EVR: Chapter 4

Which of the following statements would the two authors agree on? Many non-native species are not harmful. Non-natives threaten species but not ecosystems. The concerns about non-native species are overblown. In all likelihood many native species are threatened with extinction because of competition from non-native species.

Many non-native species are not harmful.

Daniel Simberloff states that non-native species are responsible for which of the following? Using current habitat structure Maintaining nutrient cycles Stabilizing local population sizes of native species Modifying fire regimes

Modifying fire regimes

Central Asia is not extensively forested, but much of northern _____ is covered in coniferous forests. Mongolia Azerbaijan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Kazakhstan

Mongolia

Mark Davis argues that non-natives rarely threaten natives with extinction. Davis would further say that: Ecologists rarely make unjustified statements about broad extinction threats due to non-native species. Non-natives may cause local increases in abundance of native species. This is a problem everywhere except on islands and in lakes. None of the thousands of native plant species in North America has ever gone totally extinct due to a non-native species.

None of the thousands of native plant species in North America has ever gone totally extinct due to a non-native species.

How does predation differ from parasitism? View Available Hint(s) Parasites are only insects or mites, while predators can be any kind of large animal. Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey. Parasitism is beneficial to the host, whereas predation always harms the prey. Predation happens between trophic levels, while parasitism happens within a trophic level.

Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.

In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase. Sea otter populations would increase. There is not enough information. Sea otter populations would decrease. Sea otter populations would stay the same.

Sea otter populations would increase.

Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp? Sea urchins increase and kelp increases. Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases. Sea urchins decrease and kelp increases. Sea urchins decrease and kelp decreases.

Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases.

Which continent contains the most contiguous tropical rain forest? Brazil South America Asia Europe Australia

South America

It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas. Select the two best experimental designs for comparing the thermal tolerance of ants in urban areas to ants in nearby rural areas. Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region. Measure the feeding activity of many ants of the same species from rural and urban areas in the same region. Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from urban areas in the north and south of the United States. Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center. Measure the heat tolerance of one species of ant from an urban area and the heat tolerance of a different species of ant from a rural area. Measure the heat tolerance of 5 ants from an urban area and 5 ants from a rural area.

-Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region. -Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center

The Kola Peninsula is mainly tundra and taiga and has suffered great ecological damage, with a major culprit being military nuclear waste. What is the elevation of the Peninsula? 0 to 199 m 200 to 499 m 500 to 1999 m 2000 to 3999 m over 4000 m

0 to 199 m

In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters in total than in 1985. 1,400 100 500 2,700

1,400

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer. 1,000 100 10 1 0

10

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level. 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 90-100

5-10

If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year? 28,000 70 2 2,700

70

Russia's vast boreal forests, the taiga, are the "lungs of Europe." What is the human population density across the taiga? < 6 people per km2 6 to 25 people per km2 26 to 100 people per km2 101 to 250 people per km2 251 to 500 people per km2

< 6 people per km2

Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species? View Available Hint(s) Keystone species are always predators. If the keystone species disappears, the whole ecosystem collapses, and nothing survives. Keystone species are the largest-bodied species in a community. A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.

A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.

Which statement is correct concerning the process of ecological succession? View Available Hint(s) Shrubs will replace pines during succession. After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state. Primary succession starts after a forest fire. Planting pines in an abandoned farm field mimics the natural progression of species during succession.

After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state.

Imagine a square meter of leafy forest soil underneath an oak or maple tree. Which of the following is likely to exist within this patch of soil? View Available Hint(s) most species would be microscopic about a quarter of a million individuals about a thousand different species or organisms All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

You would be hard pressed to find tundra anywhere on this continent. You would be hard pressed to find tundra anywhere on this continent. South America Asia Australia North America Europe

Australia

_____ are secondary consumers. Producers Herbivores Plants Cows Carnivores

Carnivores

Simberloff mentions Mediterranean cheatgrass as one example of a non-native species that has affected millions of acres. If Davis were the scientist talking to reporters, how might he frame the issue? Cheatgrass is destroying native plant communities. Cheatgrass is causing regional declines of native plant communities. Cheatgrass has already caused the total extinction of many native plant species. Cheatgrass has not affected native plant communities.

