evr 1001 ch. 18
How many megawatt hours (MWh) per year of savings did the students identify for computers at the Penn State Mueller Laboratory Building? 10 MWh 120 MWh 12 MWh 30 MWh
30 MWh
You work for the city planning agency in Houston and successfully pass ordinances designed to double population density. Based on the graph, predict the approximate change in carbon emissions. 10% decline 25% decline 50% decline 75% decline
50% decline
Estimate the total energy use at the lab building and the total estimated savings. Approximately what percentage of the total electrical energy use do these savings represent? 55% 62% 95% 5%
62%
Compare the population densities of the most and least dense cities on the graph. What is the population ratio of the most- to least-dense cities? 3:1 7:1 70:1 700:1
7:1
Which of the following ideas was suggested by speakers in the video? Future cities should repurpose compacted metal as building blocks for buildings. Future cities should locate the power-generating companies far away from cities to reduce city pollution. Future cities should use construction materials that are edible. Future cities should have identical building designs, using one common construction block that can be used everywhere.
Future cities should repurpose compacted metal as building blocks for buildings.
In the study of urban ecology in Baltimore and Phoenix, how do the two cities differ in their citizens' exposure to toxic chemicals? Baltimore has taken a zero-tolerance approach to polluters, so its citizens are much less exposed to toxic chemicals than the citizens of Phoenix. Phoenix has largely eliminated exposure to toxic chemicals, whereas the citizens of Baltimore suffer from extreme exposure to such hazards. In Phoenix, ethnic minorities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards, whereas in Baltimore, those living in working-class white neighborhoods are more likely to be exposed. Baltimore was built before building codes and zoning laws prohibited building homes on contaminated sites, so all of the citizens of Baltimore are exposed to high levels of toxic chemicals, whereas Phoenix has been built more recently and so does not have problems related to toxic chemical exposure. Minorities in both cities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards than white citizens, but minorities in Phoenix are provided with better health care to offset the costs related to exposure.
In Phoenix, ethnic minorities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards, whereas in Baltimore, those living in working-class white neighborhoods are more likely to be exposed.
Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________. the restoration of natural areas to inner cities the problems of decreased water use and decreased energy consumption increased use of fossil fuels more time for families to be together increased use of pesticides
Increased use of fossil fuels
Which of the following best summarizes the future plans for cities? Make cities self-sufficient. Run cities on solar power. Centralize energy production. Decrease the population of cities.
Make cities self-sufficient.
What is specifically restricted outside of urban growth boundaries (UGBs) as mentioned in the video concerning the UGS put into place in 2007? The 2007 UGB restricts development that is on a large scale or that impacts sensitive natural areas outside its boundaries. Population size is restricted according to zoning ordinances. Farming is restricted outside the UGB boundary. Water use is restricted through rationing.
The 2007 UGB restricts development that is on a large scale or that impacts sensitive natural areas outside its boundaries. Water use is restricted through rationing.
How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming? The athletic program eliminated all carbon emissions. The athletic program collected money during games to recycle newspapers and plastics. The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees. The athletic program used solar energy during games to remove carbon dioxide from the air.
The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees.
LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________. require that all energy used in the building comes from wind or solar sources encourage the consumption of local foods conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality limit construction to the use of recycled materials
conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality
The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________. collects runoff water from lawns and parking lots to water lawns and gardens on campus conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation uses water from campus sinks and toilets to water lawns and gardens on campus uses tap water to water lawns and gardens and then catches and reuses any water that runs off of these systems
conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation
The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____. decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere decreased production of carbon dioxide increased production of carbon dioxide reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
Which of the following is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation? give tax rebates to people who use only public transportation provide bicycle lanes on freeways designate lanes as carpool-only make some public buildings and some communities accessible only by public transportation provide motorcycle lanes in the center of rail lines
designate lanes as carpool-only
What is the major factor driving the move to the suburbs from cities? desire for close-knit communities availability of more jobs in suburbs concern over demographic transitions desire to live in less crowded, more peaceful conditions desire to have a garden
desire to live in less crowded, more peaceful conditions
From where does the food that most city-dwellers consume originate? factories that produce food from plastic farms within the city limits farms surrounding the suburbs and from long distances away from the city technologically advanced underground farms
farms surrounding the suburbs and from long distances away from the city
One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume __________. food that is individually wrapped foods that are grown locally processed foods that require little to no preparation before consumption meat instead of fruits and vegetables
foods that are grown locally
Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____. fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium any use of electricity in the stadium all plastic products used in the stadium to provide fans with food and beverages any use of hot water in the stadium, which is heated using gas
fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium
How can urbanization threaten communities and landscapes? increased traffic jams increased crime increased population growth climate change
increased traffic jams
The operating costs for transportation ________. indicate that, when all operating costs are included, rail is the most sensible means of transport take into account the costs to public health and to the environment of vehicle emissions indicate that city planners should invest more in parking lots clearly show the economies of scale, with large cities costing less per automobile than small cities show that bus transport is the least expensive when all costs are included
indicate that, when all operating costs are included, rail is the most sensible means of transport
Which of the following was most influential in shifting the population of developed countries from the farms to the cities? more farmland available per capita industrialization light rail systems Catholicism
industrialization
Pat and Terry are considering moving from near the center of a large city into the suburbs. Which of the following discussion points is valid? They'll experience more stress if they move to the suburbs. If they move to the suburbs, it will cost much less for transportation. It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs. If they stay in the city, they will contribute more to local pollution. If they stay in the city, they'll probably get less exercise.
it will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs
In order to best emulate Samso, a community would need which of the following? Land to grow biomass. Uranium to generate nuclear power. A large livestock population for creating animal waste for fuel production. Vast ponds to grow algae for biosynthesis.
lands to grow biomass
You are a member of a student committee at your college that is evaluating building energy use and potential savings. If your committee finds that your college's potential savings would be similar to those shown for Penn State, action in which area or combination of areas would result in approximately 5% energy savings? Lighting HVAC Printers and elevator Computers, printers, and elevator
lighting
Oregon's strong policy of enforcing UGB's (urban growth boundaries) to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004 and 2007, voters ________. passed legislation forbidding the construction of any new single-family homes voiced their desire to have a state as populous as neighboring California passed a bill promoting unregulated development everywhere in the state have gone further by passing a bill capping population in all major cities passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's
passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's
It costs less to operate an automobile in a small city than in a large city because ________. automobiles generally cost less to purchase in a small city than in a large city people in smaller cities tend to use mass transit more than they do in large cities people tend to drive smaller cars in small cities than in large cities parking costs more in a large city than in a small city people generally drive fewer miles to and from work in a small city than in a large city
people generally drive fewer miles to and from work in a small city than in a large city
The price of electricity generated from wind has followed the same pattern in the United States as in Denmark. Which of the following has happened? Prices have been volatile. Prices have been increasing. Prices have been dropping. Prices have been stagnant.
prices have been dropping
The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____. eliminated consumption of all plastics throughout its program and athletic events recycled all paper used in its program and at football games replaced all vehicles with electric cars promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon
promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon
An urban growth boundary (UGB) is intended to ________. provide guidelines for city development to separate areas desired to be urban from areas desired to be rural ensure that businesses do not locate in residential areas help an area retain its distinctive character maintain low housing costs for the average homeowner enforce certain restrictions within neighborhoods
provide guidelines for city development to separate areas desired to be urban from areas desired to be rural
Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels, and television all have allowed people to ________. return to an agricultural society remain connected while living in less centralized locations consume less energy and materials live more densely packed into urban areas live within the UDBs demanded by smart city design
remain connected while living in less centralized communities
In developing nations, such as India and Nigeria, ________. most of the population is moving to the suburbs from the city centers small numbers of people have moved into the cities rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers very little change has occurred in the past 40 years regarding where people live more people are moving to the suburbs than to the city centers
rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers
What are smaller communities that surround cities called? towns highways suburbs urban growth boundaries
suburbs
A city undergoing gentrification is experiencing ________. an aging population and a declining tax base urban decay an increase in violent crimes and an increase in vacancy and abandonment of homes the loss of working-class people from traditional neighborhoods as housing prices become too expensive white flight
the loss of working-class people from traditional neighborhoods as housing prices become too expensive
What occurs as sprawl increases in, or adjacent to, a city? less land is used per capita pollution decreases the need for cars increases general health is improved
the need for cars increases
What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University? the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots the local production of food a shortage of water for irrigating lawns and landscaping the production of biofuels used to generate electricity on campus
the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots
Which of the following is a problem that occurs within cities because of the concentrated use of energy in buildings and vehicles and the large amount of dark surfaces that absorb solar energy? the urban heat island effect global warming noise pollution light pollution
the urban heat island effect
One of the speakers in the video made an analogy between a city and a very large tree. In this analogy, the root system of the tree was compared to __________. the heat and carbon dioxide produced by the daily activities within a city the movement of currency within a city as people and businesses make purchases the subway system that moves people around within a city the way soils, air, and water are needed to sustain people in the city
the way soils, air, and water are needed to sustain people in the city
As an ecological resource manager, your preliminary environmental studies should include inquiry into whether ________. the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish which are supporting many local industries the financial situation of some potential investors is shaky a new housing development just outside the city limits may increase traffic on the connecting highway the lake should be provided with docks and a marina for sport fishermen the city needs to obtain a great deal of revenue from the final choice
the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish which are supporting many local industries
L'Enfant's 1791 Plan of the U.S. capital represented the first ________. effort to design a freeway attempt to address biodiversity concerns effort to plan for agriculture in city areas thorough city planning program effort to address urban sprawl
thorough city planning program
You are an environmental engineer focused on the most difficult type of energy consumption to convert to renewable. What are you working on? cooking heating and cooling transportation electricity
transportation
What field of study applies the characteristics of the natural world to urban settings? urban ecology environmental engineering new urbanism urban sustainability
urban ecology
How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program? The planted trees will be cut down to produce paper products for the athletic program. The planted trees will be cut down to produce construction materials for the athletic program. The planted trees will be burned to generate electricity for the athletic program. The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.
The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.
What is sprawl? The spread of random urban or suburban development outward from an urban center. The spread of high-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center. The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center. The spread of sustainable urban or suburban development outward from an urban center.
The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center.
People who seek to improve resource sustainability of our cities urge us to ________. maintain a steady pattern of growth and development find a balance between imports and exports of resources oppose strict limits on growth (UGBs) use renewable energy sources and recycle materials use zoning and taxation to promote livable cities
Use renewable energy sources and recycle materials
Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are mostly ________. in developing nations, such as Delhi, India small cities in the southern United States, such as Austin, Texas, and Raleigh, North Carolina the megacities such as Tokyo, Mexico City, and New York City cities in the northern United States, such as Chicago, Illinois, and Portland, Oregon large cities worldwide, such as Paris, London, and Los Angeles
Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are mostly ________. in developing nations, such as Delhi, India
Curitiba, Brazil, has shown us that ________. prohibition of all motorized vehicles within cities reduces pollution and saves energy a walkable city center and expanded bus system can solve a large city's traffic congestion unregulated urban sprawl produces severe air pollution traffic flows smoothly once pedestrians and bicycles are eliminated once roads are widened, traffic congestion decreases
a walkable city center and expanded bus system can solve a large city's traffic congestion
Of the following, the benefits of green buildings include ________. pollution control being built from sustainable materials reduced use of energy and water minimal adverse health effects on occupants all of these are benefits of green buildings
all of these are benefits of green buildings
The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used __________. as landscaping, providing energy-saving shade to homes and businesses as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to conserve water to directly generate electricity from photosynthesis in the leaves
as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Which of the following consume the bulk of the electricity used in the United States? buildings automobiles tire production street lights
buildings
What are green buildings? buildings covered in vines and plant life that enable energy-efficient cooling and heating as well as providing food inexpensively constructed buildings that help save taxpayers a lot of money buildings constructed out of sustainable materials, which limit the use of energy and water, minimize health impacts, control pollution, and recycle waste buildings painted green to help reflect sunlight
buildings constructed out of sustainable materials, which limit the use of energy and water, minimize health impacts, control pollution, and recycle waste
How does an urban growth boundary attempt to limit sprawl? by limiting future growth into already urbanized areas establishing "zones" where only certain kinds of development can occur setting a limit on the number of people that can live in the city by setting limits on where growth can occur that can never be changed
by limiting future growth into already urbanized areas
According to the projected data, after what year will the majority of people in less developed regions be living in urban areas? 2018 2028 2038 2048
2018
How many MWh per year of savings are possible for HVAC? 1,000 MWh 1,050 MWh 1,100 MWh 1,500 MWh
1,500 MWh
Which of the following statements are supported by the graph? Select all that apply. In 2050, urban populations in less developed regions are projected to reach 5 billion. In 2050, rural populations in less developed regions are projected to drop below 3 billion. In 1950, urban populations in more developed regions and less developed regions were almost equal. Urban populations are growing because more people are moving from farms to cities. Urban growth in more developed regions is projected to be faster than urban growth in less developed regions. Rural populations are projected to drop in both more developed and less developed regions.
