Evo final
44. You use a single gene to estimate a phylogeny for plants in the mustard family. You resample subsets of the data thousands of times to determine the support for each branch. This is referred to as 1. A consensus tree. 2. Bootstrapping. 3. Polytomies. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true 5. Only 1 and 3 are true 6. Only 2 and 3 are true 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
...bootsrapping
45. You compare sequence data for two closely related species of warbler. For one particular gene you find higher substitution rates for the third codon position compared to the first and second. You have demonstrated: 1. Paralogous genes. 2. Orthologous genes. 3. Transition bias. 4. Homoplasies. 5. Purifying selection. 6. Unequal mutation rates.
...purifying selection
41. Observed numbers of mutations are higher for introns and intergenic regions because.... 1. They are unlikely to be affected by selection. 2. Mutation rates are higher in these regions. 3. Recombination is higher in these regions. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true 5. Only 1 and 3 are true 6. Only 2 and 3 are true 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
...they are unlikely to be affected by selection
42. You sample a population of spotted towhees in Forest Park in the spring and find they are variable for beak width. Over the summer there is mortality of birds, so by the end of the summer you find the population is smaller. Mean beak width is the same, but the range of variation in beak width is much lower than it was in the spring. What have you demonstrated? 1. Directional selection 2. Stabilizing selection 3. Disruptive selection 4. Evolution by natural selection 5. Evolution by genetic drift. 6. Phenotypic plasticity. 7. None of the above.
.stabilizing selection
16. In question 15 you define a scale of tameness from 0 - 10. Your original population has a mean of 0 and ranged from -4 to +4. You choose only the most tame foxes to mate (mean = 4). In the next generation the average tameness is 2. If heritability (h) ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 what is the heritability of this trait? (Enter a decimal number)
0.5
37. To compare rates of protein evolution (ω) we standardize KA by KS (KA/KS) because... 1. KS provides a reasonable estimate of the mutation rate (µ). 2. Mutations are more likely to occur at synonymous sites. 3. Non-synonymous substitution rates are higher when KS is lower. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
1 KS provides a reasonable estimate of the mutation rate (µ).
24. Darwin proposed the idea of sexual selection to explain..... 1. Why males of a species are sometimes more colorful or ornamented than females. 2. Why males of a species have much higher sexual drive than females. 3. Why the reproductive success of males is typically limited by resources. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
1 Why males of a species are sometimes more colorful or ornamented than females.
17. You study human siblings (not twins) separated at birth by measuring IQ at age 12. You have measured: 1. Narrow sense heritability (h2). 2 Broad sense heritability (H2). 3. Additive genetic variation (VA). 4. Dominance genetic variation (VD). 5. Both 1 and 3 are true.
1 narrow sense is most important in animal and plant selection programs, because response to artificial (and natural) selection depends on additive genetic variance. Moreover, resemblance between relatives is mostly driven by additive genetic variance
41. After duplication one gene copy obtains a novel function (it did not previously have this function). This is most consistent with .... 1. Neofunctionalization (MDN). 2. Subfunctionalization (DDC and EAC). 3. Dosage selection. 4. Small scale duplications (SSD). 5. Whole genome duplication (WGD). 6. Diploidization. 7. Paleopolyploidy (ancestral polyploidy).
1 neofunctionalization
In the stepping stone model of migration, with no drift or selection we expect.... 1. A pattern of isolation by distance will develop before equilibrium is reached. 2. The equilibrium allele frequency is the average of all populations. 3. The equilibrium allele frequency depends on the distance between a pair of neighbor islands. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
1. A pattern of isolation by distance will develop before equilibrium is reached. 2. The equilibrium allele frequency is the average of all populations
An theory can be defined as: 1. An explanation of processes that is consistent with a large number of observations. 2. An observation of the physical world. 3. An idea that can be tested with experiments. 4. The process of obtaining corroborative evidence. 5. A process that includes a null hypothesis and an experiment with adequate controls. 6. The most parsimonious explanation for an hypothesis. 7. None of the above
1. An explanation of processes that is consistent with a large number of observations.
12. Why would we expect a mutation for asexual reproduction to be advantageous in a population of sexually reproducing individuals? 1. Asexual reproduction results in only female offspring. 2. The number of individuals in an asexual strain will increase at twice the rate as sexual strains. 3. Asexual individuals transmit two copies of their genome to each offspring. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
1. Asexual reproduction results in only female offspring. 2. The number of individuals in an asexual strain will increase at twice the rate as sexual strains. 3. Asexual individuals transmit two copies of their genome to each offspring.