Cheatgrass is causing regional declines of native plant communities.

You are a farmer interested in low-input agriculture. Which of the following do you do? Decrease your use of microbes and increase your use of chemicals. Increase your use of microbes and decrease your use of chemicals. Increase your use of microbes and chemicals. Decrease your use of microbes and chemicals.

Increase your use of microbes and decrease your use of chemicals.

Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters: Stayed the same. Increased by approximately 200%. Increased by approximately 50%. Increased by approximately 100%.

Increased by approximately 100%

A new non-native species has recently been discovered in your area of North America. What information about the species would suggest the need for immediate action? Reports about this species from other areas describe it as "exotic" and "alien." The non-native species occurs in lakes. The non-native species is a plant. The non-native has not had any noticeable affect on species in other areas.

The non-native species occurs in lakes.

If current trends continue, which of the following will be true? The use of microbes in agriculture will be banned. The use of microbes in agriculture will decrease. There will be no change in the use of microbes in agriculture. The use of microbes in agriculture will increase.

The use of microbes in agriculture will increase.

Which of the following is true regarding soil microbes? There are many species and large populations. There are few species, but large populations. There are many species, but low populations. There are few species and small populations.

There are many species and large populations.

What is occurring in the region around the Chilkat River in Alaska that allows chum salmon to spawn during the winter months? View Available Hint(s) Warm winds and ocean currents from the south keep the river from freezing through most of the winter. Large mounds of darkened rocks are heated by the sun and keep the river from freezing. Thermal springs heat and break up the ice. A nuclear power plant is generating wastewater heat that prevents the river from freezing.

Thermal springs heat and break up the ice.

At coordinates 43°N and 79°E, the Charyn Canyon, with its bizarre rock monuments, stretches across the Charyn River gorge in northern __________. The canyon's remoteness protected a rare ash tree through the Ice Age that survives to this day. Altai Mountains Kunlun Shan Himalayas Caucasus Mountains Tien Shan

Tien Shan

You study beetles and wish to apply niche partitioning to your research. Why? To kill all foreign organisms. To effect no change on competition. To decrease competition. To increase competition.

To decrease competition.

Which of the following appears to be critical for successful use of microbes? Viewing agriculture as separate from the natural world. Uniting agriculture and ecology. Making no change to modern agriculture. Separating agriculture and ecology.

Uniting agriculture and ecology.

To the east of these mountains is the West Siberian Plain. It is the world's largest unbroken lowland. Marshlands and spring flooding make the area mostly unsuitable for agriculture. Northeast Highlands Carpathian Mountains Zagros Mountains Himalayan Mountains Ural Mountains

Ural Mountains

Most of Kyzyl Kum is covered with sand dunes, among which lives a five foot lizard, the Desert Monitor. The desert is shared by Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and _____. Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Afghanistan Mongolia Azerbaijan

Uzbekistan

Zebra mussels ________. excrete waste that facilitates algae blooms and subsequent eutrophication of lakes were introduced into the United States in the early 1900s are an invasive exotic species that clog pipes and cover boat propellers are presently restricted to the Great Lakes and Hudson River, but they are expected to spread rapidly in the near future are native to Canada

are an invasive exotic species that clog pipes and cover boat propellers

Which of the following are probably the most abundant but least understood of all forms of life on Earth? View Available Hint(s) animals insects bacteria trees

bacteria

After examining every single cell in your body, you would conclude that humans are made up mostly of __________. View Available Hint(s) fungal cells dead cells bacterial cells plant cells

