Evolution of Plants and Angiosperms Study Guide

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?

In bryophytes, the dominant generation consists of haploid gametophytes.

Which of the following is true about vegetative reproduction?

It produces clones of the parent plant.

The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces, such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues?

It should be nutritious.

Which of the following is a true statement about clonal reproduction in plants?

Making cuttings of ornamental plants is a form of fragmentation.

Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land?

a well-developed vascular system

If infection primarily involves the outermost layers of adult amphibian skin, and if the chytrids use the skin as their sole source of nutrition, then which term best applies to the chytrids?

aerobic chemoheterotroph

A fruit that develops from many separate carpels of one flower is referred as

aggregate fruit

People who attempted to plant Brazil nuts in hopes of establishing plantations of Brazil nut trees played roles most similar to those of

agoutis.

Which of the following is correctly paired with its life cycle generation?

anther-sporophyte

When a diploid cell in the ovule develops into a seed without sexual reproduction, it is referred to as

apomixis.

Which of the following plants is correctly matched with its fruit type?

beans-simple

A mature, unfertilized ovule in an angiosperm is the result of

both meiotic and mitotic divisions.

Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees.

breezes

In which of the following plant groups does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition?

bryophytes

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

by facilitating dispersal of seeds

The ovary is most often located on/in the

carpel

Which of the following cellular structures is functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms?

cell walls

The most abundant organic compounds on planet Earth that are essential and a great resource to produce biofuels are

cellulose

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants?

charophytes

The products of asexual reproduction in plants are

clones, and they do not require the fusion of egg and sperm.

Which of the following plant seeds disperse by water?

coconut

The embryo of a grass seed is enclosed by two protective sheaths, a ________, which covers the young shoot, and a(n) ________, which covers the young root.

coleoptile; coleorhiza

Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants?

colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells

Several million people around the world experience malnutrition or hunger due to lack of nutritious food. Which tool would be most effective in helping alleviate human malnutrition and hunger?

crop breeding

Which of the following types of plants are incapable of self-pollination?

dioecious

What describes the product of when a zygote completes mitosis?

diploid sporophyte

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

double internal fertilization

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

fruits enclosing seeds

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

fungal enzymes

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.

In the process of evolution, ________ in the life cycle became reduced in size and completely dependent on ________ for nutrients.

gametophyte; sporophyte

Which of the following stages in the development of a male gametophyte is haploid (n)?

generative cell

What is the ploidy of a single mature ascospore?

haploid

Meiosis, as part of the alternation of generations in land plants, produces

haploid spores

Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they

have pollen.

What is the greatest threat to plant diversity?

human population growth

Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow

in dense, single-species stands.

Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible?

increased absorption of mineral nutrients

Which of the following could be considered an evolutionary advantage of asexual reproduction in plants?

increased success of progeny in a stable environment

The harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja, is the largest, most powerful raptor in the Americas. It nests only in trees taller than 25 meters. It is a "sloth specialist" but will also kill agouti. Thus, if these eagles capture too many agoutis from a particular locale, they might contribute to their own demise by

increasing habitat loss.

Which of the following is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore?

integument(s)

The shell of an animal egg is analogous to which feature of an angiosperm?

integuments

Which structure protects seed plants' embryos from desiccation?

integuments

Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cell's chromosome number than does meiosis?

karyogamy

A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus (a cone) at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. The student takes the dust back to the laboratory, where a microscope reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. A dissection of the interior of this organism's stem should reveal

lignified vascular tissues

Transgenic plants (plants modified by biotechnology tools) are

likely to increase soil erosion.

Using the figure, which of the following taxonomic groups from the list below would you expect to have a genome with DNA sequences most similar to the Plantae?

other charophytes

Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

ovule

Seeds develop from

ovules

Which of the following is a multiple fruit?

pineapple

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that

plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

pollen

Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms?

pollen

The internal fertilization that occurs in animals prior to shell deposition is analogous to which features of an angiosperm?

pollen tube and sperm nuclei

Which of the following are structures of angiosperm gametophytes?

pollen tubes

Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem?

pollination failure

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, after their fungal competitors have been removed?

prokaryotes

The seed coat's most important function is to provide

protection for the embryo.

The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to

reduce the dehydration of zygotes.

The introduction of genes using biotechnological techniques (genetic engineering) from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis in corn and cotton crops

reduces the use of chemical insecticides.

Plant biotechnology is an effective tool for

reducing world hunger.

You are studying a plant from the Amazon rain forest that shows strong self-incompatibility. To characterize this reproductive mechanism, you would look for

ribonuclease (RNAase) activity in stigma cells.

