Exam 1
When talking about validity, which of the following refers to whether a test, on the surface, appears to measure what it is supposed to measure? Face validity Discriminant validity Convergent validity Predictive validity
Face validity
________is a way to find hidden patterns in participants' responses. Theoretical analysis Factor analysis The perplexed approach The act frequency approach
Factor analysis
Life events are more likely to predict personality change than the other way around. True False
False
Mischel pointed out that in the studies that he examined, the average correlation between personality and behavior was .50. True False
False
Most people don't want to change their personality. True False
False
Photograph below shows an example of brain imagery scan that can be obtained via _________________. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Electrodermal activity (skin conductance) Electroencephalograph (EEG) Cardiac reactivity
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
_________________ increases with anxiety, fear, arousal, and cognitive effort. Brain imagery Response rate Fatigue Heart rate
Heart rate
_______________ approach states that important traits will be represented in language, and the more important they are, the more words the language will have for them. Theoretical Lexical Systematic Statistical
Lexical
Dr. Smith went on Facebook and gathered data about the number of friends of all of her participants. What kind of data did she collect? Informant's reports Life outcomes Test data Self-report
Life outcomes
Mia is a professional skydiver and scored high on a sensation-seeking scale. Which of the following does Mia most likely have at a low level? Serotonin MAO Testosterone Cortisol
MAO
Unlike individuals with shorter biological rhythms, individuals with longer biological rhythms __________. tend to be evening people are able to remain insensitive to reward even with a reactive behavioral activation system are unable to go against their natural circadian preferences find it easy to get up early in the morning
tend to be evening people
Libby is interested if extraversion is connected to the amount of physical activity. She decides to give all of her participants a scale that measures extroversion and gives them all a smartwatch to wear for a week. She records how many steps participants had on average per day. The amount of steps measured via smartwatch is an example of __________. measurement error informant's reports self-reported data test data
test data
Higher levels of ________________ are associated with competitiveness and aggression. cortisol antibodies testosterone oxycontin
testosterone
Case studies of Phineas Gage and Elliot demonstrate ______________________. that brain injury can lead to changes in cognitive ability that brain injury can lead to changes in one's personality that physiology and psychology are not at all connected that lobotomies work well
that brain injury can lead to changes in one's personality
The results of the Milgram's obedience study showed _______________. that people high on agreeableness would be less likely to harm another individual that personality plays an important role in how much people would or would not obey an authority figure that the majority of people would obey authority figure and harm another individual that only about 10 percent of participants obeyed an authority figure in the study
that the majority of people would obey authority figure and harm another individual
Electrical activity in the brain is measured with _____________. cardiovascular reactivity the electroencephalograph or EEG the electrocardiogram skin conductance
the electroencephalograph or EEG
The marshmallow study lends strong support for ________________. the importance of coherence of behavior rather than consistency the importance of consistency of behavior rather than coherence the notion that specific traits predict specific behaviors the importance of situation selection
the importance of coherence of behavior rather than consistency
Which characteristic of childhood temperament is linked to conscientiousness? positive emotionality negative emotionality effortful control kindness
effortful control
What personality changes on average does research find for people who begin a serious romantic relationship? increase in conscientiousness increase in neuroticism decrease in openness decrease in conscientiousness
increase in conscientiousness
Measuring the amount of electricity that passes between two electrodes that are placed on the fingers of one hand of an individual determines ___________. electroencephalograth activity cardiovascular reactivity brain activity electrodermal activity
electrodermal activity
Sasha is investigating the connection between extraversion and happiness in her research study. She randomly assigns the participants to one of the two conditions. In one condition, participants are asked to act like an extravert for a week, and in the other condition, they are asked to act like an introvert for a week. At the end of the week, Sasha measured everyone's level of happiness via self-reported questionnaire and compared average levels between the two groups. What research design did Sasha use in her study? case study observational experimental correlational
experimental
People who are high in trait ____________________ are sociable, fun-loving, and energetic. openness introversion extraversion agreeableness
extraversion