bacterial cells

Use the figure above to answer the following question. If global climate change results in an area of temperate grassland receiving less rainfall and higher temperatures, it will ________. rapidly be replaced by temperate deciduous forest have no effect on the biome begin to support more desert species gradually be replaced by savanna begin to support more invasive exotic species

begin to support more desert species

The statement, "hiking up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada," is meant to demonstrate that ________ change(s) rapidly as you change altitude and latitude. levels of industrial air pollutants human population density biomes carbon dioxide levels oxygen levels

biomes

What potential energy-bearing compound is produced through photosynthesis and made available for consumers? View Available Hint(s) lipids carbohydrates water hydrogen sulfide

carbohydrates

What biome is highly seasonal, with mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers? temperate rainforest savanna boreal forest chaparral grassland

chaparral

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees and other pollinators begin the search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community. coevolution climax primary succession extirpation secondary succession

coevolution

A high concentration of eagles that spend several days in a small region is most likely the result of __________. View Available Hint(s) a centralized breeding area concentrated food a major predator in the region a big and comfortable perch in a tree

concentrated food

The taiga is the largest terrestrial biome in the world. It is characterized by this plant community. coniferous forest desert shrubs deciduous forest tropical forest tropical savanna

coniferous forest

This plant community grows on stable terrain, the soil of which tends to be young, acidic, and poor in nutrients. deciduous forest tropical forest coniferous forest desert shrubs tropical savanna

coniferous forest

________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest. Deer Snakes Shelf fungi Wolves Bison

deer

Which list includes biomes in the correct order from those that have the lowest annual rainfall to those that have the highest? View Available Hint(s) grassland, desert, tropical rainforest, temperate deciduous forest desert, grassland, tropical rainforest, temperate deciduous forest tropical rainforest, temperate deciduous forest, grassland, desert desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest

desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____. secondary consumer detritivore producer tertiary consumer primary consumer

detritivore

Which trophic level provides energy for all of the other trophic levels? View Available Hint(s) first second third fourth

first

Many plants have developed complicated defenses to protect themselves against __________. View Available Hint(s) herbivory pollination invasive species parasitism

herbivory

Based on the climate information you see on the map, East Asia would be best described as __________. mostly wet mostly windy mostly cold highly variable and complex mostly dry

highly variable and complex

Which of the following is a pathogen? arthritis mosquitoes alligator gars cancer influenza virus

influenza virus

Imagine a large state park near your home. Which of the following are probably the most crucial and essential part of that park's ecosystem? View Available Hint(s) birds insects mammals trees

insects

A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift if ________. all invasive species are removed it has too many symbiotic relationships among species pollutants cause a rapid rise in mutations it suffers a natural fire or flood it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climatic change

it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climatic change

If you were to randomly visit a specific area on Earth, what two factors would you need to know to determine the type of biome you will visit? View Available Hint(s) the annual levels of light and length of day its annual rainfall and temperature the annual daytime high and nighttime low temperatures the annual soil nutrient levels and relative humidity

its annual rainfall and temperature

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Which of the following might be first to populate an area after glaciers melt in response to global climate change? aspen trees lichens hardwood trees shrubs grasses

lichens

Ecologists researching Mount Saint Helens after the 1979 eruption determined that ________. plants in unseeded areas were growing better than plants in seeded areas the landscape has remained barren for almost 40 years the red alder went extinct from the eruption many species in the blast zone survived the eruption nothing in the blast zone survived the eruption

many species in the blast zone survived the eruption

The area of radioactive contamination around the Chernobyl nuclear accident site in Ukraine is extensive. What is the habitat around Chernobyl? taiga desert steppe mixed forest tundra

mixed forest

Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by ________. cold temperatures and low amounts of precipitation hot temperatures and dry conditions (low precipitation) hot temperatures and wet conditions (high precipitation) moderate temperatures and moderate amounts of precipitation cold temperatures and wet condition (high precipitation)

moderate temperatures and moderate amounts of precipitation

Compared to the western parts of this region, the eastern parts receive __________ rainfall. less more the same almost no None of the listed responses are correct.