Cassava is a ________ crop that has been modified by biotechnology experiments.

root

The ________ is (are) the first plant organ(s) that emerge(s) during the process of seed germination.

root

Which of the following male reproductive organs in a dicot flower is haploid (n)?

sperm cell

A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be least useful?

spores

At the conclusion of meiosis in plants, the end products are always four haploid

spores

The agouti is most directly involved with the Brazil nut tree's dispersal of

sporophyte embryos.

Which of the following is the correct sequence during the alternation of generations in the life cycle in a flowering plant?

sporophyte →→ meiosis →→ gametophyte →→ gametes →→ fertilization →→ diploid zygote

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?

sporopollenin

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to

sporopollenin

Microsporangia in flowering plants are located in the

stamen

Biofuels are mainly produced by

the breakdown of cell wall biopolymers into sugars that can be fermented.

If the beetles survive by consuming cycad pollen, then whether the beetles should be considered mutualists with, or parasites of, the cycads depends upon

the extent to which their overall activities affect cycad reproduction.

During the process of evolution of an angiosperm,

the gametophyte became reduced, smaller, simpler, and short lived.

A researcher took water in which a Janthinobacterium lividum (Jl) population had been thriving, filtered the water to remove all bacterial cells, and then applied the water to the skins of adult amphibians to see if there would subsequently be a reduced infection rate by Bd when frog skins were inoculated with Bd. For which of the following hypotheses is this procedure a potential test?

the hypothesis that a toxin secreted by Jl cells kills Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin

Recent research has shown that fertilization requires that carpels recognize pollen grains as "self" or "non-self." For self-incompatibility, the system requires

the rejection of self cells.

The imbibition in seeds takes place during seed germination because of

the uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed.

Which of the following were benefits to algae in the early oceans of Earth, compared to the first plants that colonized land? 1. no scarcity of water 2. less solar damage to tissues 3. the need for structural support 4. more plentiful dissolved carbon dioxide

1 and 2

Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet when hiking in this bone-dry desert, it is not uncommon to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." In which combination of locations would one who is searching for the gametophytes of flower of stone have the best chance of finding them? 1. moist soil 2. underground, nourished there by symbiotic fungi 3. permanently shady places 4. far from any flower of stone sporophytes

1 and 2 only

The microsporidian Brachiola gambiae parasitizes the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals in order for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be true? 1. Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity. 2. Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes but not to female mosquitoes. 3. Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae rather than mosquito adults. 4. The subsequent decline in Anopheles gambiae should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs.

1 and 4 only

f the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include 1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. 2. chlorophylls a and b. 3. alternation of generations. 4. cell walls of cellulose. 5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin.

1 and 5 only.

What is thought to be the correct sequence of the following events during the Carboniferous period? 1. Vascular plants become more prevalent. 2. Megaphylls with large surface areas become more prevalent. 3. Atmospheric CO2 levels decline dramatically. 4. Global cooling occurs, leading to widespread glaciations.

1, 2, 3, 4

If intelligent extraterrestrials visited Earth 475 million years ago, and then again 300 million years ago (at the close of the Carboniferous period), what trends would they have noticed in Earth's terrestrial vegetation over this period? 1. a trend from dominant gametophytes to dominant sporophytes 2. a trend from no true leaves to microphylls to megaphylls 3. a trend from plants that grow just above the soil surface to "overtopping" plants 4. a trend toward increased lignification of conducting systems

1, 2, 3, and 4

Sexual reproduction has not been observed in Bd. A Bd sporangium initially contains a single haploid cell. Which of the following processes must be involved in generating the multiple zoospores eventually produced by each sporangium? 1. S phase 2. cytokinesis 3. mitosis 4. meiosis

1, 2, and 3

Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1. pollen transported by wind 2. lignified xylem 3. microscopic gametophytes 4. endosperm

1, 2, and 3 only

Evidence indicates that plants increase the number of stomata in their leaves as atmospheric CO2 levels decline. Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area should have the effect of doing which of the following? 1. increasing dehydration of leaf tissues 2. decreasing dehydration of leaf tissues 3. countering the effect of declining CO2 on photosynthesis 4. reinforcing the effect of declining CO2 on photosynthesis 5. decreasing the O2 content of air next to the leaves lower than it would otherwise be 6. increasing the O2 content of air next to the leaves higher than it would otherwise be

1, 3, and 6 only

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei

1, 4, 3, 2, 5

Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores. If a single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes?

100, carried on 7 chromosomes

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus?

16

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus?

16

Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet when hiking in this bone-dry desert, it is not uncommon to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." Upon closer inspection of the leaves of flower of stone, one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of flower of stone branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Consequently, flower of stone should be expected to possess which other characteristics? 1. a gametophyte generation that is dominant 2. lignified vascular tissues 3. microphylls 4. spores that are diploid when mature

2 and 3

Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals.

