EVR1001 Chapter 6
Fertility rates are highest in which of the following? -along the coasts of India -Sri Lanka -southern India -northern India -none of the above
northern India
In 2006, the population of the United States reached 300 million. As the nation's population has increased, its demographics have shifted as well, including the numbers of people per household. The graph depicts the percentage of U.S. households of different sizes in 1970 and in 2000.(Figure 1)
refer to figure 1
Which of the following is a young man in Ogoniland most likely to be involved with? illegal oil refining fishing child care farming
illegal oil refining
What causes a decline in fertility rates? -an increase in family planning and birth control -a decrease in family planning and birth control -an increase in infant mortality and death rate -per capita income decreases
an increase in family planning and birth control -These programs empower women and provide a means to control their family size.
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?
pyramid -This would mean that most individuals are in the prereproductive years. Such a population is expected to increase.
If global fertility rates remain at 2008 levels, the United Nations predicts that world population will surpass ________ billion in 2050. 5 10 7 4 9
9
Which climate contains the highest population density? -humid continental, warm summer -humid continental, cool summer -semiarid -humid subtropical -tropical rainy
humid subtropical
Predict which of the following United Nations funding proposals both Sylva and Seager might support. -An overseas government plan to require one-child families -A third-world country plan to provide free contraceptives -A development plan to build schools for girls in a poverty-stricken country -A proposal by a European country to promote bigger families and reverse declining fertility rates
A development plan to build schools for girls in a poverty-stricken country -Correct. Sylva states that international funds are better spent on schools and hospitals, and Seager sees education as a benefit to children and families.
Which part of the IPAT model represents the influence of wealth and its environmental impact? -P for population -T for technology -I for environmental impact -A for affluence
A for affluence -This is correct. It assesses the environmental impact of increased affluence and wealth.
Which of the following is most likely to be interested in acquiring the use of land in the Niger Delta? A fishing boat manufacturer A large agribusiness A mineral mining company A large tech company
A large agribusiness
What percentage of households in 2000 had 3 or fewer people? -17.2% -64.4% -16.5% -74.9%
74.9%. -Correct. The total percentage of 1-, 2-, and 3-person households in 2000 was 74.9%.
There are approximately ________ people on Earth.
7.4 billion
Can you interpret the graph to answer these questions?
...
The global human population recently surpassed 7 billion people, and its annual growth is approximately _____ at the present. 1% 4% 7% 10% 12%
1%
During which of the following periods did the world's population more than double? 1850-1900 1800-1850 1950-2000 1900-1950 1750-1800
1950-2000
You are a demographer. After numerous calculations and diligent research, you agree with UN predictions regarding the human population. When do you think it will peak?
2050
Which region has the highest percentage of its population under age 15? -Asia -Africa -South America -North America -All of the listed responses are correct.
Africa
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of very high fertility rates? -They contribute to overpopulation. -They increase pollution. -They increase stress on the local ecosystems. -They contribute to urban congestion. -All of the above are consequences.
All of the above are consequences.
Environmental factors set limits on the growth of populations. What is this limit referred to? -Population density -Carrying capacity -Tipping point -Total fertility rate
Carrying Capacity -It is the maximum sustainable population in a given environment.
The nations with the highest rate of contraceptive use (84%) are the United Kingdom and ________. China South Africa Australia United States New Zealand
China
Sylva emphasizes the dangers to economies and social welfare systems from declining fertility rates. In comparison to Sylva, what would Seager say about declining fertility? -Declining fertility would provide many social benefits, such as less crowded schools and roads. -Declining fertility is a false concern because global population is increasing. -Declining fertility will exacerbate extreme poverty. -Governments should mandate one-child families to cause additional fertility declines.
Declining fertility would provide many social benefits, such as less crowded schools and roads. -Correct. Seager would view declining fertility as a benefit rather than a liability.
Why do we study demography?
Demography investigates the relationship between population ecology and population changes. -Demography is useful for predicting population dynamics and environmental impacts.
Which term describes the amount of cumulative land and water required to provide the raw materials a person or population consumes and to dispose of the waste that is produced? -TFR -Ecological footprint -Carrying capacity -Demographic transition
Ecological footprint -The ecological footprint can be calculated for a person, a country, or the entire human population.
Which of the following would Lokiaka be most likely to support? -An increase in kpo-fire. -Empowering women through education. -Subsidizing oil companies. -Continuation of the 1978 Land Use Act.
Empowering women through education.
Which of the following people is most likely to be attributed to the following: "Overconsumption will be the ruin of humanity rather than overpopulation."
Fred Pearce -an environmentalist consultant and author of when the rivers run dry
Douglas Sylva gives four reasons why government population control is bad policy. Which of the following statements represents one of his reasons? -Money is better spent on population control than on other priorities. -The world is experiencing increasing fertility. -Severe development problems are linked to population growth. -Government influence over family size is prone to abuse.
