Ex 2 Review - Motor Learning

*Temporary Deafferation*

"Temporary" damage to proprioceptors. *PAST: "Nerve block technique"* - Inflate blood pressure cuff to create sensory disuse of sensory nerves. [-This was practiced until 10-15 yrs ago for coordination tests, but often led to permanent loss of feeling. Whoops! ] *PRESENT: "Tendon Vibration"* High speed vibration of tendon against the muscle, which bounces off and distorts the feedback (rather than removing it).

*Trace Decay*

#1 Reaction of the passage of time, especially with age. Affects both WM, LTM p.241 ch 10

*Kahneman's Model of Attention*

*Central Capacity Resource Theory* (1/2) One central source; all activities compete! One thing has 100% focus, and everything else is secondary. 1) Ensure Task 1 Completion 2) Enduring dispositions (meaningful, novel attention shift --> COCKTAIL PARTY EFFECT) 3) Momentary intentions (you allocate attention according to what you know). p.203 ch 9

*Multiple Resource Theory*

*Central Capacity Resource Theory* (2/2) One central source; all activities compete! A bank to apply mental resources to multiple locations. SENSORY - Visual, Proprioception MEMORY - Spatial, Verbal RESPONSE - Verbal, Motor p.206 ch 9

*Fitt's Law and Prehension*

*Demonstrates speed-accuracy tradeoff that this law predicted. * Object width = Target width Index of difficulty for grasping containers of different sizes and quantities of liquid. (Latash/Jaric 2002) -% of fullness is critical. -Ratio of mug size and liquid level p. 149 ch 7

*Encoding Specificity Principal*

*IF test context resembles practice,* the performance *retention will be higher*. (Keep up the good work on your Quizlet M/C test! ;-)) The relationship between the memory encoding and retrieval process. Review in an active way!! Tulving & Thompson 1973 p.250 ch 10

*Muscle Spindles* (Type of Proprioceptor)

*Intrafusal fibers* which *lie in parallel* with extrafusal fibers within most SKELETAL MUSCLE. -These mechanoreceptors provide feedback to CNS on: *Fiber LENGTHENING* + *SPEED (VELOCITY) OF fiber STRETCH.* -Tell CNS to *maintain limb position, direction, velocity.* -Enables *change in joint angle.* i.e. Allowed our bodies to "press on the break really, really, quickly!" p.116 ch 6; PPT slide 8

*Spontaneous Gait Transitions* (Why?)

*Minimize metabolic energy use (VO2)* (Some say no single factor responsible)

*Proprioceptors* (4 Locations)

*Specialized Sensory Neurons* that are found in... 1) Muscles 2) Tendons 3) Ligaments 4) Joints (ch 6)

*Joint Receptors* (Type of Proprioceptor)

- Located in joint capsule & ligaments - Detect changes in force & movement angle, ESPECIALLY OUTSIDE NORMAL LIMITS. p.117 ch 6, PPT slide 9

*Fitt's Law*

- Predicts movement time (MT) given specific accuracy characteristics. *Predicted a speed-accuracy tradeoff!* - Increase in accuracy demands = increase RT. - Based on reciprocal *10 second* tapping tasks. - *MT = a + b log2 (2 D/W)* IE1 = Easiest IE5 = Hardest p.141 ch 7

*Proprioception*

- The sensory system's detection and reception of movement - Spatial position of limbs, trunk, and head. - Synonymous with "*Kinesthesis*." 3 types: GTOS (tension and force), Muscle Spindles (length and speed of muscle change), Joint Receptors (outside normal limits) p.115 ch 6; PPT slide 6

*Binocular Vision* (vs. Monocular)

-*BOTH EYES* -Critical for *DEPTH PERCEPTION with 3-D features* (reaching, walking on cluttered path, moving object interception) -*MOVEMENT TRACKING* p.129 ch 6, Ch 6 lecture recap handout, PPT slide 16

*Gait Influencers* (3)

-*CPGs (central pattern generators) in the spinal cord* help provide a basis for walking & running patterns -*MUSCLE SPINDLES* and *GTOs* (Golgi Tendon Organs) proprioceptive feedback also contribute.