Sanjay developed a new measure of self-esteem. He wants to test the test-retest reliability of his measure. What does he need to do? give his measure to the same group of people more than once and get different results make sure that participants are answering similarly to all his questions (e.g. choosing 'agree' and 'mostly agree' for all the questions) give his measure to the same group of people more than once and get similar results make sure that participants are answering differently to all his questions (e.g. choosing a variety of answers from 'agree' to 'disagree')
give his measure to the same group of people more than once and get similar results
First lobotomies were performed via surgery, but later version of the procedure involved ___________________. measurement of brain wave activities intense psychotherapy surgically removing parts of the brain inserting an ice pick into an eye socket
inserting an ice pick into an eye socket
On a night out to the bars Jake's girlfriend ran into an old boyfriend and stopped briefly to catch up. In response, Jake broke into tears, called an Uber to take him back to campus, and locked himself away in his dorm for the remainder of the night. Which one of the Big Five traits is Jake most likely high in? agreeableness jealousy neuroticism extraversion
neuroticism
People who enjoy traveling abroad and trying new unfamiliar foods are most likely high in __________. extraversion openness conscientiousness agreeableness
openness
Rachael usually leads her group of friends to try a new adventure together. She also spends her free time taking drawing classes to boost her artistic creativity. She also participates in political protests quite often. Rachel is most likely high in _________. agreeableness extraversion openness conscientiousness
openness
Max is considered to be very traditional and really struggles with abstract thinking. He hates change and prefers to stick to a daily schedule and always finishes his tasks ahead of time while paying special attention to detail. Max is most likely low in _______ and high in _________. openness; conscientiousness conscientiousness; openness extraversion; neuroticism neuroticism; extraversion
openness; conscientiousness
Xiu believes that people have consistent behavioral tendencies that are identifiable and impactful across situations. He is on the __________ side of a debate between personality psychologists and social psychologists. person situation nurture nature
person
Research conducted by Diener and colleagues suggests that ______________ is much higher when we are at work compared to when we are not (e.g. evenings and weekends). situation coherence principle of correspondence situation selection situation strength
situation strength
Work by Soto and colleagues (2011) shows that the most changes in traits agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness happen between _________________. 50 to 60 years of age 10 and 20 years of age 30 to 40 years of age 40 to 50 years of age
10 and 20 years of age
In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argues that ________________. situations do not reliably predict consistent behavioral trends personality traits transcend the immediate situation and moment, and they provide the most consistent guide to a person's actions traits are the only factors that influence human behavior behavior is too inconsistent to predict using broad personality traits
behavior is too inconsistent to predict using broad personality traits
Becky is interested in aggressive behaviors in preschool children. She goes to local daycare and observes how children behave during recess. What kind of data is Becky collecting? Behavioral observations Test data Life outcomes Informant's reports
Behavioral observations
To what extent do personality traits and situational constraints predict behavior? Only personality influences a person's behavior Only the situation influences a person's behavior Situations determine traits, which then determine behavior Both factors predict behavior about equally well
Both factors predict behavior about equally well
What is one of the advantages of informant's reports? Includes information about private experiences Simple and easy to get Is bias free Can get information from multiple "informants" and average it, which could be more accurate than information from one person
Can get information from multiple "informants" and average it, which could be more accurate than information from one person
Yang is interested in truly understanding the personality of her role model - Marie Curie. As an aspiring scientist, she wants to know everything about her and how her personality was connected to her success as a scientist. What method would you suggest Yang should use in this case? Experimental Observational Case study Correlational
Case study
Dr. J is testing the new measure of happiness that she developed. From previous research, she knows that happiness is usually correlated with extraversion, basic psychological need satisfaction, and optimism. Dr. J finds that her new measure also correlates with all three of these constructs. We can say that she established __________________. Face validity Criterion validity Discriminant validity Convergent validity
Convergent validity
_________________ asserts not only that personality traits are relatively stable across the life span, but also that consistency increases with the passing years. Cohort effect Heterotypic continuity Active person-environment transaction Cumulative continuity principle
Cumulative continuity principle
