Exam 1

his artery of the foot is often palpated to assess the circulatory efficiency of the limb as a whole. This artery of the foot is often palpated to assess the circulatory efficiency of the limb as a whole. 1. dorsalis pedis artery 2. brachial artery 3. femoral artery 4. popliteal artery

1. dorsalis pedis artery

Which type of blood vessel experiences the highest blood pressure? 1. elastic artery 2. vein 3. arteriole 4. capillary

1. elastic artery

Which of the following is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric relaxation? 1. end systolic volume (ESV) 2. stroke volume (SV) 3. end diastolic volume (EDV) 4. maximum ventricular volume (MVV)

1. end systolic volume (ESV)

How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule? 1. four 2. sixteen 3. eight 4. one 5. two

1. four

Which of the following could lead to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or blood clot formation in the lower limbs? 1. long airplane trips 2. swimming 3. dieting 4. anticoagulant therapy

1. long airplane trips

Which type of leukocyte is responsible for antibody production? 1. lymphocytes 2. monocytes 3. basophils 4. eosinophils

1. lymphocytes

From which cell do the granulocytes descend? 1. myeloid stem cell 2. lymphoid stem cell

1. myeloid stem cell

Which layer of the heart wall contracts and is composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue? 1. myocardium 2. visceral layer of the serous pericardium 3. epicardium 4. endocardium

1. myocardium

Which of these muscles is particularly associated with anchoring the right and left atrioventricular valves? 1. papillary muscles 2. trabeculae carneae 3. pectinate muscles 4. myocardium

1. papillary muscles

Which formed element can be described as membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic fragments? 1. platelets 2. erythrocytes 3. lymphocytes 4. monocytes

1. platelets

Which of these vessels returns blood to the left atrium of the heart? 1. pulmonary veins 2. pulmonary trunk 3. superior vena cava 4. coronary sinus

1. pulmonary veins

Which of these is a branch of the right coronary artery, and if blocked, could cause a myocardial infarction (lack of oxygen, and therefore heart attack) in the lateral right side of the heart? 1. right marginal artery 2. posterior interventricular artery 3. anterior interventricular artery, also known as left anterior descending, or LAD 4. circumflex artery

1. right marginal artery

If the vagal nerves to the heart (vagus nerve - CN X) were cut, the result would be that ________. 1. the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute 2. parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate 3. the atrioventricular (AV) node would become the pacemaker of the heart 4. the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract

1. the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute

The cardiac cycle represents the alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle. The ventricular filling phase occurs during 1. ventricular diastole 2. ventricular systole

1. ventricular diastole

At what point in the cardiac cycle is pressure in the ventricles the highest (around 120 mm Hg in the left ventricle)? 1. ventricular systole 2. mid-to-late diastole (atrial contraction) 3. mid-to-late diastole (ventricular filling) 4. early diastole (isovolumetric relaxation)

1. ventricular systole

At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve close? 1. when pressure in the ventricle becomes less than aortic pressure 2. when ventricular pressure becomes greater than atrial pressure 3. when atrial pressure becomes greater than ventricular pressure 4. when ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure

1. when pressure in the ventricle becomes less than aortic pressure

Calculate the stroke volume if the end diastolic volume (EDV) is 135 mL and the end systolic volume (ESV) is 60 mL. 1. 60 mL 2. 75 mL 3. 205 mL 4. 8100 mL

2. 75 ml

Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for a patient whose systolic blood pressure is 120 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure is 70 mm Hg. 1. 50 mm Hg 2. 87 mm Hg 3. 95 mm Hg 4. 120 mm Hg

2. 87 mm Hg

How would blood doping with EPO affect a patient's hematocrit? 1. Blood doping with EPO would lower a patient's hematocrit 2. Blood doping with EPO would raise a patient's hematocrit. 3. Blood doping with EPO would have no effect on a patient's hematocrit.

2. Blood doping with EPO would raise a patient's hematocrit

Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing? 1. QRS complex 2. P wave 3. T wave

2. P wave

Which of the following best explains how platelets enter the blood? 1. They form in the blood itself as it passes through the lungs. 2. They are passed through the wall of a bone marrow capillary. 3. They are formed in the spleen and are released directly into the blood. 4. They are formed in and released by the thymus.