*Central Vision* (vs. Peripheral Vision)

-*MIDDLE 2-5 degrees* of VISUAL FIELD -*VISUAL STREAM* (Visual cortex --> Frontal Lobe) -Mainly for *PERCEPTION*: - Provides specific info to begin an action -Provides *OBJECT DETAILS* - How to prepare to reach out & grasp (due to size, shape, etc.) -How to stay on a path when walking -Fine scene analysis -Consciousness - a.k.a. *FOVEAL VISION* p.131 ch 6, PPT slide 17, Ch 6 lecture recap handout

*Transport*

-*Movement of hand to object. * -First of three components of *PREHENSION. *

*Prehension* (Goodale research 1991,1995)

-*OBJECT SIZE* has influence on *timing of max grip aperture* & *velocity of hand profile movement.* -Standard hand shape beginning closure for grasp (max grip aperture) is *at 2/3 of movement time, REGARDLESS OF TIME OR DISTANCE.* -(Other research shows movement kinematics for prehension components = "COORDINATIVE STRUCTURE.")

*Object Manipulation*

-*The hand carrying out the intended use for the object.* -Third of three components of *PREHENSION.*

*Grasp*

-*The hand taking hold of the object.* -Second of three components of *PREHENSION. *

Handwriting

-*Vision* is critical to this process -Different *control mechanisms* are involved -*Much Individual variation* in ppl's limb segment involvement --Demonstrates characteristics of *coordinative structure* ch 7

*Locomotion* (Rhythmic Structures of Gait)

-Components of step cycle - Rhythmic relationship between arms & legs - Pelvis & thorax relationship when walking Analyzing these things allows for assessment of coordination problems of trunk & legs, like Parkinson's. p.161 ch 7

*Peripheral Vision* (vs. Central Vision)

-Detects info beyond central vision limits -*160 to ~200 degree upper limit* *DORSAL STREAM* (Visual cortex --> Posterior Parietal Lobe) -*Tracking, guides movement, action planning* -Context of the moving limb in the ENVIRONMENT -SPATIAL SCENE characteristics p.131 ch 6, PPT slide 18, Ch 6 lecture recap handout

*Proprioceptors* (Damage)

DEAFFERENTATION of these...Severely alters coordination! Types of deafferentation: -Surgical -Sensory Neuropathy -Temporary

*CPG* (Central Pattern Generators)

Located in the SPINAL CORD, they are involved in the control of LOCOMOTION (GAIT).

*Tactile Sensory Receptors*

Mechanoreceptors There is a high concentration of these in the dermis of your fingertips!! Deliver TEMPERATURE, PAIN, MVMT INFO to CNS.

Reaction Time (& Attention) **********

RT is a limited capacity response.

*Declarative Knowledge*

Verbally described skill knowledge. "Stage 1" - All beginners who can verbalize rules & basics of what to do. Part of the distinction between knowing what to do and how to do. Think, *describing how to tie shoes* & actually tying them. p.237 ch 10

*Central Executive*

WM's ability to coordinate information available from LTM & WM, as it is an *interactive workspace.*

*Explicit Knowledge* *************

What you can put down on a recall test, or how you perform in Friday night's basketball game. Tests are focused on recall and recognition. p.238? ch 10

*Organization*

When applied to a complex motor skill, the relationship among the components of the skill.

*Prehension*

-General term for actions involving reaching and grasping for objects. -Three components: *Transport, Grasp, Object Manipulation* p.146 ch 7

*WM* (Working Memory/Short Term Memory purpose)

-Helps achieve goals at hand, "Right Now!" -Decision Making -Problem Solving -Mvmt. Planning & Execution -An INTERACTIVE workspace -Includes *phonological, visuospatial, central executive*

*LTM* (Long Term Memory)

-Helps you benefit from your past -Relatively unlimited capacity -Permanent repository -Unknown duration -Includes *procedural, semantic, episodic* -You must *encode* things from your WM to get them to stay over here. p.235 ch 10

*Golgi-Tendon Organs* (GTOs - Type of Proprioceptor)

-Live in SKELETAL MUSCLE near tendon insertion. -Detect *change in muscle tension* (*FORCE*). -DO NOT do a good job of detecting change in muscle length. p.117 ch 6

*Bimanual Coordination Skills*

-Motor skills that require simultaneous use of two arms. -Skills require two arms to move at the same or different spatial and/or temporal characteristics.

