exam 1

Suppose a frequency distribution has the following consecutive classes: $20 up to $30 $30 up to $ 40 $40 up to $50 What is the midpoint for the first class? -$25 -$10 -$20 -$30

$25

artistic proof

(artistic appeal) support for an argument that a writer creates based on principles of reason and shared knowledge rather than on facts and evidence

Aristotle's strategy for classification

- arguments about the past (forensic arguments) - arguments about the present (epideictic or ceremonial arguments) - arguments about the future (deliberative arguments)

Why is humor effective?

- puts readers at ease - suspend reader judgement - deal with sensitive issues - used to ridicule other arguments - used as satire

Why do people and institutions that want to influence us do everything they can to establish character and credibility?

with more credibility, more trust about claims made

inartistic proof

(inartistic appeal) support for an argument using facts, statistics, eyewitness testimony, or other evidence the writer finds rather than creates

which of the following is true about pie charts?

the size of a slice should represent a classes relative frequency

What background information do we need about any statistics we use?

to see if it's credible or not

When can using emotion fail?

use too much emotion and you offend a person

warrant

in Toulmin argument, the statement (expressed or implied) that establishes the logical connection between a claim and its supporting reason

When is humor not effective?

- when it becomes offensive or taken the wrong way

Which of the following is the best definition of "class midpoint"? -halfway between the lower or upper limits of two consecutive classes -the average value of the observations in the class interval -halfway between the highest and lowest classes

-halfway between the lower or upper limits of two consecutive classes

histogram

A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are represented by the heights of the bars, and the bars are drawn adjacent to each other

class midpoint

Halfway between the lower or upper of two consecutive classes. It is computed by adding the lower or upper limits of consecutive classes and dividing by 2.

frequency table

a grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive classes showing the number of observations in each class

claim

a statement that asserts a belief or truth. In arguments, moth claims require supporting evidence. The claim is a key component in Toulmin argument

pathos (aka emotional appeal)

a strategy in which a writer tires to general specific emotions (such as fear, envy, anger, or pity) in an audience to dispose it to accept a claim

logos (aka logical appeal)

a strategy in which a writer uses facts, evidence, and reason to convince audience members to accept a claim

Rogerian arguments

an approach to argumentation based on the principle, articulated by psychotherapist Carl Rogers, that audience respond best when they don't feel threatened. Rogerian argument stresses trust and urges those who disagree to find common ground

proposal arguments

an argument in which a claim is made in favor of or opposing a specific course of action

arguments of definition

an argument in which the claim specifies that something does or does not meet the conditions or features set forth in a representation; within stasis theory: What is the nature of the thing?

deliberative arguments

an argument that deals with action to be taken in the future, focusing on matters of policy. Deliberative arguments include parliamentary debates and campaign platforms

stasis theory

in classic rhetoric, a method for coming up with appropriate arguments by determining the nature of a given situation: a question of fact; of definition; of quality; or of policy

reason

in writing, a statement that expands a claim by offering evidence to support it. The reason may be a statement of fact or another claim. In Toulmin argument, a reason is attached to a claim by a warrant, a statement that establishes the logical connection between claim and supporting reason

Why should writers be careful when using statistics?

making sure that it is up to date

Match the term with the definition -mutually exclusive classes -collective exhaustive classes -the classes don't overlap -there is a class for each observation

mutually exclusive classes- the classes don't overlap collective exhaustive classes- there is a class for each observation

confirmation bias

situation where something in society confirms our world view (most people will naturally belief something that confirms with something they already think - or generally accepted view)

Arguments to persuade

tells the audience what actions to take/how to respond

rhetoric

the art of persuasion

stasis questions

who, what, where, when, why, how

What are some tips for considering what is "normal"?

- exploring assumptions - remembering ways of arguing differently across cultures - not assuming that people share the same cultural values, ethical principles, or political assumptions - respect the differences among individuals within a given group

pie chart

A chart that shows the proportion or percentage that each class represents of the total number of frequencies.

Step 1 to create a frequency distribution

Decide the total number of classes. A useful recipe to determine the number of classes (k) is the "2 to the k rule." This guide suggests you select the smallest number (k) for the number of classes such that 2^k (in words, 2 raised to the power of k) is greater than the number of observations (n).

frequency distribution

Does NOT summarize qualitative data, only Quantitative

regarding freq tables and freq distribution, which of the following is true?

both show the number of observations in each class

Arguments to make decisions

closely linked with exploratory arguments, the goal is consider various alternatives to make good, sound choices

arguments of evaluation

presents criteria and then measures people, ideas, actions, or things against those standards; within stasis theory: What is the quality or cause of the thing?

