Evr 1001 Chapter 13
Current Events: Coal Burning Causes the Most Air Pollution Deaths in China, Study Finds You enjoy travelling. Where are you likely to be exposed to the highest concentration of PM 2.5? Chile Australia Germany India
India
Process of Science: Carbon Dioxide and the Growth of Forest Stands PART C Using what you learned about the equation for photosynthesis and McCarthy's hypothesis, make predictions for the tree growth at each site. One has already been filled in for you.
LEFT TO RIGHT=FIRST ROW -Low growth -medium growth SECOND ROW -High Growth
What are the effects of carbon monoxide? A bluish haze that gives the Blue Ridge Mountains their name Damaged respiratory tissue It causes acid rain that can damage plants. Suffocation in mammals
Suffocation in mammals
Which of the following statements properly describes the cause of a temperature inversion or its effects? Temperature inversions can trap air pollution in one place for many days. Temperature inversions are caused by the rising air of convection currents. Temperature inversions are the main cause of cold fronts. Temperature inversions typically happen in open places as weather fronts move through.
Temperature inversions can trap air pollution in one place for many days.
Carbon monoxide ________. is consumed by plants for photosynthesis is a major component of the atmosphere is produced by plants during photosynthesis blocks oxygen transport in human blood causes ozone depletion
blocks oxygen transport in human blood
The most obvious cause of industrial smog is ________. fires for heating food generation of nuclear power burning fossil fuels indoor air pollution burning trash
burning fossil fuels
Which of the following chemicals is NOT a VOC (volatile organic compound)? terpenes from plants carbon monoxide cleaning solvents evaporated gasoline
carbon monoxide
Everyday Environmental Science: China Pollution & Weather In general, China's air pollution __________. increases the amount of ice that forms in the Arctic region increases the amount of snowfall in eastern Europe decreases rainfall in California falls out in rain over the ocean
decreases rainfall in California
In developed countries, the two most deadly sources of indoor pollution are ________. radiation from electronic equipment and pesticides radon and cigarette smoke pesticides and cleaning agents synthetic furniture materials and radiation from electronic equipment pesticides and cigarette smoke
radon and cigarette smoke
A(n) ________ is a device designed to remove airborne pollutants from smokestack emissions. tall stack coal washer scrubber air filter boiler
scrubber
Point sources of air pollution are __________. the diffuse release of pollution from autos and homes into the atmosphere all the hydrocarbons produced by trees in the Smoky Mountains specific spots--such as a factory's smokestacks--where large quantities of pollution are discharged the release of pollution from many unidentifiable sources
specific spots--such as a factory's smokestacks--where large quantities of pollution are discharged
The primary causes of acid deposition are ________. carbon monoxide and formaldehyde tropospheric ozone sulfur and nitrogen oxides soil dust and sand radon gas and fuel wood smoke
sulfur and nitrogen oxides
In the troposphere ________. temperature decreases nearly linearly with altitude warmest temperatures reflect an absence of ozone ozone levels decrease with altitude temperatures never dip below freezing ozone levels increase with altitude
temperature decreases nearly linearly with altitude
Occasionally, a layer of cool air forms under a layer of warmer air in the troposphere. This change from the normal temperature profile in the troposphere is called a ________. temperature or thermal inversion cold front low-pressure system temperature or thermal subversion tornado or supercell
temperature or thermal inversion
Which piece of legislation set strict standards for air quality and pollution control in the United States? the Clean Air Act the Endangered Species Act the Montreal Protocol the Clean Water Act
the Clean Air Act
Case Study Video Tour: Clearing the Air in L.A. and Mexico City Which of the following results in increased levels of pollution caused by automobile exhaust? the use of higher octane gasoline greater use of biofuels the use of electric vehicles the construction of new highways
the construction of new highways
Everyday Environmental Science: China Pollution & Weather Snow and ice accumulations in California's mountains are carefully monitored because __________. winter sports activities are the most important economic activities in the state deaths from avalanches and floods are the leading killer of people living in California they produce essential water for agriculture in Utah and New Mexico they contribute to the main water source for most of the residents of the state
they contribute to the main water source for most of the residents of the state
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Air Pollution and the Atmosphere What was the percent change from 1970 to 2006 for vehicle miles traveled? +50% +175% +200% -50%
+175%
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Air Pollution and the Atmosphere If the U.S. population in 1970 was approximately 200 million people, what was the approximate population by 2006? 250 million people 300 million people 600 million people 200 million people
300 million people
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Air Pollution and the Atmosphere Energy consumption and aggregate emissions have also changed over time. Whereas the ratio of energy consumption to emissions was 1:1 in 1970, by 2006 the ratio was _________. 1:3 3:1 still 1:1
3:1
Current Events: China's Severe Winter Haze Tied to Effects of Global Climate Change The Chinese winter monsoon continues to push east. What can people in Korea and Japan expect? Unpredictable conditions. An average winter. A warm winter. A cold winter.
