wrote The Prince, in which he argued that Renaissance political leaders should be: i. ________________________; but also ii. ___________________.
Machiavelli, virtuous, heavy handed.
Virtually all Renaissance artists, architects, and writers were _______________, and the whole movement involved very few women.
Men
However, some members of the growing _____________________ class were able to marry into the nobility, because the nobles needed their money.
Merchant
________________________ (1475-1564) especially depicted human beings idealistically, making them in his art almost as great as God himself
Michaelangelo
Until the late 1400's and the discovery of a route to the East Indies around the southern coast of Africa, the main trading partners of the northern Italian cities included: i. the _________________________ ______________________; ii. the northwestern coast of __________________________; iii. _____________________________ (recall the Black Death probably came from Russian Crimea); and iv. other parts of _____________________________.
Middle East, Africa, Russia, and Northern Europe
(Reasons for the movement of the Renaissance to Northern Europe) ______________________: Some artists migrated from northern Italy to North Europe in the late 1400's because of French wars in their home region.
Migration
What is the title of the work? Who is the artist? How does the work symbolize Renaissance artistic ideals, themes, or techniques?
Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci, this work is a prime example of Renaissance artists moving from depiction solely of biblical scenes to non-religious subjects, like portraits of their patrons (and of their patrons' wives, as is probably the case here).
The cities of northern Italy were small city-states not ruled by kings, but with ________________________ who became patrons.
Monarchs
We know that by the 1400's some African slaves were serving as ________________________ in the royal court of Spain.
Musicians
Being located in "Italy", the northern cities longed to recapture the glory of ancient Rome, and so to some degree their desire to promote the Renaissance was _________________________—a restoration of Italian glory.
Nationalistic
The main countries involved in the Northern Renaissance were England, Flanders (part of Belgium), France, the German States (including the Holy Roman Empire), and the ________________________.
Netherlands
Artists of the Northern Renaissance adopted Realism even to a greater degree than artists in northern Italy, for the artists in North Europe began to depict _______________________ people, not just wealthy patrons.
Ordinary
(Reasons for the movement of the Renaissance to Northern Europe) _______________________: The Hundred Years War ended in 1453, leaving North Europe in the kind of relative peace (but see #5) that would allow for the spread of Renaissance ideas (cf. spread of Christianity during the 1st century A.D. under the pax Romana).
Peace
What is the title of the work? Who is the artist? How does the work symbolize Renaissance artistic ideals, themes, or techniques?
Peasant Wedding, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, this work symbolizes Renaissance art because it depicts the tendency of the artists of the Northern Europe Renaissance to focus on the lives of ordinary people.
Renaissance painters developed far more than the painters of the Middle Ages the use of _______________________ (depth and three dimensions), which became another facet of their Realism.
Perspective
Francesco ___________________ (1303-1374) was the writer who became the leader in advocating the study of the art and Latin literature of the Roman Empire.
Petrarch
The vast majority of Europeans during the Renaissance were economically _____________.
Poor
________________________ sailors began to import black African slaves to Europe as early as the 1400's.
Portuguese
The invention that helped spread Renaissance ideas from northern Italy was the moveable type _____________________ __________________, which the German printer Johann Guttenberg (city of Mainz) began to use in the 1440's.
Printing Press
(Reasons for the movement of the Renaissance to Northern Europe) ___________________________ ____________________: As a practical matter, this invention of the 1440's made the spread of Renaissance ideas in print far faster and _____________________________ than would have been imaginable in previous eras.
Printing press, cheaper
By 1400 Florence was recovering ________________ in population from the Black Death of the 1340's and 1350's, when almost ______________ of its population had been killed.
Quickly, two-thirds
_______________________ (1483-1520) was a painter and architect who advocated the four characteristics of Renaissance art (as distinguished from art of the Middle Ages).
Raphael
__________________________: a preference for true and precise depictions of humans and nature in art
Realism
Painters and sculptors during the Renaissance became more _______________________ and often even _________________________in their portrayal of the human form.
Realistic, Idealistic
The Muslim Turks had three reasons for their conquest of Constantinople: i. ______________________: the taking of one of the two centers of Christendom would in the Muslim mind confirm the superiority of Islam and its god to Christianity and its God ii. _______________________: The Muslims believed (rightly) that Constantinople was full of valuable treasures. iii. _______________________: Constantinople was located in a strategic location, spanning the two continents of Asia and Europe.
Religious, Economic, Military
The content of art during the Renaissance shifted from almost exclusively _______________________ scenes and themes (though many Renaissance artists certainly continued to depict biblical scenes and themes) to many non-religious themes, including: a. subjects from Greek ____________________________; and b. the portraits of _______________
Religious, mythology, wealthy patrons and their family members
The ideal male was called the "___________________________," who was someone capable in many fields (art, literature, botany, business, etc.). Example: Leonardo Da Vinci
Renaissance Man
The Renaissance was a movement led by the relatively small _____________ and well-educated class of citizens of northern Italy and northern Europe.
Rich
Humanism greatly underestimates the _______________________ of the human heart (Romans 3:23).
Sinfulness
Historians credit Erasmus with the famous Renaissance cry ad fontēs: "back to the ____________________________!"
Sources
What is the title of the work? Who is the artist? How does the work symbolize Renaissance artistic ideals, themes, or techniques?