Migration will have the effect of.... 1. Decreasing allele frequency differences among populations. 2. Counterbalancing the effects of genetic drift. 3. Counterbalancing the effects of selection. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
1. Decreasing allele frequency differences among populations. 2. Counterbalancing the effects of genetic drift. 3. Counterbalancing the effects of selection.
24. Allele frequency change in response to migration will depend on .... 1. Dispersal of individuals or spores from one population to another. 2. Source population that has a different allele frequency then the recipient population. 3. The migration rate (m). 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
1. Dispersal of individuals or spores from one population to another. 2. Source population that has a different allele frequency then the recipient population. 3. The migration rate (m).
35. What general statement can we make for individual populations subject only to genetic drift and not selection or migration? 1. Expected allele frequency pt+1 = pt 2. Distribution of probable magnitude of change from one generation to the next depends only on the effective population size (Ne) 3. In the absence of mutation, one allele will eventually go to fixation (p = 1.0 or q = 1.0) 4. The probability of fixation is equal to the initial allele frequency (p0) 5. All of the above are true.
1. Expected allele frequency pt+1 = pt 2. Distribution of probable magnitude of change from one generation to the next depends only on the effective population size (Ne) 3. In the absence of mutation, one allele will eventually go to fixation (p = 1.0 or q = 1.0) 4. The probability of fixation is equal to the initial allele frequency (p0)
Genetic drift will have the effect of.... 1. Increasing allele frequency differences among populations. 2. Counterbalancing the effects of migration. 3. Counterbalancing the effects of selection in populations. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
1. Increasing allele frequency differences among populations. 2. Counterbalancing the effects of migration. 3. Counterbalancing the effects of selection in populations.
28. Males of a species may try to try to ensure that they successfully fertilize all the eggs a female is carrying by.... 1. Producing faster swimming sperm. 2. Removing the ejaculates of males that have previously mated with the female. 3. Prolonging copulation. 4. Manipulating female pheromones so they will not attract additional mates. 5. Producing a large number of sperm. 6. All of the above.
1. Producing faster swimming sperm. 2. Removing the ejaculates of males that have previously mated with the female. 3. Prolonging copulation. 4. Manipulating female pheromones so they will not attract additional mates. 5. Producing a large number of sperm.
40. You study microsatellite variation across a number of snow bunting populations during the breeding season in Alaska. You find that heterozygosity is very low for all populations and that FST is very high. What might you conclude from these results? 1. The effective migration rate (Nm) for these populations is very low. 2. The effective population sizes (Ne) of these populations is very low. 3. The effective migration rate (Nm) for these populations is very high. 4. The effective population sizes (Ne) of these populations is very high. 5. Both 1 and 2 are true. 6. Both 3 and 4 are true.
1. The effective migration rate (Nm) for these populations is very low. 2. The effective population sizes (Ne) of these populations is very low
21. Fisher's Fundamental Theorem predicts that: 1. The rate of increase in fitness at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time. 2. Traits closely associated with fitness will have a low heritability. 3. Genetic variation for traits associated with fitness will be mostly non-additive. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
1. The rate of increase in fitness at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time. 2. Traits closely associated with fitness will have a low heritability. 3. Genetic variation for traits associated with fitness will be mostly non-additive.