Government influence over family size is prone to abuse. -Correct. Sylva mentions India, Peru, and China as examples of countries where government influence on family size has led to abuse.
Although Sylva and Seager seem to agree that couples should be able to make their own family planning decisions, they would disagree about which of the following statements? -Many countries face severe poverty and development problems. -Earth's population has undergone a rapid increase in the past century. -Governments should provide resources and education for family planning. -Societies that value freedom and privacy keep government out of reproductive planning decisions.
Governments should provide resources and education for family planning. -Correct. Seager would agree with this statement, but Sylva would argue that government money is better spent on projects such as hospitals and schools.
Which of the following was necessary for the human population to be able to produce increasing amounts of food?
Green Revolution
There is no data on fertility for some areas of this region. For which of the following IS data available? -Lakshadweep -Nicobar Islands -Gujarat province -Delhi -There is data for all of the above.
Gujarat province
Which was Thomas Malthus's argument? -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then population numbers would increase indefinitely and this would not cause problems. -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then we would simply create technology to correct the problem. -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then our civilization would be consumed by famine and war by the end of the 20th century. -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then the population would come under check because of war, disease, and starvation.
He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then the population would come under check because of war, disease, and starvation. -He predicted that unchecked population growth would deplete food resources, resulting in starvation for millions.
What was the overall trend in household size from 1970 to 2000? -There was no overall trend. -Household size stayed the same. -Household size decreased. -Household size increased.
Household size decreased. -Correct. In 2000 there were fewer households with 3 to 5 or more people, and more households with 1 to 2 people, than in 1970.
If current trends continue, with parents in the U.S. choosing to have fewer children on average (for example, 1 or 2 children versus 3 or more), how will future household sizes be affected? -All household size categories will decrease. -Households of 1 and 2 people will increase. -Households of 3 and 4 people will increase and households with more than 5 people will decrease. -Households of 3 and 4 people will increase.
Households of 3 and 4 people will increase and households with more than 5 people will decrease. -Correct. If parents choose 1 or 2 children instead of 3 or more children, then households of 5 or more people will decrease, while 3- and 4-person households will increase.
Which of the following statements about Earth's carrying capacity for humans is true? -Human beings are not unlike other animals concerning carrying capacity, but we utilize technology to artificially raise the carrying capacity increasingly higher. -Earth can support an infinite number of humans. -Humans do not have a carrying capacity because we are at the top of the food chain. -Earth's carrying capacity for humans is approximately 350 million people.
Human beings are not unlike other animals concerning carrying capacity, but we utilize technology to artificially raise the carrying capacity increasingly higher. -Nevertheless, this does not imply that technology can allow us to grow without limits.
What is the sex ratio in China because of the one-child policy? -It skewed toward more females resulting in more reproduction per person in the population. -It is evenly distributed between males and females. -It is skewed toward the upper class. -It is skewed toward more males, causing a slowing in population growth.
It is skewed toward more males, causing a slowing in population growth. -Female infanticide has been practiced in mainland China, and there are many more female babies to be adopted there.
A graph of world population growth over the past 500 years most closely resembled the letter ________.
J
What correlation exists between population density and fertility rates in India? -Fertility rates are highest in regions of low population density. -Fertility rates are highest in regions of high population density. -No correlation exists between the two. -Fertility rates are lowest in regions of high population density.None of the above.
No correlation exists between the two.
Which of the following statements best describes the implications of household size for energy consumption and land use and development? -Larger households (those with 4 or more than 5 people) mean a larger population and higher overall environmental impacts. -If more households are small (with 1 or 2 people), energy consumption will decrease. -There is no relationship between household size and energy and land use. -Overall energy and land use will depend on the type and density of housing developments in an area.
Overall energy and land use will depend on the type and density of housing developments in an area. -Correct. Although total population size has an impact on total energy and land use, the type and density of housing developments plays a key role in determining overall energy and land use in an area.
Why does Africa have the highest total fertility rate but a lower population density than parts of southern and eastern Asia? -People in Africa are spread out over a greater area. -Africa has greater biodiversity. -Africa has more people than southern and eastern Asia. -People in southern and eastern Asia are spread out over a greater area. -None of the listed responses are correct.
People in Africa are spread out over a greater area.
Which of the following tends to be true? -An unknown relationship between income and carbon dioxide emissions exists. -Money has no impact on a person's carbon dioxide emissions. -People with more money are responsible for less carbon dioxide emissions than those with less money. -People with more money are responsible for more carbon dioxide emissions than those with less money.
People with more money are responsible for more carbon dioxide emissions than those with less money.
Why did China institute the one-child policy in 1970?
Resources were becoming strained, and pollution was increasing. -In response to a nation not able to keep up with population demands on natural resources, leaders decided to institute a one-child policy.