2. They are passed through the wall of a bone marrow capillary.

When the left ventricle contracts, it sends blood through which valve? 1. tricuspid (right atrioventricular valve) 2. aortic semilunar valve 3. mitral (bicuspid or left atrioventricular valve) 4. pulmonary or pulmonic semilunar valve

2. aortic semilunar valve

What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure? 1. capillaries 2. arterioles 3. venules 4. arteries

2. arterioles

Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle? 1. isovolumetric relaxation 2. atrial contraction 3. isovolumetric contraction 4. ventricular ejection

2. atrial contraction

Platelets are essential for which function? 1. hematopoiesis 2. blood clot formation 3. transport of oxygen of the tissues 4. erythropoiesis

2. blood clot formation

At what point would we definitely NOT be able to measure the difference between systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure? At what point would we definitely NOT be able to measure the difference between systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure? 1. arterioles 2. capillaries 3. muscular arteries 4. elastic arteries

2. capillaries

Which of the following is the correct equation for the calculation of mean arterial pressure (MAP)? Which of the following is the correct equation for the calculation of mean arterial pressure (MAP)? 1. systolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure 2. diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure 3. 1/2 (diastolic pressure + systolic pressure) 4. systolic pressure / diastolic pressure 5. systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

2. diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

What does the ECG (electrocardiogram) tracing represent? 1. contraction of the heart 2. electrical activity of the heart

2. electrical activity of the heart

Which of the following is the innermost layer of the heart? 1. visceral layer 2. endocardium 3. parietal layer 4. epicardium

2. endocardium

This superficial vein is located on the medial side of the lower limb, is the longest vein in the body and can be used in coronary bypass surgery. This superficial vein is located on the medial side of the lower limb, is the longest vein in the body and can be used in coronary bypass surgery. 1. femoral vein 2. great saphenous vein 3. popliteal vein 4. tibial vein

2. great saphenous vein

The left ventricle contains which type of blood? 1. deoxygenated 2. oxygenated

2. oxygenated

What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production to make new red blood cells? 1. too many platelets 2. reduced availability of oxygen 3. a high hematocrit 4. excess oxygen in the bloodstream

2. reduced availability of oxygen

What causes a heart murmur? 1. valves opening 2. regurgitation of blood through faulty valve flaps 3. valves closing 4. heart relaxation

2. regurgitation of blood through faulty valve flaps

Which of the following tools are most commonly used to measure blood pressure indirectly? (More than one answer may be correct). Which of the following tools are most commonly used to measure blood pressure indirectly? (More than one answer may be correct). 1. thermometer 2. sphygmomanometer 3. clock or watch 4. stethoscope

2. sphygmomanometer and 4. stethoscope

Which layer of the typical blood vessel contains simple squamous epithelium? 1. tunica media 2. tunica intima 3. tunica externa

2. tunica intima

Most of the decrease in ventricular volume takes place during which phase of the cardiac cycle? 1. isovolumetric relaxation 2. ventricular ejection 3. ventricular filling 4. atrial contraction

2. ventricular ejection

Ventricular ejection, the phase in which blood is being pumped from the ventricles into the elastic arteries occurs during 1. ventricular diastole 2. ventricular systole

2. ventricular systole

What is the period during the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are completely closed (i.e. no valves are open) and blood volume in them remains constant as the ventricles contract? 1. ventricular ejection 2. ventricular filling 3 .isovolumetric contraction phase 4. isovolumetric relaxation phase

3 .isovolumetric contraction phase

Which of these structures conduct(s) action potentials the slowest? 1. Purkinje fibers 2. Bundle branches 3. AV node 4. AV bundle

3. AV node

How is the pulse rate determined? How is the pulse rate determined? 1. Subtract diastolic pressure from systolic pressure 2. Use a blood pressure cuff to listen for Korotkoff sounds 3. Count the number of pulse beats per minute 4. Take an average of the systolic and diastolic pressures.

3. Count the number of pulse beats per minute

Why are gap junctions a vital part of the intercellular connection of cardiac muscles? 1. Gap junctions form strong intercellular connections. 2. Gap junctions contract when stimulated, strengthening the force of cardiac cell contraction. 3. Gap junctions allow action potentials to spread to connected cells. 4. Gap junctions allow calcium to enter the cell, triggering calcium release from the SR.

3. Gap junctions allow action potentials to spread to connected cells.

Isovolumetric relaxation is characterized by which of the following? 1.Pressure in the atrium exceeds pressure in the ventricle. 2. Blood flows backward through the heart from high to low pressure. 3. The semilunar and AV valves are closed. 4. Pressure in the ventricle exceeds pressure in the aorta.

3. The semilunar and AV valves are closed.

During the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, which of the following is true? 1. The ventricles are in diastole. 2. The AV valves are open. 3. The semilunar valves are open. 4. The atria are in systole.