31. The effective population size is expected to be lower than the census population size when. 1. There is an unequal sex ratio. 2. There is unequal reproductive success. 3. There is non-random mating. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true. 5. Only 1 and 3 are true. 6. Only 2 and 3 are true. 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
1. There is an unequal sex ratio. 2. There is unequal reproductive success. 3. There is non-random mating.
32. On oceanic islands, the number of founders decreases with increasing distance from the mainland. For a species colonizing a series of islands at different distances from shore, what would you expect for heterozygosity for these populations immediately after the founding events? 1. It will depend on the level of heterozygosity for the mainland population. 2. Heterozygosity should decrease with distance. 3. Heterozygosity should increase with distance. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true. 5. Only 1 and 3 are true. 6. Only 2 and 3 are true. 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
1. it will depend on the level of heterozygosity for the mainland population. 2. Heterozygosity should decrease with distance.
20. Homology refers to 1. Traits derived from the same ancestral state 2. Traits that have converged in appearance from different ancestral states 3. Traits that have reversed to the ancestral state 4. Traits that are derived from the same recent common ancestor 5. Branching order of the phylogeny. 6. None of the above.
1. traits derived from the same ancestral state
23. Phenotypic plasticity can be defined as... 1. A trait changes in response to changes in the environment. 2. A trait is resistant to change (canalized) and remains the same regardless of the environment. 3. Change in a trait in response to the environment is associated with higher fitness. 4. A trait changes in a constant environment. 5. Fitness changes in response to the environment regardless of expression of other traits.
1A trait changes in response to changes in the environment.
The data we use to test hypotheses are defined as: 1. An explanation of processes that is consistent with a large number of observations. 2. Observations of the physical world. 3. An idea that can be tested with experiments. 4. The process of obtaining corroborative evidence. 5. A process that includes a null hypothesis and an experiment with adequate controls. 6. The most parsimonious explanation for an hypothesis. 7. None of the above
2. observations
39. Gina studied sugar maple populations in Smokey Mtn NP that had regrown in clear cut areas and compared them to old-growth forests (never cut). She found loss of all alleles at frequencies below 0.20 but no difference in heterozygosity. She can conclude: 1. The population bottleneck was severe and population regrowth was slow. 2. The population bottleneck was mild and population regrowth was slow. 3. The population bottleneck was severe and population regrowth was fast. 4. The population bottleneck was mild and population regrowth was fast.
3The population bottleneck was severe and population regrowth was fast.
27. Fisher's runaway selection model .... 1. Works under a broad range of circumstances. 2. Works if female preference is based on the good genes hypothesis. 3. Works if females have an innate sensory bias for the exaggerated trait. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
3Works if females have an innate sensory bias for the exaggerated trait.
40. Most often, the evolution of novel protein function is enabled by ..... 1. Enzymes that have catalytic ability for multiple reactions. 2. Genome duplication. 3. Evolution of genes present as single copies. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true
4 1. Enzymes that have catalytic ability for multiple reactions. 2. Genome duplication.
1. The inbreeding coefficient (f) represents.... 1. The number of loci that are homozygous in an offspring. 2. The level of consanguinity between a pair of individuals. 3. The probability that an individual will inherit two alleles identical by state. 4. The probability that an individual will inherit two alleles identical by descent. 5. The probability of consanguinity between a pair of individuals. 6. The probability of homozygosity in an offspring.
4. the prob that an individual will inherit two alleles identical by descent
15. You select on "tameness" in foxes to try to produce a domestic fox. The response to selection in the next generation will depend on: 1. The strength of selection 2. The heritability of the trait 3. The mutation rate 4. Only 1 and 2 are true 5. Only 1 and 3 are true 6. Only 2 and 3 are true 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
4. the strength of selection and heritability of the trait
16. Phenotypic variation in a trait among individuals in a population (VP) is affected by: 1. Additive genetic variation (VA). 2. Dominance genetic variation (VD). 3. Interaction genetic variation (VI). 4. Environmental variation (VE). 5. All of the above.