What is NOT a commonly used physiological measure in personality research? DNA Test Brain Activity Electrodermal Activity Cardiovascular Activity
DNA Test
Which of the following behaviors would be the easiest to predict accurately? Suni will laugh a lot around noon on Sunday At a party on Friday, Anna will talk to at least 10 people Darius will generally be on time for work most days next week Maria will smile at 10:00 A.M. tomorrow
Darius will generally be on time for work most days next week
Mia is extremely organized and likes to stay ahead of schedule. Her teachers love her because she pays such close attention to detail. Which describes Mia best? High in Conscientiousness High in Agreeableness Low in Openness OCD
High in Conscientiousness
Besides Big Five traits, some researchers believe that being able to help others willingly and not deceiving other people is also an important personality trait. What is this trait called? Agreeableness Arrogance Honesty-Humility Trustworthiness
Honesty-Humility
Letters of recommendations for graduate school applications are an example of what kind of data? Test data Informant's reports Life outcomes Self-reports
Informant's reports
Why is fundamental attribution error an issue for personality psychology? Because fundamental attribution error states that people tend to overemphasize the importance of the situation when judging why someone behaves a certain way It might be that personality psychologist find value in personality and individual differences just because they are making fundamental attribution error Because it has been shown to not really be a thing in research It is not an issue
It might be that personality psychologist find value in personality and individual differences just because they are making fundamental attribution error
Laila is a great friend. She worries about others and constantly helps her friends when they are feeling overwhelmed. She gets joy from bringing a smile to her friends' faces. Which one is most likely? Laila is high in conscientiousness Laila is high in openness Laila is high in agreeableness Laila is high in extraversion
Laila is high in agreeableness
_________________ states that traits such as contentiousness and emotional stability that are needed to effectively perform adult roles increase with age. Social clock Maturity principle Rank-order stability Cohort effect
Maturity principle
Jack's frontal brain activation increased when Jack looked at a negative image. What kind of Big Five trait is related to this? Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness
Neuroticism
Recent research on The Big Five and the brain found connections to specific brain regions for four out of five traits. Which one was NOT mentioned in this research? Agreeableness Neuroticism Conscientiousness Openness
Openness
What is one of the disadvantages of self-reported data? Lack of access to private experiences Participants might not know the true answer to the question that they are being asked Limited behavioral information Multi-determination
Participants might not know the true answer to the question that they are being asked
Dr. Li found a strong positive correlation between people's extraversion and the number of tweets people post each day. Which of the following is the best conclusion they can draw from this finding? Being extraverted makes people want to tweet more Only extraverted people use Twitter Posting on Twitter makes people extraverted People who are extraverted are more likely to post a lot of tweets compared to people who are less extraverted
People who are extraverted are more likely to post a lot of tweets compared to people who are less extraverted
Who among the following tend to seek out thrilling and exciting activities, take risks, and avoid boredom? People who can be described as having a Type A personality People with weak nervous systems People who score high on a sensation seeking scale People who are low in extraversion
People who score high on a sensation seeking scale
The answers to the scale below are an example of what kind of data? Instructions: Below are five statements that you may agree or disagree with. Using the 1 -7 scale below, indicate your agreement with each item by placing the appropriate numberon the line preceding that item. Please be open and honest in your responding.• 7 - Strongly agree• 6 - Agree• 5 - Slightly agree• 4 - Neither agree nor disagree• 3 - Slightly disagree• 2 - Disagree• 1 - Strongly disagree____ In most ways my life is close to my ideal.____ The conditions of my life are excellent.____ I am satisfied with my life.____ So far I have gotten the important things I want in life.____ If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. Informant's reports Behavioral observation Self-reports Life outcomes
Self-reports
Lindy wants to change her extraversion levels, so she decides that she will try to talk to new people in her class every day, even though it makes her feel uncomfortable. What approach to personality change does Lindy use in this example? Psychedelic therapy Life experiences approach General intervention model Sociogenomic trait intervention model
Sociogenomic trait intervention model
In the context of the big-five factors model, which of the following was used by Allport and Odbert to identify 18 000 trait terms? Self reports Act nominations The English dictionary Peer ratings