2 and 3 only

What is true of the phylogenetic tree in the figure? 1. It depicts uncertainty about whether the bryophytes or the vascular plants evolved first. 2. It is hypothetical. 3. It shows that ferns are the closest living relatives to the seed plants. 4. It indicates that seeds are a shared ancestral character of all vascular plants.

2 only

Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. embryophytes 2. green plants 3. seedless vascular plants 4. ferns

2, 1, 3, 4

The chytrid sporangia reside within the amphibian epidermal cells. Consequently, which term(s) apply to Bd?

2, 4, and 5

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores 2. sporophytes 3. sporangia

2,3,1

Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence

3 --> 1--> 2

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks. 2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. 3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pH environments. 4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals. 5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes.

3 and 5

Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals.

3 only

Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment. 1. cells of sporangium 2. cells in the interior of a subterranean root 3. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls 4. cells of a gametophyte

3, 1, 4, 2

In a typical dicot ovule, a surviving megaspore divided by ________ consecutive mitotic divisions without cytokinesis results in ________ nuclei.

3;8

Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. 1. ovary 2. ovule 3. egg 4. carpel

4, 1, 2, 3

Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs? 1. sporophyte embryo 2. female gametophyte 3. egg cell 4. megaspore

4-->2-->3-->1

Due to the limitation of land and water resources on planet earth, biotechnology can help to increase the crop yields to meet human needs and demands in the years to come. Farmers have to produce ________% more grain per hectare to feed human population in ________.

40; 2030

Based on the figure, which cell(s) guide(s) the pollen tube to the egg cell?

A

Which location is nearest to basidiocarps?

A

Which of the following occurs in an angiosperm ovule?

A megaspore mother cell (megasporocyte) undergoes meiosis.

Based on the figure, which cell(s), after fertilization, give(s) rise to the embryo plant?

B

What typically results from double fertilization in angiosperms?

Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed.

Based on the figure, which cell(s) become(s) the triploid endosperm?

C

What is the most probable location of the oldest portion of this mycelium?

C

Which of the following is a true statement about angiosperm carpels?

Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte.

In phylogenetic tree I, which group of organisms is most directly related to the common ancestor of the tree?

Chytrids

Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle?

Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

All four locations are 0.5 m below the surface. On a breezy day with prevailing winds blowing from left to right, where should one expect to find the highest concentration of free basidiospores in an air sample?

D

At which location should one find the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes, assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their source and that no other fungi are present in this habitat?

D

Immediately after karyogamy occurs, which term applies?

Diploid

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?

Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to

Ferns

On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called "flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Consequently, what should be true?

Flying foxes can be dispersal agents of cycad seeds when they swallow the seeds whole (without getting chewed).

In the figure, which structure produces haploid gametes by mitosis?

Gametophyte

Sporophylls can be found in which of the following?

Gymnosperms

Here is the ABC hypothesis of the impact of genes A, B, and C on floral part development: i. "A" genes are switched on in the two outer whorls (sepals and petals). ii. "B" genes are switched on in the two middle whorls (petals and stamens).i ii. "C" genes are switched on in the inner two whorls (stamens and carpels).Which of these genes are active for petals?

I and II

Challenges for survival of the first land plants include I. sources of water. II. sperm transfer. III. desiccation. IV. animal predation. V. lack of structural support.

I, II, III, and IV

The fact that infection by Bd causes lethargy in many infected amphibians can have what effect on efforts to accurately census the numbers of dead or dying amphibians at a particular time, in a particular habitat? I. It can cause underestimation due to infected amphibians preferring to seek out refuges relative to uninfected amphibians. II. It can cause underestimation due to increased predation on, and removal of, infected amphibians relative to uninfected amphibians. III. It can cause overestimation because infected frogs should be more readily observable to human census-takers than should uninfected amphibians.

I, II, and III

The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are I. composed of hyphae. II. referred to as a mycelium. III. usually underground.

I, II, and III

Which description(s) apply(ies) equally well to fungal spores produced both sexually and asexually? I. They are typically dispersed by wind and water. II. Spores that germinate produce new mycelium. III. They are produced in large numbers.

I, II, and III

Which of the following statements are true of monocots? I. Over 25% of extant angiosperms are monocots. II. Monocots include both crop plants and ornamental plants. III. Monocots are most closely related to eudicots. IV. Monocots possess multiple cotyledons.

I, II, and III

Arrange the following stages in the life cycle of an angiosperm in a correct sequence. i. gametophyte development ii. double fertilization iii. pollination iv. seed development

I, III, II, IV

Commonalities to both charophytes and vascular land plants include I. sporopollenin. II. lignin. III. chlorophyll a. IV. cellulose. V. chlorophyll b.