A cold winter.
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Air Pollution and the Atmosphere In an effort to further reduce emissions, a government panel is considering several policy options. For the trends on the graph, which of the following policies could have the biggest long-term impact on lowering emissions? A high-speed train network that reduces vehicle miles traveled by 25% Subsidies supporting research to cut emissions by 10% Tax rebates for citizens who have one child per family A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars
A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars
Current Events: Coal Burning Causes the Most Air Pollution Deaths in China, Study Finds Which of the following is likely to have the highest concentration of PM 2.5 in China? A province being rapidly deforested. A fishing province. A steel manufacturing province. A farming province.
A steel manufacturing province.
Current Events: China's Severe Winter Haze Tied to Effects of Global Climate Change Based on the success of the Pollution Potential Index in China, it is implemented in parts of Africa to study air pollution and climate change. Which of the following will be needed to calculate the PPI? Air temperature gradient anomalies and surface wind speeds. Weekly humidity average and changes in barometric pressure. Changes in barometric pressure and air temperature gradient anomalies. Surface wind speeds and weekly humidity averages.
Air temperature gradient anomalies and surface wind speeds.
Everyday Environmental Science: Air Pollution Life Expectancy Which of the following has contributed to longer life spans in the United States? decreased air pollution improved diet improved health care All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Success Story: Clearing the Air for Better Health Across America PART B Based on information in the graph in Part A and what you know about the sources of various pollutants, which of the following recommendations might you offer to the congresswoman?
Although SO2 concentration dropped significantly relative to national standards following the CAA, maintaining or furthering this reduction requires continued enforcement of regulations on fossil fuel combustion by industries and power plants. Future regulations should target reductions of ground level ozone with strategies that might include subsidizing public transportation and limiting the use of vehicles in dense urban areas during summer months. Efforts to achieve reductions in the concentrations of air pollutants such as CO, PM2.5, and PM10, should include strategies to prevent and control wildfires.
Current Events: China's Severe Winter Haze Tied to Effects of Global Climate Change A haze hangs over the East China plains in winter. Which of the following will most likely disperse this haze? Several days of light wind. An extended blast of cold air. Record high temperatures. Heavy rainfall.
An extended blast of cold air
Everyday Environmental Science: Air Pollution Life Expectancy Based strictly on increases in air pollution over the past few decades, where would we expect to see the greatest decrease in life spans? We would expect to see a decrease in life span in __________. Honolulu, Hawaii Beijing, China Detroit, Michigan Miami, Florida
Beijing, China
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Air Pollution and the Atmosphere Over the time period shown on the graph, both population and vehicle miles traveled have changed. Describe the relationship between the two factors. By 2006, people were driving more than three times as many miles per person as in the 1970s. By 2006, people were driving about twice as many miles per person as in 1970. Both population and vehicle miles traveled have increased by the same percentage. By 2006, people were driving more than four times as many miles per person as in the 1970s.
By 2006, people were driving about twice as many miles per person as in 1970.
Causes and Consequences: Indoor Air Pollution
CAUSES:Radon seepage into homes. VOCs from paints, carpeting and furniture inefficient indoor cook stoves. CONSEQUENCES:lung cancer20,000 deaths per year in the united states. people ill from sick building syndrome. Respiratory disease in developing countries. SOUTIONS: measurement of radon with a test kit ,increase in ventilation purchase of low or no VOC paints,carpeting and furniture. Conversion to more efficient clean burning cook stove
Which of the following pollutants has the longest residence time? SO2 Chlorofleorocarbons (CFCs) CO NO2 NO
Chlorofleorocarbons (CFCs)
What process depends on the cyclical, vertical movement of air currents: sinking cold, dense and rising warm, less dense air masses? Polar cells Convective circulation Thermal inversion Coriolis effect
Convective circulation
Process of Science: Carbon Dioxide and the Growth of Forest Stands PART A Suppose you are able to manipulate a plant's access to components in the photosynthesis equation. Drag each label to the appropriate bin to predict how that action will affect plant growth. For each increase or decrease, assume that every other component of the photosynthesis equation is unlimited.