3. The semilunar valves are open.

What are Korotkoff sounds? What are Korotkoff sounds? 1. They are the lub-dub sounds of the heart beat. 2. The sounds made when the pulse rate is abnormally high. 3. The sound of blood moving (turbulence) through the artery when the blood pressure cuff is released. 4. The sounds of heart valves closing.

3. The sound of blood moving (turbulence) through the artery when the blood pressure cuff is released.

Which of the following is true during ventricular systole? 1. The ventricles are relaxed. 2. The AV valves are closed. 3. The ventricles are empty. 4. The atria are in systole.

3. The ventricles are empty.

Which of these is true of the materials making up the buffy coat in centrifuged blood? 1. They are denser than erythrocytes but less dense than plasma. 2. They are less dense than both erythrocytes and plasma. 3. They are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma. 4. They are denser then plasma and erythrocytes.

3. They are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma.

Suppose a patient develops a myocardial infarction that disables the sinoatrial node. Would the heart still pump blood to the aorta and the pulmonary trunk? 1. Yes, because the ventricles will depolarize on their own at a rate of 50 times per minute. 2. No, because there will be no contraction of the atria. 3. Yes, because the atrioventricular node also has pacemaker ability. 4. No, because there would be no more connection between the atrioventricular node and the bundle branches.

3. Yes, because the atrioventricular node also has pacemaker ability.

If you cut yourself and blood spurts rhythmically from the injury, you have probably cut ________. 1. a vein 2. a capillary 3. an artery 4. many veins and capillaries

3. an artery

An increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase stroke volume by increasing __________. An increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase stroke volume by increasing __________. 1. heart rate 2. end systolic volume 3. end diastolic volume 4. contractility

4. contractility

All of the following anatomical specializations work against gravity to help return low pressure venous blood to the heart EXCEPT: 1. skeletal muscle pump 2. respiratory pump 3. venous valves 4. contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica intima

4. contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica intima

Blood that drains the heart muscle enters the right atrium by way of which structure? 1. aorta 2. circumflex artery 3. inferior vena cava 4. coronary sinus

4. coronary sinus

In what direction does blood flow through the heart? 1. from a region of high oxygen content to a region of low oxygen content 2. from ventricles to atria 3. from a region of high volume to a region of low volume 4. from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure

4. from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure

What is the name of the protein found in erythrocytes that transports respiratory gases? 1. Albumin 2. Antibodies 3. Fibrinogen 4. hemoglobin

4. hemoglobin

Which of the following factors would cause a decrease in the stroke volume (SV)? 1. decreased after load 2. increased preload 3. increased contractility 4. increased afterload

4. increased afterload

All of the following statements are TRUE about blood, EXCEPT: 1. blood is the only fluid tissue in the body and makes up about 8% of the body weight 2. it contains cells that are involved in the hemostasis response 3. it is the transport vehicle for the circulatory system 4. it transports oxygen from the cells to the lungs

4. it transports oxygen from the cells to the lungs

Which of these develops from lymphoid stem cells? 1. monocytes 2. granulocytes 3. erythrocytes 4. lymphocytes

4. lymphocytes

This superficial vein of the upper limb is the most commonly used site for drawing blood. This superficial vein of the upper limb is the most commonly used site for drawing blood. 1. cephalic vein 2. brachial vein 3. basilic vein 4. median cubital vein

4. median cubital vein

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium? 1. aortic semilunar valve 2. pulmonary or pulmonic semilunar valve 3. tricuspid valve 4. mitral or bicuspid valve

4. mitral or bicuspid valve

What separates the parietal and visceral pericardium? 1. epicardium 2. fibrous pericardium 3. myocardium 4. pericardial cavity

4. pericardial cavity

Which blood vessels bring freshly oxygenated blood to the left atrium? 1. superior vena cava and inferior vena cava 2. pulmonary arteries 3. coronary veins 4. pulmonary veins

4. pulmonary veins

The anatomy of the intrinsic conduction system causes contraction of the ventricles to begin at the apex and move superiorly. Why is this important? 1. because the AV bundle is the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles 2. because the Purkinje fibers conduct action potentials away from the heart apex 3. so the atria can finish contracting before the ventricles contract 4. so blood is forced upward, toward the semilunar valves

4. so blood is forced upward, toward the semilunar valves

The first of the two numbers measured when taking the blood pressure represents ________. 1. pulse pressure 2. isovolumetric pressure 3. diastolic pressure 4. systolic pressure

4. systolic pressure

What is the main function of heart valves? 1. to separate the left and right atria 2. to pump blood through the heart 3. to separate the atria and ventricles 4. to prevent backward flow of blood