I, III, IV, and V

A plant has a set of multiple alleles for "self" gene "S," which causes self-incompatibility (the ability of plant to reject its own pollen or pollen from closely related plants) to fertilize the egg. Here is a set of plants (sporophytes) with genotypes: i. S1S2 ii. S2S3 iii. S3S3 iv. S1S3The S3 pollen from S2S3 parental sporophyte cannot fertilize the eggs of

II

Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? I. cells with a single haploid nucleus II. heterokaryotic cells III. cells with two diploid nuclei

II

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and I. mosses. II. cyanobacteria. III. green algae. IV. gymnosperms.

II and III

Adaptations in plants to life on land include I. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. II. cuticles. III. tracheids. IV. reduced gametophyte generation. V. multicellular, dependent embryos.

II, III, IV, V

Which tree depicts the closest relationship between zygomycetes and chytrids?

III

Which tree depicts all of the currently recognized major groups of fungi?

IV (A,B,G,Z,C,M: top to bottom)

Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit?

Ovary

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?

Ovule

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

Plantae

A parent with an S1S2 genotype exhibiting sporophytic self-incompatibility can potentially fertilize which of the following plant genotypes of the same species with pollen grains?

S3S4

In the figure, which structure produces haploid spores by meiosis?

Sporophyte

Considering that the mature sporophytes of true mosses get their nutrition from the gametophytes on which they grow, and considering these generations as individual plants, what is true of the relationship between true moss sporophytes and gametophytes?

Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes.

The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages?

Stomata

When adult amphibian skin harbors populations of the bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum (Jl), chytrid infection seems to be inhibited. Which of the following represents the best experimental design for conclusively determining whether this inhibition is real?

Take infected amphibians, and assign them to two populations. Leave one population alone; inoculate the other with Jl. Measure the rate at which infection proceeds in both populations. Submit

Which of the following events suggests there is a change in the egg cell membrane after penetration by a sperm?

The Ca2+ concentration increases in the cytoplasm of the egg.

Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants?

The flower includes sporophyte tissue.

A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains and then rinses away the excess stain, what will occur?

The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors.

What do fungi and arthropods have in common?

The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin.

Which of the following best describes the ploidy level of a fertilized embryo sac?

There are haploid, diploid, and triploid cells.

Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)?

They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources.

What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, and carpels?

They are modified leaves.

Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants?

Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period.

Which of the following can cause abnormal development of floral parts?

a mutation in a gene

Which of the following would have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that was the common ancestor of the land plants?

early bryophytes

In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent?

embryo sac−−female gametophyte

On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant?

embryos

Which of the following refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?

endophytes

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the fruit?

female sporophyte

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the integument of a pine seed?

female sporophyte

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules?

female sporophyte

Which group is noted for the independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations from each other?

ferns

If humans had been present to build house structures during the Carboniferous period, which plant types would have been possible building materials?

ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes

The three characteristics of all angiosperms are

flowers, double fertilization, and fruits.

The primary function of the integument of an ovule is to

form a seed coat.

At the end of meiosis (without cytokinesis), a diploid cell in a dicot flower ovule produce

four unidentical haploid nuclei.

A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus (a cone) at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. The student takes the dust back to the laboratory, where a microscope reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. This student has probably found a(n)

lycophyte sporophyte.

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the pollen tube?

male gametophyte

Where does meiosis occur in a flowering plant?

megasporocyte and microsporocyte

Which of the following is the correct sequence of processes that takes place when a flowering plant reproduces?

meiosis →→ pollination →→ nuclear fusion →→ formation of embryo and endosperm

Which of the following floral parts is correctly matched?

microsporangia

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

mitosis

In the figure, which processes may result in haploid structures during the generalized life cycle for land plants?

mitosis and meiosis

Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit?

okra

Three mitotic divisions within the female gametophyte of a flowering plant will produce

three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids.

The union of a sperm cell with ________ of the female gametophyte is referred as double fertilization.

two polar nuclei

In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains

two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus.

Callus is a group of

undifferentiated cells.

The function of antipodals in an embryosac is

unknown

In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?

water and minerals

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you believe to be a lycophyte or a monilophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant?

whether it has microphylls or megaphylls

The same bees that pollinate the flowers of the Brazil nut trees pollinate orchids, which are epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants); however, orchids cannot grow on Brazil nut trees. These observations explain

why Brazil nut trees do not set fruit in areas where only orchids are grown and harvested.

Which of the following pollinating agents is correctly matched with the type of plant it helps pollinate?

wind