Decrease plant growth: -Decrease Sunlight -decrease H2O -Decrease CO2 No Impact on plant growth: -decrease C6H12O6 -increase C6H12O6 Increase Plant growth: -Increase H20 -Increase CO2 -Increase sunlight
Current Events: Coal Burning Causes the Most Air Pollution Deaths in China, Study Finds Doing which of the following would reduce deaths from PM 2.5 in China by the most? Eliminate the use of coal. Eliminate the use of oil. Eliminate the use of natural gas. Eliminate the burning of wood.
Eliminate the use of coal.
Current Events: China's Severe Winter Haze Tied to Effects of Global Climate Change Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to extreme winter haze in the East China plains? Heavy snow in Siberia and elevated levels of Arctic sea ice. Little snow in Siberia and elevated levels of Arctic sea ice. Heavy snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice. Little snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice
Heavy snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice.
Viewpoints: Outdoor Air Pollution Taylor mentions the reduced demands on natural resources due to both reduced use of natural resources and the shift away from manufacturing economies to service economies. Imagine how Walke might respond to Taylor's statements in a debate. I disagree; the shift to a service economy simply means that manufacturing has moved to other countries. Because air pollution does not respect borders, we will still need pollution regulation. I agree; shifts from manufacturing to service are an effective strategy for pollution control. I agree; creating incentives for companies to outsource manufacturing will solve our pollution problems. I disagree; our economy has only shifted from manufacturing to service because our GDP was declining.
I disagree; the shift to a service economy simply means that manufacturing has moved to other countries. Because air pollution does not respect borders, we will still need pollution regulation.
Process of Science: Carbon Dioxide and the Growth of Forest Stands PART B Suppose you are helping McCarthy choose her sample sites. You have the resources to conduct the study at only 4 sites. Pick the 4 sites that allow all 4 possible treatment combinations, while controlling for sunlight. Drag a check mark to each site you would use, and drag Xs to the sites you would not use. You should end up placing 4 check marks and 8 Xs. Labels can be used more than once.
LEFT TO RIGHT=FIRST ROW 1-NO 2-YES 3-NO LEFT TO RIGHT=SECOND ROW 1-NO 2-YES 3-NO LEFT TO RIGHT= THIRD ROW=SECOND BUBBLE 1-NO 2-YES 3-YES LEFT TO RIGHT=FOURTH ROW= SECOND BUBBLE 1-NO 2-NO 3-NO
One key to the puzzle of Los Angeles's smog is the fact that ________. there are so many rainy days, increasing the acidic deposition the Hadley cell for that area drops cool air, and pollution, right over Los Angeles incoming tides in the harbor push air pollution ahead of them the offshore breezes carry inland pollution to coastal Los Angeles Los Angeles and its suburbs are all ringed by mountains
Los Angeles and its suburbs are all ringed by mountains
How does radon originate? Burning wood indoors Natural decay of uranium Volatile organic compounds Cigarette smoke
Natural decay of uranium
Viewpoints: Outdoor Air Pollution Jerry Taylor considers better air quality a luxury good. What evidence does he give for this reasoning? Once per capita income reaches a certain level, concentrations of pollutants begin to decline as rapidly as they had increased. Property values tend to be unaffected by pollution levels. Pollution declines generally occur after the passage of pollution control laws. Declines are linked to industry demands for better environmental quality.
Once per capita income reaches a certain level, concentrations of pollutants begin to decline as rapidly as they had increased.
Current Events: China's Severe Winter Haze Tied to Effects of Global Climate Change Developing a technique to effectively and economically remove which of the following from the atmosphere would directly decrease haze in an area the most? Particulate matter Carbon monoxide Nitrogen Carbon dioxide
Particulate matter
What happens when acids from acid deposition hit topsoil? Plants grow due to increased fertilizers from the acid. Fish populations increase because of runoff from the soil. Toxic metals are tied up by acids and become less available. Plants and soil organisms are harmed.
Plants and soil organisms are harmed.