more

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________. herbivory competition predation parasitism mutualism

mutualism

Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this? View Available Hint(s) parasitism competition herbivory mutualism

mutualism

Sakhalin is Russia's largest island. It is covered in dense coniferous forest, and the rivers swarm with Pacific salmon. What are the main resources of the island? tungsten natural gas and petroleum coal tin Sakhalin Island contains all of these resources.

natural gas and petroleum

Secondary succession ________. occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape requires primary succession to precede it typically begins with lichen colonizing rock is predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community occurs after a fire or flood

occurs after a fire or flood

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____. primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer producer detritivore

primary consumer

Grazing animals such as deer are ________. secondary consumers decomposers detritivores producers primary consumers

primary consumers

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. If the climate warms significantly, glaciers may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may lead to ________ in the community. primary succession coevolution facilitation climax secondary succession

primary succession

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____. tertiary consumers secondary consumers producers primary consumers detritivores

producers

Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called? View Available Hint(s) herbivory resource partitioning symbiosis parasitism

resource partitioning

Ecological restoration tries to __________. View Available Hint(s) preserve pristine environments by keeping humans out return ecosystems to a more "natural" state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them rebuild natural communities to look like what they were in the year 1900 redesign natural areas to have the showiest plants in places that are the easiest to see so more visitors will come

return ecosystems to a more "natural" state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them

Of the following, chaparral has a climate most similar to ________. temperate rainforest boreal forest tundra tropical dry forest savanna

savanna

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____. producer tertiary consumer detritivore secondary consumer primary consumer

secondary consumer

Fish that eat zooplankton would be considered ________. herbivores primary consumers detritivores secondary consumers producers

secondary consumers

When many bald eagles are concentrated within a small region, their feeding behavior usually involves __________. View Available Hint(s) sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism domination by a single bird who consumes all of the group's prey fights to the death over available food burying prey under logs or bushes to hide it away from other eagles

sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and drier. This would result in ________. the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions decreased damage from crop pests and diseases the need to plant temperate deciduous forest trees to shelter crops from the sun less stress on groundwater and aquifers to irrigate crops in the area a shift from grassland toward chaparral and savanna

the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions

Which climate is LEAST prevalent in this region? humid subtropical (with dry season, hot summers) humid continental (warm summer) tropical savanna tropical monsoon humid continental (dry winters, cool summers)

tropical monsoon

In South America, the density of trees should be comparatively lower in this habitat. broadleaf forest boreal forest coniferous forest tropical savanna tropical forest

tropical savanna

Which of the following countries does NOT contain mountains? Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan All of the listed choices contain mountain regions.

All of the listed choices contain mountain regions.

Which of the following best explains why mountain climates are considered "complex?" Mountains contain many different types of climate. Temperature is very different between the top and bottom of mountains. Precipitation is very different between the top and bottom of mountains. Elevation is a major contributing factor. All of the listed responses are reasons why mountains are "complex."

All of the listed responses are reasons why mountains are "complex."

Herbivory is actually a type of ________. competition primary succession predation mutualism coevolution

predation

Climate and geography dictated the history of Central Asia. These grasslands, for example, were occupied by nomadic tribes that were experts with horses. Out of this culture came Genghis Khan. tundra desert chaparral montane steppes

steppes

What biome is depicted in this climate graph? temperate grassland temperate rainforest savanna tropical rainforest boreal forest

temperate rainforest

A seal that just ate a clam is eaten by a shark. The shark is acting as a _____. tertiary consumer producer primary consumer detritivore secondary consumer

tertiary consumer

Which of the following organisms has a feeding pattern most similar to a bald eagle? View Available Hint(s) Hint 1.opened hint pelican woodpecker hummingbird vulture

vulture

Compared to the southern portions of this region, the climate of the northern portions is __________. more highly variable about the same warmer and dryer cooler and wetter none of the above

warmer and dryer