Explain the "the rhetorical situation" graphic on page 25 and how it relates to kairos.

rhetoric situations are embedded in all social complexity. Through context and media, it connects to writers/speakers, through text messages, and through readers/viewers/listeners based on circumstances

intended readers

the actual, real-life people whom a writer consciously wants to address in a piece of writing

Which of the following practices is commonly used in setting class limits for a frequency distribution? -overlapping the upper limit with the lower limit of the next higher class -rounding the class size up -deleting data which is too low or too high to fit convenient intervals -placing "excess" interval width equally in the two tails of the distribution

- rounding the class size up -placing "excess" interval width equally in the two tails of the distribution

Suppose that the miles per gallon for 80 cars is summarized in a frequency distribution. Below is a part of the distribution. What would the relative frequency be for the class "20 up to 24"? MPG Frequency 16 up to 20 10 20 up to 24 16 -80 -0.125 -10 -0.20 -16 -1.00

-0.20

What is the final step is creating a frequency distribution? -decide the number of classes -set the individual class limits -count the number of observations in each class -determine class width

-count the number of observations in each class

Place the following steps used in constructing a frequency distribution into correct order. -tally the number of observations in each class -decide on the number of classes -determine class width -set individual class limits

-determine the number of classes -determine the class width -set individual class limits -tally the number of observations in each class

A frequency distribution table shows the number of observations for each class interval of data. How is this data plotted as a frequency polygon? -frequency is plotted on the horizontal axis and the class interval is plotted on the vertical axis -frequency is plotted on the vertical axis and the class midpoint is plotted on the horizontal axis -frequency is plotted on the vertical axis and the class interval is plotted on the horizontal axis -the cumulative proportion of observations for each class is plotted on the vertical axis and the class upper limit is plotted on the horizontal axis

-frequency is plotted on the vertical axis and the class midpoint is plotted on the horizontal axis

Which of the following features is an advantage that the frequency polygon has over the histogram? -it can directly compare two or more frequency distributions -it depicts each class as a rectangle, with the height representing the number of observations -the frequency polygon show relative frequencies with respect to a circle, not bars

-it can directly compare two or more frequency distributions

Which of the following is an advantage of a cumulative frequency polygon over a histogram or frequency polygon? -it can show the number of observations in a given class -it can show the total number of observations less than a particular class' upper limit -it shows class midpoints as points on the polygon

-it can show the total number of observations less than a particular class' upper limit

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a frequency distribution? -It displays the number of observations in each class -it summarizes qualitative data -it uses mutually exclusive classes -it uses collectively exclusive classes

-it summarizes qualitative data

In using the "2 to the k rule" to determine the number of classes for a frequency distribution, what is the meaning of the value k? -k is the greatest number of classes such that 2^k < n where n is the number of observations -k is the smallest number of classes such that 2^k is greater than the number of observations -k is the number of observations which is to be summarized

-k is the smallest number of classes such that 2^k is greater than the number of observations

Which two of the following practices is commonly used in setting class limits for a frequency distribution? -deleting data which is too low or too high to fit convenient intervals -overlapping the upper limit with the lower limit of the next higher class -placing "excess" interval with equally in the two tails of the distribution -rounding the class size up

-placing "excess" interval with equally in the two tails of the distribution -rounding the class size up

Which one of the following is regarding raw data? -raw data are the tally of data in each class -raw data refers to the form of the data after grouping has taken place -raw data are the result of dividing frequencies by the total number of observations -raw data are simply a listing of data before summarizing it

-raw data are simply a listing of data before summarizing it

Suppose you are trying to summarize the data set with a maximum value of 70 and a minimum value of 1. If you decide to use seven classes, which one of the following would be a reasonable class interval? -10 -1 -7 -70

10

bar chart

A graph that shows qualitative classes on the horizontal axis and the frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are proportional to the heights of the bars.

frequency distribution

A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive classes showing the number of observations in each class

Step 2 to create a frequency distribution

Determine the class interval. Generally, the class interval is the same for all classes. The classes all taken together must cover at least the distance from the minimum value in the data up to the maximum value. Expressing these words in a formula: i>= (Maximum Value - Minimum Value)/ k where i is the class interval, and k is the number of classes

cumulative frequency distribution

Scale the upper limit of each class along the X-axis and the corresponding cumulative frequencies along the y-axis. To provide additional information, you can label the vertical axis on the right in terms of cumulative relative frequencies.

frequency polygon

Shows the shape of the distribution and is similar to a histogram. It consists of line segments connecting the points formed by the intersections of the class midpoints and the class frequencies. The midpoint of each class is scaled on the X-axis and the class frequencies on the Y-axis.

invitational arguments

a term used by Sonja Foss and Cindy Griffin to describe arguments that are aimed not at vanquishing an opponent but at inviting others to collaborate in exploring mutually satisfying ways to solve problems

forensic arguments

an argument that deals with actions that have occurred in the past. Sometimes called judicial arguments, forensic arguments include legal cases involving judgement of guilt or innocence

epideictic or ceremonial arguments

an argument that deals with current values and addresses questions for praise and blame. Also called epideictic, ceremonial arguments include eulogies and graduation speeches

arguments of fact

an argument where the claim can be proved or disproved with specific evidence or testimony; within stasis theory: Did something happen?