The authors of the two essays are quite opposite in their views, with Walke pro-regulation and Taylor anti-regulation. If you had to select a type of regulation that both authors would approve, which of the following might work? A regulation that cuts taxes for polluters so their profits will increase and pollution will decline Comprehensive regulation with mandatory pollution limits and fines for exceeding limits A voluntary regulation in which polluters agree to reduce emissions by 10% Regulatory incentives that award subsidies to companies demonstrating technological changes in their processes that measurably reduce pollution
Regulatory incentives that award subsidies to companies demonstrating technological changes in their processes that measurably reduce pollution
Process of Science: Carbon Dioxide and the Growth of Forest Stands PART D Rank the biomes in terms of how much you expect plant growth to increase as a function of increased CO2 in the atmosphere.
SMALLEST TO LARGEST -desert -grassland -temperate -tropical
Success Story: Clearing the Air for Better Health Across America PART A Based on the graph, which of the criteria air pollutants declined the most significantly relative to the most recent national standard between 1980 and 2015? ozone NO2 CO SO2
SO2
In which layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer found? Troposphere Thermosphere Stratosphere Tropopause
Stratosphere
Case Study Video Tour: Clearing the Air in L.A. and Mexico City Why do pollution and smog often become trapped in Los Angeles and other similar urban areas? The pollution that occurs there is heavier than the surrounding air, which leads to the buildup of smog. The combination of temperature inversions (because of being surrounded by mountains) and extended periods of sunlight result in the buildup of smog in Los Angeles. There are no winds in Los Angeles. Increased electromagnetic radiation because of Los Angeles's low altitude.
The combination of temperature inversions (because of being surrounded by mountains) and extended periods of sunlight result in the buildup of smog in Los Angeles.
Viewpoints: Outdoor Air Pollution John Walke supports government regulation as the most effective approach for reducing air pollution. Which of the following statements expresses one of his reasons? Air pollution remains concentrated at its source. There is little or no economic incentive for polluters to pay pollution costs. Health risks of air pollution are linked to short-term exposure to high concentrations of pollution. The origins of air pollutants are generally known.
There is little or no economic incentive for polluters to pay pollution costs.
Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is responsible for the weather that we experience on the surface of Earth? Thermosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere
Troposphere
Current Events: Coal Burning Causes the Most Air Pollution Deaths in China, Study Finds Which of the following countries likely has the highest level of premature deaths due to PM 2.5? United States Guyana Sweden Turkey
Turkey
What would do the most to reduce indoor air pollution in the developing world? Using solar energy to heat homes Reducing inhalation of second-hand smoke Building new homes with radon-resistant features Reducing the use of products in the home that contain volatile organic compounds
Using solar energy to heat homes
Viewpoints: Outdoor Air Pollution Both authors refer to voluntary actions and their effect on pollution control. Which of the following statements best describes one author's viewpoint? Walke: Voluntary approaches to air pollution control are proven successes, as seen in a voluntary program in Texas. Walke; Voluntary programs are unsuccessful. For example, in a voluntary EPA program, only one-fourth of the participants committed to reducing emissions. Taylor: Voluntary attempts by companies to reduce their resource impacts are driven by genuine interest in environmental quality. Taylor: The voluntary choices of individuals for better environmental quality are not always met by the market.
Walke; Voluntary programs are unsuccessful. For example, in a voluntary EPA program, only one-fourth of the participants committed to reducing emissions.
Current Events: Coal Burning Causes the Most Air Pollution Deaths in China, Study Finds Currently, issues related to which of the following cause the most premature deaths worldwide? Oil Nuclear power Water Coal
Water
What sorts of constituents do atmospheric pollutants (such as sulfates and nitrates) react with to initiate the process that results in acid deposition? Lead Water, oxygen, and oxidants Soot Chlorofluorocarbons
Water, oxygen, and oxidants
Which of the following U.S. states experiences the lowest levels of acid rain? Pennsylvania West Virginia New York Wyoming
Wyoming
Everyday Environmental Science: Air Pollution Life Expectancy On average, it appears that over the past 25 years, improved air quality in the United States has resulted in __________ in the lifespan of the average individual. an increase of about five months an increase of one to two days an increase of about two and one-half years a slight decrease
an increase of about five months
Success Story: Clearing the Air for Better Health Across America PART C By how much did the reduction of PM10 concentration exceed the reduction of PM2.5 concentration by 2015?