4. to prevent backward flow of blood

Which blood vessels experience the lowest blood pressures? 1. arterioles 2. capillaries 3. muscular arteries 4. veins

4. veins

Most of the increase in left ventricular volume takes place during what phase of the cardiac cycle? 1. ventricular ejection 2. isovolumetric relaxation 3. atrial contraction 4. ventricular filling

4. vventricular filling

At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve open? 1. when ventricular pressure becomes greater than atrial pressure 2. when atrial pressure becomes greater than ventricular pressure 3. when the AV valve closes 4. when ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure

4. when ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure

At what point during the cardiac cycle does the AV valve close? 1. when aortic pressure becomes greater than ventricular pressure 2. when the semilunar valve opens 3. when ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure 4. when ventricular pressure becomes greater than atrial pressure

4. when ventricular pressure becomes greater than atrial pressure

Which part of the intrinsic conduction system normally initiates the depolarizing impulse that causes a heartbeat? 1. AV node 2. AV bundle 3. Internodal pathway 4. SA node

4. SA node

Blood enters the left and right coronary arteries directly from which blood vessel or heart chamber? 1. pulmonary trunk 2. circumflex artery 3. left ventricle 4. aorta

4. aorta

Which classification of artery produces the greatest resistance to blood flow? 1. muscular artery 2. vein 3. elastic artery 4. arteriole

4. arteriole

Precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow into which structures? 1. veins 2. elastic arteries 3. arterioles 4. capillary beds

4. capillary beds

Smooth muscle in the tunica media of arteries or arterioles allows for ____________________________. 1. pushing the blood forward against gravity 2. pooling of blood due to gravity 3. expansion and recoil 4. constriction and dilation

4. constriction and dilation

Calculate the cardiac output if heart rate (HR) is 90 beats per minute, stroke volume (SV) is 110 ml/beat, end diastolic volume (EDV) is 140 ml, and end systolic volume (ESV) is 30 ml. Calculate the cardiac output if heart rate (HR) is 90 beats per minute, stroke volume (SV) is 110 , end diastolic volume (EDV) is 140 , and end systolic volume (ESV) is 30 . 1. 9.9 L/min 2. 14.0 L/min 3. 20.0 L/min 4. 34.0 L/min

1. 9.9 L/min

Why are arterioles called "resistance vessels"? 1. Changes in the diameter of the arterioles through vasoconstriction causes a significant increase in the resistance to blood flow. 2. The large amount of elastic fibers in the vessel wall allow for stretch and recoil of the vessel wall. 3. Their thin walls allow blood to pool in the vessels. 4. Exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells occurs in these vessels.

1. Changes in the diameter of the arterioles through vasoconstriction causes a significant increase in the resistance to blood flow.

Which of the following is true of the structure of an erythrocyte? 1. Erythrocyte shape is ideally suited for gas exchange. 2. Erythrocytes are nucleated cells. 3. Erythrocytes are cell fragments. 4. Erythrocytes are larger than other cells in the blood.

1. Erythrocyte shape is ideally suited for gas exchange.

What is hematocrit? 1. Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample 2. Hematocrit is the percentage of plasma in a whole blood sample 3. Hematocrit is the percentage of leukocytes and platelets in a whole blood sample 4. Hematocrit is the percentage of all formed elements in a whole blood sample

1. Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample

All of the following arteries are sites where the pulse is easily palpated (felt) EXCEPT: All of the following arteries are sites where the pulse is easily palpated (felt) EXCEPT: 1. aorta 2. radial artery 3. femoral artery 4. common carotid artery 5. dorsalis pedis artery

1. aorta

How is pulse pressure determined? How is pulse pressure determined? 1. Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure 2. Diastolic pressure - Systolic pressure 3. Count the number of pulse beats per minute 4. Systolic pressure divided by Diastolic pressure

1. Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure

Which of the following is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric contraction? 1. The end diastolic volume (EDV) 2. the end systolic volume (ESV) 3. the stroke volume (SV) 4. the minimum ventricular volume (MVV)

1. The end diastolic volume (EDV)

When the atria contract, which of the following is true? 1. The ventricles are in diastole. 2. The semilunar valves are open. 3. The AV valves are closed. 4. The atria are in diastole.