5
26. Sexual selection predicts exaggerated characters for mate attraction..... 1. Only in the mate-limited sex. 2. Only in the resource-limited sex. 3. Will be limited by natural selection. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
5 only in mate limiteds sex and will be limited by natural selection
The first person to propose a theory based on the idea that species can change over generations was 1. Charles Lyell 2. Alfred Russell Wallace 3. Erasmus Darwin 4. Charles Darwin 5. Sir Ronald Fisher. 6. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 7. Thomas Huxley
6. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
39. What is true of epigenetic variation? 1. Causes directed (nonrandom) changes in gene expression. 2. Changes are transient and can be reversed. 3. Transgenerational epialleles are common in plants but not in animals. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
7 1. Causes directed (nonrandom) changes in gene expression. 2. Changes are transient and can be reversed. 3. Transgenerational epialleles are common in plants but not in animals.
33. Gene duplication enables adaptation and diversification because... 1. Individual enzymes have multi-catalytic ability. 2. Duplication allows selection to promote the specialization of each gene copy. 3. Duplication allows selection to generate novel gene functions. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
7 1. Individual enzymes have multi-catalytic ability. 2. Duplication allows selection to promote the specialization of each gene copy. 3. Duplication allows selection to generate novel gene functions.
32. Reciprocal altruism may evolve when.... 1. There are stable social groups. 2. The benefits are equal for each participant. 3. There are many opportunities for exchanges with familiar individuals. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true
7 1. There are stable social groups. 2. The benefits are equal for each participant. 3. There are many opportunities for exchanges with familiar individuals.
4. Allele frequencies do not change from one generation to the next. What do we have to assume to make this true? 1. Population size is very large. 2. There is no selection. 3. There is no migration. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
7. population size is very large, there is no selection and there is no migration hardy weinberg
8. The rate of decrease in frequency (Δq) of a detrimental allele (w < 1.0) in a population will be affected by 1. The strength of selection (s) 2. The expression level in the heterzygote (h) 3. The frequency of the detrimental allele (q) 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
7. the strength of selection, the expression level in the heterzygote and the frequencey of the detrimental allele
5. A good example of evolution would be: 1. Tadpoles become frogs. 2. Red blood cell counts increase for individuals that move to higher elevation. 3. Bacteria are transformed by inserting DNA strands into their genome in the laboratory. 4. A plant doubles its genome to become tetraploid and produces fertile offspring. 5. All of the above are good examples. 6. None of these are evolution.
A plant doubles its genome to become tetraploid and produces fertile offspring.
38. Why was the revelation of the Hardy-Weinberg principle important for evolutionary biology? 1. It provided prediction and testable hypotheses. 2. It was consistent with the view of Mendelians. 3. It provided a starting point of the development of a mathematical foundation for evolution. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
It provided prediction and testable hypotheses and It provided a starting point of the development of a mathematical foundation for evolution.
3. The person(s) responsible for the Neutral Theory of Evolution was (were): 1. Sir Ronald Fisher 2. Sewell Wright 3. J.B.S. Haldane 4. Motoo Kimura 5. 1, 2, and 3 all contributed. 6. 1, 3, and 4 all contributed. 7. 2, 3, and 4 all contributed.
Motoo Kimura
11. Many species of snakes have small bones that do not articulate (connect) with the skeleton at the end of the spine where the tail starts. This is an example of: 1. Vestigual trait. 2. Convergent evolution. 3. Homoplaisy.
Vesitgual trait
18. On a phylogenetic tree, a "node" refers to: 1. A point where a branch splits 2. A hypothetical ancestor 3. An ancestor known to have existed based on the fossil record 4. Both 1 and 2 are true 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6 Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
a point where a branch splits and a hypothetical ancestor
23. Which is a mutation? 1. Indel. 2. Base substitution. 3. Translocation 4. Anueploidy. 5. Inversion. 6. All of the above.