The English dictionary
Both lexical and statistical approaches find support for five factor taxonomy of personality. True False
True
Living abroad can lead to personality change in several Big Five factors. True False
True
Some types of animals have stable personalities. True False
True
Traits are usually seen as measured on a continuum (more extraverted, less extraverted, etc.) rather than in categories (extraverts vs. introverts). True False
True
Even though birth order has only a small effect on personality, there are some correlations between birth order and personality that research finds. What birth order rank is associated with higher openness to experience? Only children Younger Middleborn Firstborn
Younger
Jess is at a party and before she decides how to behave she pays a lot of attention to what expectations other people at the party have. It seems that people who tell stories and joke a lot are received well by others, so she decides to tell a funny story too. Jess is most likely _____________. a high self-monitor a low self-monitor low on agreeableness high on agreeableness
a high self-monitor
Consistency of people's personality is the highest ___________________. during childhood during college years after 90 years old between ages 50 and 70
between ages 50 and 70
A person who is disorganized, careless, and impulsive is low in __________ trait. openness conscientiousness neuroticism agreeableness
conscientiousness
What is NOT one of the reasons why Walter Freeman was motivated to simplify the lobotomy procedure? he wanted to decrease the rates with which the procedure was performed until further research demonstrated its effectiveness he was not a licensed surgeon he wanted to be able to perform the procedure in a variety of settings he wanted more people to be able to get the procedure
he wanted to decrease the rates with which the procedure was performed until further research demonstrated its effectiveness
Which of the following is NOT true about psychedelic therapy? it uses MDMA in 2017 it received a 'breakthrough therapy' designation it is a type of therapy that is done alone early studies show that it can be effective at treating PTSD
it is a type of therapy that is done alone
While Stanford prison "experiment" is a very well known study, ___________________________. it doesn't raise any ethical concerns it is not actually good research it is a great example of how research should be conducted it didn't have an effect on the person-situation debate
it is not actually good research
Cinco is ____________, so he is likely to express his personality consistently from one situation to the next. low in self-monitoring low in self-efficacy high in self-efficacy high in self-monitoring
low in self-monitoring
When Alexa was a teenager she wasn't as nice to others as she is now, at the age of 40. She also noticed that people her age are generally more considerate and helpful to others compared to average high-school students. What type of personality change does this example illustrate? continuous radical mean-level rank-order
mean-level
There is a __________ correlation between sensation seeking and extraversion. moderate positive very low positive marginally negative very strong negative
moderate positive
Listening to music generally leads to a better mood. However, if a person dislikes the music that they listen to, it is not the case. In this example, liking or disliking the music serves as a ___________. moderator conceptual issue dependent variable mediator
moderator
In the context of the HEXACO model, individuals low in honesty-humility are _________. more likely to forgive their former romantic partners on being rejected. more likely to boast about their personal accomplishments. less likely to violate social contracts. less likely to sabotage others in their work environment.
more likely to boast about their personal accomplishments.
Su was the most adventurous child on the playground, did multiple study abroad trips in college, and now, at the age of 35, continues to go on the most trips compared to her friends. What phenomenon does Su illustrate? personality change situational specificity mean level stability rank order stability
rank order stability
On Friday, Laura completes the Self-Monitoring scale and receives a score of 49. On the following Tuesday, she fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Laura's scores on the Self-Monitoring Scale do not appear to be _____________. reliable free of unwanted biases self-reported significant
reliable
The clock in one of the classrooms on campus is running five minutes ahead, so every day when it is actually 1 pm, it shows 1:05 pm. We can conclude that this clock is a _________ , but not a ___________ measure of time. reliable; valid generalizable; reliable valid; reliable accurate; valid
reliable; valid
Sulo, who is very conscientious, chose to spend her Sunday afternoon planning her school work schedule for the upcoming week. Her roommate, Kate, on the other hand, decided to go try a new Ethiopian restaurant that just opened up with a group of friends. This example illustrates the importance of ________________ when talking about relationship between personality and behavior. delay of gratification moderator variables situation selection self-monitoring
situation selection
What is NOT one of the ways to change personality? general interventions wishful thinking targeted interventions psychotherapy
wishful thinking