Everythings an Argument Ch 1-4

Ethical Appeal- Ethos

Arguments based on character (establishes trust and credibility),self-image the writer creates to define a relationship with reader

4 Question to categorize arguments

Did something happen? What is its nature? What is its quality or cause? What actions should be taken?

Kairos

The suitable time and place for making an argument and the most opportune ways to make it.

Intended Audiences

Those the writer wants to address. ex: texts, whether oral, written, or digital have

Hyperbole

a figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor

Make Decisions

aim to make good sound choices in general , look at several alternatives. ex: choosing major, or career, Argument that aims to make good solid decisions by looking at the pros and cons of alternative ones.

artistic proofs

arguments the writer/speaker creates, constructed arguments, appeals to reason; common sense

inartistic proofs

arguments the writer/speaker is given, hard evidence, facts, statistics, testimonies, witnesses, contract, documents

Logical appeals: 6 of them

artistic proofs, inartistic proofs, facts, statistics, surveys and polls, testimonies and narratives

Explore

based on interest and 2 people can come up with different interpretations for same set of facts differing perspectives yield different results. ex: slaughter house, Argument that address problems in society.

Arguments of Definition- What is the nature of the thing?

can be less weighty than those though still hotly contested , highly debated arguments in America today. ex: is playing video games a sport?

6 reasons why we make arguments

convince, persuade, inform,explore, make decisions, meditate or pray

Persuade

convincing audience and leading them to action move to action, to produce for change, act on something . ex: put money where minds are, Argument to move an audience into action.

using emotions to build bridges

create an emotional connection through emotions

Argumetns about the past- Forensic Arguments

deals with action that occurred in the past, involves judgements of guilt or innocence. ex: Atlantic Monthly,

Arguments about the future- Deliberative Arguments

deals with action to be taken in the future focusing on matters of policy include parliamentary debates and campaign platforms. ex: should US treasury Dept. bail out failing banks and businesses in times of economic chaos?

Arguments about the present- Epideictic or Ceremonial Arguments

deals with current values and addresses questions of praise and blame include eulogies and graduation speeches. ex: President Ronald Reagan

Logical structures for arguments

degree, analogies, precedent

Kinds of Argument: four of them

did something happen? Arguments of Fact, what is the Nature of the thing? Arguments of definition, what is the quality or cause of the thing? Arguments of Evaluation. and what actions should be taken ? Proposal Arguments

analogies

explain one idea or concept by comparing it to something else; typically a complex or extended comparison

Facts

gathering information and transmitting it faithfully using sources to maintain credibility, but always check their reliability

establishing trustworthiness and credibility

honesty, respect for an audience and its values, sense of humor, showing authority on a topic, connecting your own beliefs to core principles, use language that shows your respect for readers intelligence, acknowledging your weakness, citing trust worthy sources, and speaking directly to readers

Testimony and Narratives

human experiences and personal narratives can support a claim convincingly, esp. if a writer has earned the trust of readers, a personal experience or observation used to support an argument (hard evidence)

Audience for Arguments

intended audiences and invoked readers

precedent

involves a comparison -focus on comparable institutions -deal with issues of time

Inform

issue merits our attention, or to simply give information. ex: buy a product , voting for candidacy, bumper stickers

Proposal Arguments

issue or problem so vividly that readers say what can we do? tuition at your college, Presenting a problem in a compelling way that readers ask: "What can we do?"

Statistics

make sure the _used are honest and have its sources cited as to not raise any questions about their credibility

degree

more of good thing or less of a bad thing, good outweighs the bad

Occasions for arguments

past-Forensic Arguments, future- Deliberative Arguments, Presents- Epideictic or Ceremonial Arguments

Appealing to Audience:

pathos, ethos, and logos

Surveys and Polls

provide persuasive reasons for action and intervention, these measures play a large role in people's social and political lives _express the will of the people can provide persuasion reasons for action or intervention

using humor

puts reader at ease, thereby making them more open to a proposal you have to offer

Invoked Readers

represented in the text itself

Arguments of fact- did something happen?

statement that can be proven or disproved with specific evidence or testimony. ex: the question of pollution of oceans,

Emotional Appeal- Pathos

strategy in which a writer tries to generate specific emotions in audience to generate emotions that are meant to help an audience accept a claim.

Logical Appeals- Logos

strategy in which a writer uses facts evidence and reason to make audience members accept a claim, Uses facts and statistics to prove an argument.

Meditate or Pray

take form of prayer or intense mediations on a theme. Ex: religious poem, Argument hoping to transform something in someone to reach peace of mind.

hard evidence

the facts, statistics, testimony, or other information a writer/speaker finds and uses in an inartistic appeal

three Main Elements of Character

trustworthiness/credibility, authority and unselfish or clear motives = Ethos

using emotions to sustain an argument

use emotional appeals to make logical claims stronger or more memorable

Convince

want to _ audience that claim is true and reasonable. ex: college isn't for everyone, Using facts to persuade

using arguments based on emotion

what you want the reader to feel when reading it, even consider using what are human-interest stories to give presence to issues or arguments. ex: honest stories