all of the above
13. Why is sexual reproduction advantageous? 1. It allows for recombination 2. It may be advantageous in changing environments. 3. It may be advantageous in constant environments. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
allows for recomb and may be adv in changing environmetn s
19. A phylogeny represents: 1. A method to put organisms into taxonomic groups. 2. An hypothesis of the historical relationships among organisms. 3. An accurate representation of evolutionary history. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true 5. Only 1 and 3 are true 6. Only 2 and 3 are true 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
an hypothesis of the historical relationship among organisms
22. You select for increase fat content in hogs. You find that as fat content increases females produce smaller litters. You conclude that: 1. There is antagonistic pleiotropy between these traits. 2. Fat content is affected by gametic disequilibrium. 3. Fat content is subject to phenotypic plasticity. 4. Fat content and litter size are affected by epistasis. 5. Both 1 and 2 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. Both 1 and 4 are true.
anatgonistic pleitropy between these traits
15. Detrimental alleles will decrease in frequency faster: 1. As s increases. 2. As h increases. 3. As s decreases. 4. As h decreases. 5. When both 1 and 2 are true. 6. When both 1 and 4 are true. 7. When both 3 and 2 are true.
as s increases and as h increases
13. To demonstrate natural selection on a trait, it would need to: 1. Be a quantitative trait. 2. Be associated with a measure of fitness 3. Change in average value between generations 4. Both 1 and 2 are true 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6 Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
be associated with a measure of fitness
24. Changes in DNA methylation patterns can: 1. Change the phenotype of an organism in one generation. 2. In plants, can be inherited by offspring so they display the same phenotype as the parent. 3. Ultimately will result in genetic mutations that are heritable. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true 5. Only 1 and 3 are true 6. Only 2 and 3 are true 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
change the phenotype of an organism in one generation and in plants, can be inherited by offspring so they display the same phenotype as the parent.
10. The rhinoceros has horns derived from hair follicles while horns in antelope are derived from bone. This is an example of: 1. Vestigual trait. 2. Convergent evolution. 3. Homoplaisy. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
convergent evolution and homoplaisy
. The first person to provide a theory for the origin of biodiversity that included natural selection was: 1. Charles Lyell 2. Alfred Russell Wallace 3. Erasmus Darwin 4. Charles Darwin 5. Sir Ronald Fisher. 6. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 7. Thomas Huxley
darwin
13. In the 1930's proponents of the eugenics movement favored laws that would prevent people with genetic diseases from reproducing to eliminate 'bad genes' from human populations. This strategy was flawed because: 1. Disease alleles that were lost would be replaced because they very have high rates of mutation. 2. Disease alleles are already being eliminated by natural selection. 3. Disease alleles are recessive so they will always persist in populations as heterozygotes. 4. Disease alleles are dominant so they cannot be eliminated by natural or artificial selection. 5. Disease alleles only change by genetic drift.
disease alleles are recessive so they will always persist in populations as heterozygotes
8. The process of adaptive evolution is due to: 1. Expressed mutations 2. Selection 3. Population size 4. Both 1 and 2 are true 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6 Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
expressed mutations and selection
The idea that allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next when there is no mutation, no gene flow, and no selection in an infinitely large population with random mating is referred to as: 1. Darwin's the theory of evolution. 2. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 3. Fisher's fundamental theorem. 3. Gametic disequilibrium. 4. Linkage disequilibrium.
hardy weingberg
33. On these same islands, with no additional migration what would you expect for changes in heterozygosity over the next few hundred generations? 1. Stay constant. 2. Higher if population growth rate is fast. 3. Higher if population growth rate is slow. 4. Higher if the founding population was large. 5. Only 2 and 4 are true. 6. Only 3 and 4 are true.
higher if pop growth rate is fast and higher if the founding pop was large
Epistasis refers to..... 1. Interaction among alleles at different loci 2. Apparent heterosis at a marker locus that is due to heterozygosity at linked genes. 3. A single locus that affects several phenotypic traits. 4. Removal of deleterious recessive alleles from the population via repeated inbreeding. 5. Non-random association among alleles at different loci. 6. Accumulation of genetic load in regions of the genome where recombination rate is low.