Arguments to convince and inform

arguments that give you information based on a position

mutually exclusive classes

the classes don't overlap

class frequency

the number of observations in each class

kairos

the opportune moment; in arguments, the timeliness of an argument and the most opportune ways to make it

invoked readers

the readers implied in a text, which may include some whom the writer didn't consciously intend to reach

ethos

the self-image a writer creates to define a relationship with readers. In arguments, most writers try to establish an ethos that suggestions authority, fairness, and credibility

the value shown on the vertical axis of a cumulative frequency polygon for a particular class is found by

counting the numbers of observations less than the upper limit of the class

Which of the following are characteristics of bar charts? -bar charts are used for qualitative data -plotted rectangles should be the same width -plotted rectangles should be the same height -there should be gaps between the bars

-bar charts are used for qualitative data -plotted rectangles should be the same width -there should be gaps between the bars

Regarding frequency tables and frequency distributions, which one of the following is true? -only frequency distributions use mutually exclusive classes -both show the number of observations in each class -only frequency tables use collectively exhaustive classes

-both show the number of observations in each class

The value shown on the vertical axis of a cumulative frequency polygon for a particular class is found by: -counting the number of observations less than the upper limit of the class -counting the number of observations less than the upper limit of the class -dividing the class frequency by the total number of observations

-counting the number of observations less than the upper limit of the class

A relative frequency distribution shows: -the fraction or percentage of observations in each class interval -the number of observations in each class interval -the number of observations of a particular value in a set of data

-the fraction or percentage of observations in each class interval

Which of the following is not part of a histogram? -quantitative data divided into classes -adjacent bars whose height represents the number of frequencies -the frequency of occurence of data within a class -the frequency of occurence of a nominal variable

-the frequency of occurence of a nominal variable

What is the difference between arguments to convince and arguments to persuade?

convince means "to cause someone to believe firmly in the truth of something." persuade means "to cause someone to do something through reasoning or argument." In essence, the main difference between convince and persuade is that convince deals with a person's mind while persuade focuses on the resulting action.

What role does culture play in ethos?

credibility in different beliefs and different cultures

convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency distribution

each class frequencies is divided by the total number of observations

Why must we read critically for pathos?

emotions go through many ways, such as: patterns, word choice, literary devices, various sentence types - and reading critically for them allows us to understand how an author crafts their pathos

Arguments to understand or explore

examine relevant topics to personal or societal issues

What does it mean to appeal to an audience?

exploring the occasions and types of arguments available that will lead audiences that are being addressed and in the specific ways to appeal to them

A business statistics course has 2 accounting majors, 4 finance majors, 6 marketing majors, and 8 insurance majors. Which one of the following is true if a pie chart was constructed to depict majors of students? -the slice for marketing majors would be two times as big as the finance slice -the slice for accounting would represent 20% of the pie char -the slice for insurance would make up more than half of the pie chart - the marketing slice would be three times as big as the accounting slice

- the marketing slice would be three times as big as the accounting slice

Who can claim authority? Why are more credentials sometimes necessary?

those who hold high degrees. Credentials are necessary to show that someone that specializes in that topic agrees with you

Step 3 to create a frequency distribution

Set the individual class limits. State clear class limits so you can put each observation into only one category. This means you must avoid overlapping to unclear class limits

The number of observations in each class is called the class ____________. -limit -interval -midpoint -frequency

frequency

frequency table

frequency tables only list QUALITATIVE data

which of the following is a feature of a relative frequency distribution

the sum of relative frequencies must be one (assuming no rounding errors)

Which of the following can be observed from a histogram? Check all that apply. -the approximate number of observations -the spread of the data -the relationship between two variables -the concentration of the data -the shape of the distribution

-the approximate number of observations -the spread of the data -the concentration of the data -the shape of the distribution

How should a writer establish trustworthiness and credibility?

using credible sources, such as doctors, well-known organizations, etc.

Which of the following can be observed from a histogram? Check all that apply. -the spread of the data -the relationship between two variables -the shape of the distribution -the approximate number of observations -the concentration of the data

-the spread of the data -the shape of the distribution -the approximate number of observations -the concentration of the data

Why would you want to use emotion to connect to your reader?

an effective way to connect with readers is to have them understand your negative experiences.

to divide data with a high value of H and a low value of L into K classes, the class interval must be

at least (H/L)/k

Advantage of the frequency polygon over the histogram

It allows us to compare directly two or more frequency distributions.

cumulative relative frequency distribution

Shows the percent of observations less than a given value.

collective exhaustive classes

there is a class for each observation

What role does an author's motives play in his/her perceived ethos?

their argument is based off of their motives & what they chose to use to build their arguments' credibility

What kind of facts count most in scholarly argumentation?

those most credible?

Why should we carefully analyze arguments based on character?

to understand the point of view and background of character that lead them to make certain arguments

When does using emotion work?

using emotional appeals, you can make an argument more memorable and also there is a varying range of emotion

Why and how should poll numbers be questioned?

whether or not the population questioned is credible/representative of all people