approximately 30%
What is largely responsible for the ozone hole? nitrogen oxides carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide fossil fuels chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants
chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants
What drives long-term climate patterns, such as the Hadley Cells at the Equator, over large geographic scales? convective air currents humidity increase rainfall patterns the Trade Winds
convective air currents
Everyday Environmental Science: Air Pollution Life Expectancy Which of the following describes the greatest health risk posed by air pollution? Air pollutants __________. clog up the liver and impede proper liver function damage blood vessels in human lungs prevent the absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract stick to the skin and cause skin cancer
damage blood vessels in human lungs
Case Study Video Tour: Clearing the Air in L.A. and Mexico City What is one of the greatest sources of pollution in Mexico City that has persisted even after the government successfully lowered overall pollutant levels? emissions from factories emissions from automobile exhaust methane emissions from local landfills shutting down oil refineries in the area
emissions from automobile exhaust
In 1970, ________ was/were the source of most of the airborne lead emissions in the United States. coal-burning power plants water pipes paint gasoline pencil factories
gasoline
One of the problems that occur as a consequence of CFC pollution is ________. the eutrophication of waterways increased rates of respiratory irritation and lung cancer the movement of toxins into lakes and rivers, poisoning fish accelerated damage to human red blood cells increased rates of skin cancer in humans
increased rates of skin cancer in humans
In the stratosphere, ________. temperature continues to decrease with altitude as in the troposphere increases of temperature and ozone levels are strongly correlated the average temperature is much lower than for the troposphere temperature and ozone concentration are inversely correlated ozone appears to be evenly distributed at all altitudes
increases of temperature and ozone levels are strongly correlated
Everyday Environmental Science: China Pollution & Weather How do dust particles from the vast deserts in China affect weather patterns? The dust __________. decreases the chances of snowfall in Oregon decreases the chances of storms in Europe increases the chances of rainfall in California increases the chances of snowfall in Australia
increases the chances of rainfall in California
The Coriolis effect ________. is caused by the moon results in seasonal periods of 24-hour darkness at the poles in winter keeps Earth from spinning too fast keeps the wind circulating at constant speed around the planet is caused by Earth's rotation
is caused by Earth's rotation
Everyday Environmental Science: China Pollution & Weather How does China's air pollution get to the United States? China's air pollution __________. is carried by winds over Europe and the Atlantic Ocean to the east coast of the United States is moved by the jet stream to the west coast of the United States is carried by jets traveling from Asia to the United States settles into the ocean and drifts across the Pacific to the west coast of the United States
is moved by the jet stream to the west coast of the United States
Tropospheric ozone ________. protects Earth from most of the harmful UV radiation is caused by poor farming techniques is produced through the interaction of heat and UV light, with nitrogen oxides and carbon-containing compounds is a primary pollutant binds with hemoglobin, preventing binding with oxygen in red blood cells
is produced through the interaction of heat and UV light, with nitrogen oxides and carbon-containing compounds
If all of the stratospheric ozone suddenly disappeared, ________. plants would flourish because of the extra solar energy reaching Earth's surface there would be a dramatic decrease in skin cancers insects would be the only organisms to survive Earth's surface would warm considerably most life on Earth would cease to exist because of the amount of UV radiation penetrating the atmosphere
most life on Earth would cease to exist because of the amount of UV radiation penetrating the atmosphere
Which gas makes up 78% of the molecules in the atmosphere? nitrogen (N2). H2O, water vapor CO2, carbon dioxide O2, oxygen
nitrogen (N2).
The Acid Rain Program established under the Clean Air Act of 1990 has been successful in reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and ________. nitrogen oxides carbon monoxide carbon dioxide CFCs lead
nitrogen oxides
Air near Earth's surface tends to be ________. warmer and wetter; then it rises, expanding and cooling warmer and drier; then it rises, condensing and gathering moisture cooler and wetter; then it rises, is warmed by the sun, and sinks again warmer; it rises as it is displaced by Coriolis forces cooler and drier; it rises when it is displaced by sinking warm air
warmer and wetter; then it rises, expanding and cooling
The huge dust storms that took place in the United States in the 1930s ________. were the result of poor farming techniques were triggered by tornados, worsened by global climate change were the result of polar cells were the result of ozone depletion were the result of glacier melt
were the result of poor farming techniques