What is the primary reason that China changed its one-child policy to a two-child policy?
Shrinking workforce -Due to a lack of new workers, China's workforce had become depleted and older people were relying on the government for support.
Which of the following countries has the highest fertility rate?
Somalia
Which stage in the graph shows the greatest overall decline in death rate?
Stage 2
Which stage represents the fertility transition--a period of declining fertility rates related to economic and social change?
Stage 3
In which stage or stages is the size of the population relatively stable?
Stages 1 and 4
Based on trends, who will continue to acquire land in the Niger Delta? United States The Nigerian government Delta women Aid organizations
The Nigerian government
When birth rates decline, what happens to a given population? -The average age of the population grows older. -The population shifts towards females. -The average age of the population grows younger. -The number of producers in the ecosystem decreases.
The average age of the population grows older. -When birth rates decline, the population shifts toward the elderly over time, as seen in China
If the UN has its way, which of the following will happen first in the Niger Delta? -New banana trees will be planted. -The damaged pipeline will be repaired. -The rivers will be restocked with fish. -The drinking water will be made safe to drink.
The drinking water will be made safe to drink.
What could be a roadblock to the success of the new two-child policy?
The increased cost of living could deter some couples. -Having more children would require many Chinese families to change their lifestyle, which is something they may not be willing to do.
In 1900, there were approximately 1.75 billion humans on Earth; in 1950, there were approximately 2.3 billion; in the year 2025, approximately 8 billion people will inhabit the biosphere. In the period between 1900 and 2025, what has happened to the human population? -It has stabilized. -Zero-population growth policies are at work. -The intervals (in years) of population doubling are fixed. -The intervals between population doublings are decreasing.
The intervals between population doublings are decreasing. -Exponential growth—the increase in a quantity by a fixed percentage per unit time—accelerates the increase in population size over time, just as compound interest accrues in a savings account. There are more people alive today than at any time in human history.
Use the figure above to answer the following question.Which of the following can be inferred from the age structure shown? -The population in Nigeria is growing more rapidly than Canada. -The population in Canada is growing more rapidly than Nigeria. -The population in Nigeria is aging rapidly. -The population in Nigeria has many more males than females. -There was a "baby boom" in Nigeria 30 years ago.
The population in Nigeria is growing more rapidly than Canada.
Which of these statements about the growth of the human population is true? -The human population has been growing at a steady and constant rate since 1800. -The human population peaked in the 1960s and has been declining since. -Population growth is evenly divided with 50% of the increase coming from the developed countries and 50% from the developing countries. -The rate at which the population has been growing has slowed in the past 50 years, but the human population is still getting larger.
The rate at which the population has been growing has slowed in the past 50 years, but the human population is still getting larger. -The highest rate of growth occurred in the 1960s. Since then, the rate of growth has declined from 2.1% to 1.2%, but the human population is still growing.
What does a high percentage of population under age 15 tell us about a region's potential for population growth? -The region's population will likely increase. -The region's population will likely fluctuate. -The region's population will likely remain stable. -The region's population will likely decrease. -None of the listed responses are correct.
The region's population will likely increase.
The period in a woman's life between sexual maturity and menopause is known as what? -The immigration transition -The family planning window -The reproductive window -The demographic transition
The reproductive window -This is the span of time in which women may become pregnant.
How do women cause a reduction in the total fertility rate (TFR)? -Promiscuity through available contraception -Through empowerment, personal choice, and education -Lower levels of education for women leads to lower growth rates. -High rates of female literacy result in high population growth rates.
Through empowerment, personal choice, and education -When women have access to both medical care and education, they make the reproductive decisions in families.
Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?
a rectangle tapering toward the top -Such a population is expected to have a relatively stable size.
Zero population growth occurs in a population when ________. -birth rate equals death rate and there is no migration -people have as many children as they can in the first 5 years of marriage -the ecological footprints are larger than the carrying capacity -the carrying capacity is larger than the ecological footprint -total fertility rate exceeds the average replacement rate
birth rate equals death rate and there is no migration
What does the left y-axis of the graph represent? -birth rate -birth rate or death rate -total population -total number of births and deaths -time
birth rate or death rate
Part complete Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? In the future the birth rate and death rate will be balanced, so the total population will remain relatively constant.
cannot be determined from the graph
In a country where there are increasingly more households, ________. -consumption should increase -population growth rates should increase -birth rates should increase -consumption should decrease -birth rates should remain constant
consumption should increase
In comparison to 1970, the overall percentage of households with 4 or more people in 2000______. -stayed the same -increased relative to households of 3 or fewer people -decreased by approximately 1% -decreased by approximately 10%
decreased by approximately 10% -Correct. In 1970 35.6% of households had either 4 or more than 5 people, but in 2000 the percentage dropped to 25% (a 10% decrease).
Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below.Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus two centuries ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans seem to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify and monitor population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Despite long-lasting, rapid global population growth that is only recently starting to show signs of slowing, we have thus far been able to avoid global catastrophe. Can we continue to avoid disaster?Aside from contraception, human society and government policy can ________ to control population growth's negative effects on the environment. -discourage equal education, employment, and literacy for women -encourage consumption -encourage emigration from Africa -discourage emigration from Africa -discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas
discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas
To limit the growth of the Zambian population, humanitarian aid agencies and organizations such as UNICEF are focusing on __________. -forced sterilization of women who already have three children -giving people money to purchase birth control -educating and empowering women -increasing the availability of abortions
educating and empowering women -Educating and encouraging women to limit family size is a strategy that shows promise as a way to limit the growth of the Zambian population.
The highest fertility rates occur mostly in which climate? -complex mountain -humid subtropical -subtropical steppe -tropical savanna -tropical monsoon
humid subtropical
What factor would contribute to a sharp decline in death rate, such as the one shown in Stage 2?
improved sanitation
The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years for human use of natural resources are ________.
increasing and unsustainable
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?
inverted pyramid -In such a population the majority of individuals are in their postreproductive years. Such a population is expected to decrease.
The view held by both Malthus and Paul Ehrlich suggests that depletion of resource supplies due to greater numbers of people ________. -is a problem because most resources are limited and can be depleted -is not a problem because new resources can always be found to replace depleted ones -will lead to natural selection of the most fit individuals -will result in exponential population grow -this not a problem because disease will limit population size
is a problem because most resources are limited and can be depleted
Use the figure above to answer the following question. According to the figure, Nigeria has a ________ population size than Canada, with a ________ median age and a ________ proportion of the population at post reproductive age. -smaller; higher; larger -larger; lower; smaller -larger; higher; larger -larger; lower; larger -smaller; lower; smaller
larger; lower; smaller
A population that is not growing will have a TFR of ________. 5 or higher less than 1.0 1.2 zero 2.1 or lower
less than 1.0 ??????? not zero...
Use the figure above to answer the following question. The age structure diagram of Canada suggests that its total fertility rate (TFR) is ________. less than the replacement rate zero over 5.0 less than zero steadily rising
less than the replacement rate
John Seager describes several benefits of smaller families, including ____________. -increased traffic congestion -busier schools -longer waits at hospitals -reduced carbon emissions
reduced carbon emissions -Correct. Fewer people would translate to lower resource use and thus reduced carbon emissions.
Why aren't more couples using birth control in Zambia? Birth control in Zambia __________. -is forbidden by the government -requires travel that many families cannot afford. -is too expensive -leads to an increase in sexually-transmitted infections
requires travel that many families cannot afford. -Many families spend what money they have on food and therefore cannot afford to travel to obtain birth control.
What is the relationship between family income and family size? In general, as family income levels __________. -become increasingly unpredictable, families have fewer children -rise, families have fewer children -fall, families have fewer children -None of the listed responses above is correct.
rise, families have fewer children -Education and increased income generally produce smaller families.
In the demographic transition model, the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during ________. -stage 1, the preindustrial stage -stage 2, the transitional stage -stage 3, the industrial stage -stage 4, the postindustrial stage -stage 5, the stability transition stage
stage 2, the transitional stage
Which of the following climates contains the LOWEST population density? -highland -tropical rainy -marine west coast -subarctic -tropical wet and dry
subarctic
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The population grows most rapidly when the birth rate is significantly greater than the death rate.
supported
Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below.Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus two centuries ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans seem to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify and monitor population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Despite long-lasting, rapid global population growth that is only recently starting to show signs of slowing, we have thus far been able to avoid global catastrophe. Can we continue to avoid disaster?Despite dire predictions in the past, humans still inhabit Earth. A few economists would argue that this is because ________. -world population growth has been slower than expected -space exploration has revealed new frontiers -technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources -Malthus overestimated Earth's environmental sensitivity -Malthus's measurements were inaccurate
technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources
The term demographic transition refers to ________.
the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops
Declining population growth rates in poor countries can be partially attributed to ________.
the education of women
The number of children in a family in Zambia has largely been determined by __________. -the other children in the family -the father -the amount of available food -the religious practices of the family
the father -Historically, Zambian women have had little control over family size.
Malthus was responsible for ________.
the idea that without social restrictions, increasing human population would lead to famine and war
What does the green graph line represent?
total number of individuals in the population
When do smaller numbers of people have larger ecological footprints? -when there is war -when populations immigrate and emigrate -when they are from developing nations -when they are from affluent, wealthier nations
when they are from affluent, wealthier nations -Individuals in wealthier nations tend to have greater ecological footprints