interaction among alleles at diff loci
26. Phylogenies constructed from DNA sequences 1. Must use orthologous genomic regions. 2. The fossils are needed to age nodes. 3. Nucleotides are used as traits. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true 5. Only 1 and 3 are true 6. Only 2 and 3 are true 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
must use orthologous genomic regions and nucleotides are used as traits
47. Evolution in a population may occur due to... 1. Mutation. 2. Migration. 3. Selection. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
mutation, migration, selection
14. You measure coat color in rabbits over one year and find that they become lighter in color in the fall. You have demonstrated: 1. Directional selection 2. Stabilizing selection 3. Disruptive selection 4. Evolution by natural selection 5. Evolution by genetic drift. 6. Phenotypic plasticity. 7. None of the above.
phenotypic plasticity
The dark and white morph in the pepper moth is controlled by a single locus. This is an example of: 1. Polymorphic trait 2. Quantitative trait 3. Phenotypic plasticity 4. Mutation 5. Threshold trait. 6. None of the above.
polymorphic traits
22. Loss of heterozygosity after a population is founded will depend on.... 1. The size of the source population. 2. The number of founders. 3. Population growth rate. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
pop growth rate
39. The frequency of sequence differences for comparisons among species is lower for codon position 1 and 2 because.... 1. Purifying selection. 2. Mutation rates are lower for these positions. 3. There is less genetic drift at these positions. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true 5. Only 1 and 3 are true 6. Only 2 and 3 are true 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
purifying selection purifying selection is the selective removal of alleles that are deleterious
48. In red tailed hawks, white (W) is dominant to black (w). In a population of 100 hawks you find 4 black ones. What is the frequency q of w? 1. q = √0.04 2. q = 1 - √0.04 3. q cannot be calculated from these data. 4. q = s(1 - p) 5. q = 2√0.04 + (√0.04)( √0.96)
q = √0.04
6. The following is true of Macroevolution: 1. Refers to diversification of new species and lineages. 2. Is a separate process from microevolution. 3. Differs from microevolution only by occurring over a longer time scale. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6 Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
refers to diversification of new species and lineages and differs from microevolution only by occurring over a longer time scale.
8. What factor(s) can generate gametic disequilibrium? 1. A low recombination rate (r) 2. Selection. 3. Gene flow between populations. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true. 5. Only 1 and 3 are true. 6. Only 2 and 3 are true. 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
selection and gene flow between pop
23. Evolution in a population may occur in response to... 1. Selection. 2. Migration (gene flow). 3. Drift. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
selection, migration, drift
40. Mutation rates are generally... 1. Similar for plant and animal nuclear genomes. 2. Lower for plant chloroplast genomes. 3. Higher for animal mitochondrial genomes. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true 5. Only 1 and 3 are true 6. Only 2 and 3 are true 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
similar for plant and animal nuclear genomes, lower for plant chloroplast genomes, higher for animal mitochondrial genomes.
7. The factors primarily responsible for rapid evolution of HIV are: 1. Strong selection 2. High mutation rates 3. Large numbers are produced each generation 4. Both 1 and 2 are true 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6 Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
strong selection, high mutation rates and large numbers are produced each gen
17. To construct a phylogenetic tree you will need: 1. Synapomorphic traits. 2. Apomorphic traits. 3. Fossils to support the nodes 4. Both 1 and 2 are true 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6 Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
synapomorphic traits
21. For a single locus segregating for two alleles, the probability of polymorphism after a founder event depends on.... 1. The size of the source population. 2. The allele frequency in the source population. 3. The size of the founding population. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
the allele frequency in the source pop and the size of the founding population
Most phenotypic traits are affected by..... 1. The environment. 2. Usually one or two loci (genes). 3. Usually many loci (genes). 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
the environemtn and usually many loci
26. In the island model of migration, with no drift or selection we expect.... 1. The equilibrium allele frequency is the average of all populations. 2. The equilibrium allele frequency is the same as the continent. 3. The equilibrium allele frequency depends on the migration rate. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
the equilibrium allele frequency is the average of all the populations
21. In a phylogeny the branch lengths depend on 1. The strength of selection. 2. The mutation rate. 3. The number of nucleotide base substitutions that differ between species. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true 5. Only 1 and 3 are true 6. Only 2 and 3 are true
the number of nucleotide base substitutions that differ between species
20. The consequences of a population bottleneck for heterozygosity depends on.... 1. The population size before the bottleneck. 2. The population size after the bottleneck. 3. How fast the population grows after the bottleneck. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
the population size after the bottleneck
15. The ability to detect the presence of QTLs is affected by: 1. The rate of recombination between the marker locus and a QTL. 2. The magnitude of the effect of each QTL on the trait being studied. 3. The number QTLs affecting the trait. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6. Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
the rate of recomb between the marker locus and a qtl and the mag of eac
25. Concerning indels we can say: 1. They always result in a frame-shift mutation 2. They may evolve by selection or genetic drift 3. They are the deletion or insertion of one or more base in the DNA sequence. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true 5. Only 1 and 3 are true 6. Only 2 and 3 are true 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
they may evolve by selection or genetic drink and they are the deletion or insertion of one or more base in the dna sequence.