1. The ventricles are in diastole.

As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis (stiffening of arteries due to disease), more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic semilunar valve. This is known as _________________. 1. after load 2. EDV - ESV 3. preload 4. ESV

1. after load

The Left Anterior Descending or LAD artery supplies blood to large portions of the anterior left ventricle and interventricular septum. This coronary artery is sometimes called "the widow maker" because if suddenly blocked, it will cause a massive heart attack that can lead to sudden death. What is another name for the LAD artery? The Left Anterior Descending or LAD artery supplies blood to large portions of the anterior left ventricle and interventricular septum. This coronary artery is sometimes called "the widow maker" because if suddenly blocked, it will cause a massive heart attack that can lead to sudden death. What is another name for the LAD artery? 1. posterior interventricular artery 2. marginal artery 3. anterior interventricular artery 4. circumflex artery

3. anterior interventricular artery

The most common method used to perform blood pressure measurements is by using a blood pressure cuff and auscultation of which of the following arteries? The most common method used to perform blood pressure measurements is by using a blood pressure cuff and auscultation of which of the following arteries? 1. common carotid artery 2. femoral artery 3. brachial artery 4. aorta

3. brachial artery

By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume? 1. by decreasing end diastolic volume (EDV) 2. by increasing contractility 3. by increasing end diastolic volume (EDV) 4. by increasing end systolic volume (ESV)

3. by increasing end diastolic volume (EDV)

The simple squamous epithelium that lines all blood vessels (and the heart) is called 1. tunica media 2. epithelium 3. endothelium 4. tunica intima

3. endothelium

Which of the following increases stroke volume? 1. severe blood loss 2. decrease in end diastolic volume (EDV) 3. exercise 4. decrease in preload

3. exercise

What causes the "lub - dub" sounds when listening to the heart with a stethoscope? 1. heart valves are opening 2. the heart is resting 3. heart valves are closing 4. blood is swishing through partially open valves

3. heart valves are closing

Venous pressure ________. 1. is not affected by external factors such as muscle activity 2. may be measured directly with a sphygmomanometer and pressure cuff 3. is much lower than arterial pressure 4. is usually the same in veins as in their corresponding arteries

3. is much lower than arterial pressure

Which type of leukocyte is the most numerous and increases in number when a person has an acute bacterial infection, such as bacterial meningitis or appendicitis? 1. eosinophils 2. basophils 3. neutrophils 4. lymphocytes

3. neutrophils

Suppose that an individual injects themself with erythropoietin (EPO) in order to raise their level of endurance, an act that is usually illegal in competitive sports. Which of the following could result? 1. a lower hematocrit 2. reduced tendency for blood to clot 3. polycythemia 4. decreased blood viscosity

3. polycythemia

What propels blood through all of the blood vessels in the body? What propels blood through all of the blood vessels in the body? 1. the alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the tunica 2. media of the blood vessels 3. pressure gradients (pressure differences) 4. gravity in the arteries, and skeletal muscle contraction in the veins

3. pressure gradients (pressure differences)

Deoxygenated blood leaving the right ventricle must pass through the _____________________ valve. 1. mitral or bicuspid 2. tricuspid 3. pulmonary or pulmonic semilunar 4. aortic semilunar

3. pulmonary or pulmonic semilunar

Which blood vessels bring deoxygenated blood from the body tissues to the right atrium? 1. pulmonary arteries 2. aorta and its branches 3. superior vena cava and inferior vena cava 4. pulmonary veins

3. superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

Blood pressure is ________. 1. generally measured in veins 2. the pressure of the blood against the blood vessel walls, generally measured in veins, and a number that is the average of the systolic and diastolic pressures 3. the pressure of the blood against the blood vessel walls 4. a number that is the average of the systolic and diastolic pressures

3. the pressure of the blood against the blood vessel walls

Which valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle? 1. mitral valve (bicuspid valve) 2. pulmonary or pulmonic semilunar valve 3. tricuspid valve 4. aortic semilunar valve

3. tricuspid valve

What are the three tunics called that make up the wall of arteries and veins? List your answers in the order from the innermost layer to the outermost layer. 1. tunica media, tunica interna, tunica externa 2. endothelium, elastic fibers, smooth muscle 3. tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa 4. arterioles, capillaries, venules

3. tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Which layer of the typical vessel can be regulated to constrict or dilate the lumen? 1. tunica media 2. tunica intima 3. tunica externa

3. tunica media

What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing? 1. atrial depolarization 2. atrial depolarization 3. ventricular depolarization 4. ventricular repolarization

3. ventricular depolarization

Ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle? 1. isovolumetric relaxation 2. ventricular filling 3. ventricular ejection 4. isovolumetric contraction

3. ventricular ejection

At what point in the cardiac cycle does the AV valve open? 1. when the semilunar valve closes 2. when aortic pressure becomes greater than ventricular pressure 3. when atrial pressure becomes greater than ventricular pressure 4. when ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure

3. when atrial pressure becomes greater than ventricular pressure