1950/2050/2050/rural
The student report estimated $45,500 in electricity savings. What was the approximate cost of electricity in cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) used to calculate this savings? 2.7 cents per kWh 0.027 cents per kWh $2.70 per kWh 27 cents per kWh
2.7 cents per kWh
Describe the relationship between carbon emissions and urban density as shown on the graph. As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions increase. As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions decrease. As urban density decreases, carbon emissions stay the same. There is no relationship between urban density and carbon emissions.
As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions decrease.
Which of the following types of transportation consumes the most energy (in BTU per passenger mile)? Automobiles Heavy rail Commuter rail Bus
Automobiles
How does the existence of densely-packed cities help preserve wilderness and rural areas? Cities tend to be separated from rural areas by roads and waterways. Because people pack densely together in cities, more land outside cities is left undeveloped. Pollution is largely an urban phenomenon, so it tends to occur only near large cities, not rural areas. The people of the wilderness form a barrier against urban dwellers and their ilk in a savage ongoing battle that spans time itself.
Because people pack densely together in cities, more land outside cities is left undeveloped.
Which city on the graph has both low to medium density (between 10 and 30 persons per hectare) and low carbon emissions? Melbourne Copenhagen Tokyo Houston
Copenhagen
What is an urban growth boundary (UGB)? It is a type of zoning ordinance. A type of urban zoning act that is specific to Oregon. It is a line on a map separating regions open to urban development from rural areas. A place in an urban area in which one can grow vegetables.
It is a line on a map separating regions open to urban development from rural areas.
Calculate the average population density of the cities on the graph. Does the city that has average population density also have average carbon emissions? No, carbon emissions are higher than average in the city with average population density. No, carbon emissions are actually lower than average in the city with average density. Yes, average population density causes average carbon emissions. Yes, average population density correlates with average carbon emissions.
No, carbon emissions are actually lower than average in the city with average density.
What is true about the importance of location for cities that were founded over 100 years ago versus the cities that are rapidly growing today? Older cities were founded in areas where the interstate highway system could easily connect them with other major cities. Modern cities are located in areas of abundant natural resources to meet the future needs of their growing populations. Modern growing cities are found in locations where there is space to contain their rapid expansion. Older cities were founded along waterways or rail hubs so that goods could be easily transported.
Older cities were founded along waterways or rail hubs so that goods could be easily transported.
Which of the following is true regarding zoning laws? They encourage sustainability. They discourage sprawl. They have been outlawed in most cities. They can encourage sprawl.
They can encourage sprawl.
How do the speakers in the video hope to treat waste generated by cities of the future? They plan to burn more waste to generate electricity. They plan to send waste to impoverished countries for disposal. They plan to use large, underground reservoirs to dispose of wastes. They plan to rely more on recycling and upcycling.
They plan to rely more on recycling and upcycling.
Another Dutch island wishes to achieve green energy independence by 2025. What is their goal? To consume no fossil fuels. To have all fuel consumed on the island made on the island or directly offshore. To have a surplus of electricity generated by renewable sources. To generate more energy from renewables than it consumes overall.
To generate more energy from renewables than it consumes overall.
Which of the following would be characteristic of sprawl? widely spaced homes spread evenly across a vast tract of land an empty, ruined temple surrounded by nothing but grasslands and herds of wild animals a state university surrounded by miles and miles of businesses and dwellings housed in large multi-story structures a few single-family dwellings near the edge of an enormous forest, adjacent to some cabbage farms and a small town situated 15 miles to the north
widely spaced homes spread evenly across a vast tract of land
If the island of Monhegan decides to pursue renewable energy as Samso did, which of the following will be used to generate electricity? biomass and solar geothermal and wind biomass and geothermal wind and solar
wind and solar
What practice classifies areas for different types of land use? smart growth technologies sprawl urban growth boundaries zoning
zoning