The School of Athens, Raphael, the painting illustrates the Humanist idea of Classicism, that is, the return to Greek and Roman art and literature. The figure with the finger pointing up is Plato, and with the hand facing down is Aristotle, perhaps the two greatest greek philosophers.
As a practical matter, artists and especially architects living in northern Italy did not have to look far to find inspiration from Rome, because ________________________.
The art and architecture of Rome (though much of it in ruins) was all around them.
What was necessary to make the slave trade work?
The willingness of Europeans to purchase African slaves and the willingness of Africans to sell their African captives whom they have captured in battle.
(Reasons for the movement of the Renaissance to Northern Europe) ________________________: Sailors from northern Italy were reporting to their counterparts in the ports of Northern Europe (especially the port of Bruges in Flanders) about developments in the Renaissance in northern Italy.
Trade
_______________________________: an emphasis on the dignity and potential of man, who is able to create his own future (largely apart from God)
Value and potential of humanity
European ships would sail to the ___________ coast of Africa to purchase the slaves.
Western
Humanism centers the universe on _______________ rather than on _______________.
You, God
A "_____________________" was a wealthy individual, guild, or city that commissioned or paid for works of art, literature, or architecture.
patron
The term "Renaissance" means _______________.
rebirth
Once inside Constantinople, the Turks became guilty of __________________ against the citizens.
Horrific atrocities
The Northern Renaissance occurred in an area that was more religious (Roman Catholic, with some beginning stirrings of the Reformation) than northern Italy, so the Northern Renaissance never adopted a full-scale form of __________________.
Humanism
______________________ was the philosophical movement that undergirded the Renaissance. Historians generally identify at least five characteristics of this movement:
Humanism
For example, the artists of the Northern Renaissance did not depict human beings _____________________ or believe humans could accomplish their own destiny.
Idealistically
While Christians also believe every human being is valuable, they believe this to be the case because God has created all human beings in his ____________________ (Genesis 1:26-27), and the Christian would argue that the humanist, by contrast, has no real basis for his emphasis on the value of human life.
Image
By the early 1500's trade began to take place between northern Italy and _______________________ and ___________________________.
India, China
Although women reigned as monarchs in Spain and England during the Renaissance, women were largely __________________ in public during the Renaissance. Many historians question whether women—even wealthy women-- really experienced a Renaissance at all during the 1400-1600's.
Invisible
Just as the ideal for males was the "Renaissance man," so the ideal for females became the "___________________ woman" (a virgin prior to marriage, with integrity and kindness of spirit).
Invisible
What is the title of the work? Who is the artist? How does the work symbolize Renaissance artistic ideals, themes, or techniques?
(COULD NOT ATTACH IMAGE) Sketches of the Arm, Leonardo da Vinci, this work symbolizes the Renaissance because it depicts the artists' attention to details.
What is the title of the work? Who is the artist? How does the work symbolize Renaissance artistic ideals, themes, or techniques?
(COULD NOT ATTACH IMAGE) The Altarpiece at Ghent, Jan Van Eyck, this work symbolizes the Northern Europe Renaissance quest for detail to an even greater degree than the artists of the northern Italy Renaissance.
Historians believe that within _______ years of Gutenberg's invention of the printing press, as many books had been published as in the entire previous history of Europe
50
The poor agricultural peasant class made up in excess of ______ percent of Europe's population during most of the Renaissance.
90
The poor would farm the estates of large landowners and pay _________________________________________.
A portion of their annual crops to that large landowner as rent.
____________________________: the active pursuit and display of moral traits like honesty and the doing of good deeds, especially the pursuit of civic virtue (good deeds done publicly)
Active virtues
________________________ tribal chiefs sold to the Europeans as slaves other Africans whom they had captured in battle.
African
The vast majority of Europeans continued to work in _____________________________.
Agriculture
One of the technological innovations that enabled the Muslim Turk to take Constantinople was a giant _______________________ that battered a breach in the walls of the city.
Cannon
The people who led the Renaissance thought of their period of history as a rebirth in particular of _________________________ (Roman and Greek) literature and art.
Classicism
__________________________: the belief that the philosophy of the Greeks and Romans provided insight into the heart of reality, that the Romans and Greeks had "gotten reality right"
Classicism
Erasmus' major work was to ____________________________.
Compile a text of the Greek New Testament
The leader of the Muslim Turk army that overthrew the city was _______________________ II.
Constantine
the fall of _________________________ to the Muslim Turks on May 29, 1453 was important because this city was the headquarters of both: i. the __________________; and ii. the ________________________________ Empire (eastern portion of the old Roman Empire).
Constantinople, Eastern Orthodox Church, Byzantine
The large-scale use of African slaves on _____________________ plantations of the Spanish in the Caribbean would begin in the 1500's.
Sugar
Artists of the Northern Renaissance, in addition to painting and sculpture, focused on furniture, illuminated manuscripts, and ___________________________.
Tapestries
What is the title of the work? Who is the artist? How does the work symbolize Renaissance artistic ideals, themes, or techniques?
The Marriage of the Virgin, Raphael, this work displays the use of perspective (creation of a sense of depth) that was a major technique of Renaissance painters, as a function of their commitment to Realism.