*Monocular Vision* (vs. Binocular)

-ONE EYE -FINE DETAIL -NO DEPTH p.129 ch 6, Ch 6 lecture recap handout, PPT slide 16

*Vision* (Impact on prehension: 4 ways)

1) *Assesses regulatory conditions* for movement PREPARATION & INITIATION. 2) Central vision *Provides time-to-contact* info for GRASP INITIATION 3) Peripheral vision *provides hand movement FEEDBACK* 4) For object grasp, this*supplements tactile and propriceptive feedback* to *ensure intended use is achieved.* - p.149 ch 7

*Catching* (Critical Time Periods)

1) Initial Flight Portion (...brief intermittent visual snapshots work here...) 2) Just Prior to Hand Contact Vision of the hands is NOT necessary for experienced ppl.

*Catching* (3 Phases)

1) Initial positioning of arm & hand 2) Shaping of hand & fingers 3) Grasping of object These movement characteristics are *related to % ball flight time.* *Pro players initiate hand shape 80 msec earlier* than non-catchers!!

*Maximum Grip Aperture*

In *prehension*, this is the hand shape beginning closure for grasp. Occurs at *2/3 of movement time.*

*WM* (Working/Short Term Memory - explain its retention)

20-30 Seconds 5-9 Items Use "chunking" to increase the capacity

*Enduring Dispositions*

A meaningful, novel attention shift, i.e. COCKTAIL PARTY EFFECT Rule 2 of Kahneman's Model/a Central Capacity Resource Theory

*Vigilance* *******

A performer characteristic that has been proven to show *signal focus trumps movement focus*. It pays to be alert! Don't be bored out there. a) Warning Effect b) Foreperiod Length Effect c) Vigilance Effect p.185 ch 8

*Phonological Loop*

A type of WM storage for VERBAL INFO

*Visuospatial Sketchpad*

A type of WM storage for VISUAL INFO Visually detected spatial info

*Movements Characterized by Tactile Sensory Info* *****************

Accuracy Consistency Force adjustment

Reaction Attention (& Time) ***************

Donders, 1868: "You need time to react properly."

*Intentional Memory*

Far better than incidental memory. Increase a movement's meaningfulness through *VISUAL METAMORPHIC IMAGERY* (help a person think of an image related to the movement) or *VERBAL LABEL* (attach a specific label to the movement), and it will be encoded better. p.247 ch 10

*Semantic* (Memory System)

General knowledge about the world Early rehearsed learning memories

*Tendon Vibration* (research)

Has demonstrated that proprioception influences: -Movement accuracy -Target Accuracy -Spatial/Temporal Accuracy -Spatial/Temporal Coupling -Timing -Coordination -Situational Adaptations PPT slide 12

*Regulatory Conditions*

Help plan the action

Motor Equivilance

How a person adapts to various context demands in handwriting (write on different surfaces, write large or small) ch 7

*Stroop Effect*

If the spatial arrangement does not make sense, RT will increase. p.178 ch 8

Hick's Law

Increase in CHOICES = increase in RT p.175 ch 8

*Implicit Knowledge* ***************

Information in the memory that is difficult or impossible to verbalize. You may be unaware of a test in this. p.240? ch 10

*Retroactive Interference*

Interference AFTER something important is taught. Affects both WM, LTM p.242 ch 10

*Proactive Interference*

Interference BEFORE something important is taught. Affects both WM, LTM p.241 ch 10

*Incidental Memory* *********************

Just happening to remember something. ch 10

*The Moving Room Experiment*

Lee/Aronson 1974 - Explored conflict with sensory systems; postural perturbation & visual perturbation. *Proved VISION is preferred over Proprioception. * An EMG was set up and showed movements were consistent with what eyes told body, but posture often changed. Moving walls + stable floor, but ppl thought they'd fall anyway! (ch 6 PPT slides 14-15; Ch 6 lecture recap handout)

*Tendon Vibration*

Modern practice which *replaces Nerve Block Technique*, causing *Temporary Deafferation*. It *distorts*, rather than removing the proprioceptive feedback from the muscle. High speed vibration of the tendon of the agonist muscle, which bounces off and *DISTORTS proprioceptive feedback*, as opposed to removing it. p.120 ch 6

Propriceptors (3 Main Types)

Muscle Spindles Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) Joint Receptors (ch 6)

*Filter Theories* (a.k.a. Bottleneck Theories)

NO MULTITASKING due to serial processing of multiple stimuli. IDENTIFY SELECT PREPARE RESPOND It appears a person multitasks, but it's actually RAPID serial processing.