Why is sex important in evolution? 1. It increases the variance in fitness effects among copies of each chromosome. 2. It may concentrate deleterious recessive alleles on some chromosomes so they can more effectively be removed by selection. 3. It may combine advantageous alleles in single lineages. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true. 5. Only 1 and 3 are true. 6. Only 2 and 3 are true. 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
v1. It increases the variance in fitness effects among copies of each chromosome. 2. It may concentrate deleterious recessive alleles on some chromosomes so they can more effectively be removed by selection. 3. It may combine advantageous alleles in single lineages.
Recombination occurs when.... 1. There is crossing over during meiosis. 2. There is segregation of chromosomes. 3. There is crossing over during mitosis. 4. Only 1 and 2 are true. 5. Only 1 and 3 are true. 6. Only 2 and 3 are true. 7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
v1. There is crossing over during meiosis. 2. There is segregation of chromosomes.
9. The controversy between the Biometricians and Mendelians: 1. Continues to be a controversy. 2. Was resolved when the Mendelians were proven to be correct by Fisher in 1918. 3. Was resolved when both the Mendelians and Biometricians were proven correct by Fisher (1918). 4. Both 1 and 2 are true 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. 6 Both 2 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
was resolved when both the mendelians and biometricians were proven correct by fisher
14. The change in the frequency of a detrimental allele between generations (Δq) when q is close to zero will be greater when .... 1. When h = 0.5 2. When h = 1.0 3. When h = 0.0 4. When s is close to 1.0 5. When both 1 and 4 are true 6. When both 2 and 4 are true 7. When both 3 and 4 are true
when h=1 and when s is close to 1
10. For a deleterious allele at frequency q, under what conditions will it be lost from the population the fastest? 1. When q = 0.9 2. When h = 0.5 3. When q = 0.5 4. When h = 1.0 5. When h = 0.0 6. When both 2 and 3 are true. 7. When both 3 and 4 are true. 8. When both 1 and 5 are true.
when q=0.5 and h=1
12. It is difficult for selection to remove a detrimental, completely recessive allele (h=0.0) because.... 1. When the allele frequency is close to zero the majority of detrimental alleles will be in heterozygous genotypes. 2. The detrimental allele is hidden from the effect of selection in the heterozygotes. 3. Selection becomes weaker as allele frequency approaches zero. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true.
when the allele f is close to zero the majority of detrimental alleles will be in heterozygous genotypes and the detrimental allele is hidden from the effect of selection in the heterozygotes.
"In red tailed hawks, white (W) is dominant to black (w). In a population of 100 hawks you find 4 black ones. What is the frequency q of w? " 49. Is it possible to solve the problem in 48? 1. Yes, if there is no selection. 2. Yes, if there is no migration. 3. Yes, if there population size if very large. 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. 6. Both 1 and 3 are true. 7. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true. 8. No, sorry - not possible.
yes if there is no selection, yes if there is no migration and yes if their population size is very large