*Open Loop Control*

One of two motor control processes that underlie performance of *SPEED ACCURACY SKILLS* Occurrence: *At movement initiation* Initial movement instructions to *move the limb to the target vicinity.* Ch 7

*Closed Loop Control*

One of two motor control processes that underlie performance of *SPEED ACCURACY SKILLS* Occurrence: *At movement termination* *Feedback from vision and proprioception* needed at the end of the movement; *ensures target accuracy* Ch 7

*Non-Regulatory Conditions*

No impact on action outcome. i.e. color

Central Capacity Theories (2)

One central resource (i.e. CNS), for which ALL activities compete for focus (attention). 1) Kahneman's Model of Attention 2) Multiple Resource Theory

*Automaticity*

Performance of a skill (or parts of a skill) *without requiring attention resources.* Relates to the *amount of practice* a person has had. Attention increases as practice develops. p.214 ch 9

*Episodic* (Memory System)

Personal events; allows us to "travel in time." Birthdays, vacations, fears, accidents

*Foreperiod*

Regulation of this decreases RT. (Think of an elite runner practice) p.180 ch 8

*Procedural Knowledge*

Stores info for "how to" do specific activities; i.e. motor skills or make tacos. Knowledge that is not verbalized, or difficult to verbalize. "Stage 2" - Knowledge that enables the person to actually perform the skill. Practitioners work up to this. Part of the distinction between knowing what to do and how to do. Think, describing how to tie shoes & *actually tying them.* p.237 ch 10

Feature Integration Theory

The first search is a SPECIFIC FEATURE SEARCH (color, shape), an ATTENTIONAL SPOTLIGHT on the environment to help PLAN FOR WHAT POPS. A *visual search strategy* to help seek cues and plan action.

*MT* (Movement Time)

The interval of time btwn the initiation of the mvmt and the completion of the mvmt.

*Sensory Neuropathy Deafferentation* (Peripheral Neuropathy)

Type of damage to proprioceptors AFTER INJURY. Large *myelinated fibers of the limb are lost*, leading to a loss of all sensory information except pain and temperature. i.e. Due to injury, such as a car accident.

*Perception Action Coupling*

The spatial and temporal coordination of vision and the hands or feet that enables ppl to perform eye-hand or eye-foot coordination skills; that is, the coordination of the visual perception of the object and the limb movement required to achieve the action goal.

*Proprioceptors* (How is info shared?)

These *specialized sensory neurons* send *proprioception information* along *sensory neural pathways* to the *CNS.* ch 6; PPT slide 7

*Asymmetric Bimanual Action* (vs. Symmetric)

These tasks require more practice than the other type of action. p.152 ch 7

*PRP* (Psychological Refractory Period)

Throwing different signals to force an opponent to increase their RT. p.183 ch 8

*Time-To-Contact*

Time to Contact definition goes here

*Symmetric Bimanual Action* (vs. Asymmetric)

Two arms prefer these types of tasks. p.152 ch 7

*Surgical Deafferentation*

Type of damage to proprioceptors, DONE SURGICALLY. Afferent pathways associated with movements of interest have been *surgically removed or altered*. INTENTIONALLY DONE ONLY ON ANIMALS; but of course *not humane*! i.e. *Monkey studies*; *coordination altered* the most. Feeding/grooming activities stunted. p.118 ch 6

*Momentary Intentions*

You allocate attention according to what you know. Rule 3 of Kahnenman's Model/a Central Capacity Resource Theory

*Cocktail Party Effect*

You hear your name across the room and shift your attention to tune in. Follows *Rule 2 of Kahneman's Model of Attention* (a Central Capacity Resource Theory): *ENDURING DISPOSITIONS* p.206 ch 9

*Attention Switching*

You shift your attention from situation 1 to situation two to optimize your performance. This is okay in limited frequency. p.211 ch 9

*Inverted U*

Your ATTENTION POOL can increase or decrease. This is FLEXIBLE because of your AROUSAL level. Part of Kahneman's Model/a Central Capacity Resource Theory