Exam 1
Arrange the levels of organization of the human body from smallest and least complex (at the top) to largest and most complex (at the bottom).
**Top to Bottom** cell tissue organ organ system organism
The calorie content of processed meats is typically ______ the calorie content of fresh, unprocessed meats
higher than
Studies show that eating breakfast
is a good weight management strategy.
What organ produces bile?
liver
The study design is best described as a
prospective cohort study
Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the
stomach
The human body's storage capacity varies for different nutrients. Match the following nutrients with their primary storage site in the body.
Adipose tissue: Fat Muscles and Liver: Carbohydrates Bone: Calcium
An endurance athlete exercising for more than 1 hour should consider replenishing fluids with an electrolyte drink. A popular serving size bottle of a drink such as Gatorade® has four 8-ounce (1-cup) servings per bottle. If there are 50 kcal per cup, how many kcal are in the whole bottle?
200 kcal
Larry is a 39-year-old male who is overweight. He is working with a registered dietitian nutritionist, and she has recommended an 1,800-kcal diet for gradual weight loss. Larry wants to ensure he is obtaining enough carbohydrate to meet his energy needs. If Larry follows an 1,800-kcal diet and wants to achieve the recommended 45% to 65% of his total calories from carbohydrate, how many grams of carbohydrate per day should he be eating?
203 to 293 grams of carbohydrate per day
Protein synthesis is a multistep process. Put the steps of protein synthesis in sequential order.
1. The DNA code is transferred... 2. Messenger RNA... 3. Transfer RNA... 4. Polypeptide chain...
Lisa is trying to choose more low-fat foods in order to reduce her risk for cardiovascular disease. One low-fat cookie that she sees advertised in the grocery store has 22 grams of carbohydrate, 2 grams of protein, and 1 gram of fat per cookie. How many kilocalories are in one of these low-fat cookies?
105 kcal per cookie
Recommended Dietary Allowances differ for various life-stage groups. While adult needs for most nutrients are generally greater than those of children, this is not the case for carbohydrates. Because their bodies are developing so quickly, children aged 1 to 3 years have very high carbohydrate needs that are equal to the number of grams of carbohydrate an adult should have each day. What is the RDA for carbohydrate for both children aged 1 to 3 years and adults?
130 grams
Type 1 diabetes in obese patients can be treated with metformin.
False
To celebrate her recent weight loss, Lisa's friends decide to take her out for a healthy dinner. Lisa doesn't drink alcohol because she knows the empty calories will contribute to weight gain. One girlfriend at the dinner has four margaritas and an extra shot of tequila before the food arrives. Is this friend's behavior considered binge drinking?
Yes, because consuming four drinks or more for women is considered binge drinking, and she had five.
Which of the following is a possible nutritional problem associated with consuming excess animal sources of protein?
all of these
Review the Results section of the research article. As consumption of red meat increased,
all of these are correct
Insulin
allows cells to take in glucose.
High-fructose corn syrup is produced from corn by
an enzymatic process.
Click and drag the description to the term.
anthropometric: measurements of body weight, height (length), circumferences... biochemical: measurements of nutrients and their byproducts... clinical: examination of physical appearance of skin, hair, eyes... dietary: estimation of typical food choices... environmental: collection of data about the living...
Compared to products made with whole grains, refined grain products ______ fiber, vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats.
are lower in
A common cause of constipation is
chronically ignoring bowel urges.
A condition characterized by difficult or infrequent bowel movements is
constipation
Click and drag the terms increase or decrease to indicate recommended shifts from current eating patterns to healthy eating patterns from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
decrease intake of added sugars. increase intake of fruits. increase intake of fat-free and low-fat dairy products. decrease intake of saturated fats. increase intake of seafood. decrease intake of refined grain products. decrease intake of refined grain products. decrease intake of sodium. increase intake of vegetables. increase intake of whole grains.
Review the Results section of the research article. If a person had substituted fish, poultry, or legumes instead of one serving of red meat per day, mortality risk would have
decreased
Increasing protein from 15% of calories to 30% of calories allows more protein to be used for
energy
The new Nutrition Facts panel lists the percent Daily Value for vitamin D, calcium, iron, and potassium because these have been nutrients of particular concern for Americans. Foods that are fortified with several nutrients, like the energy bar in this example, may also list the % Daily Value for other nutrients. Since calcium is listed on both of the food labels, let's compare the nutrient density for calcium for these bars. Which bar has the highest nutrient density for calcium?
energy bar
The total amount of protein a person can make will change based on availability of
essential amino acids
One of Lisa's college classmates is an aspiring body builder with questionable nutrition knowledge. He eats more than the recommended amount of dietary protein but tells Lisa he heard at the gym that this is actually helpful to the body. All of the following are accurate descriptions of what excess dietary protein does except
excess dietary protein is stored as muscle mass.
Glucose, protein, glycerol, and long-chain fatty acids are absorbed from the small intestine directly into the bloodstream.
false
High-fructose corn syrup yields more calories than sucrose.
false
The best way to treat a mild case of constipation is to
increase fiber and fluid intakes.
The heat of the canning process _____ the nutrient content of beans.
increases
All absorbed nutrients eventually travel to the
liver
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasize
maintaining a healthy body weight.
Processed meats tend to have ______ total and saturated fat than fresh, unprocessed meats.
more
Babies in North America are routinely screened for phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is a disease characterized by the body's inability to convert the essential amino acid _____ to the nonessential amino acid _____.
phenylalanine; tyrosine
Lipids are a unique nutrient group, differing significantly from carbohydrates and proteins. All of the following are correct statements about lipids except
phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods.
The Calories listed on the Nutrition Facts panel indicates the number of calories in one
serving
Most nutrient absorption occurs in the
small intestine
The primary site of nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is the
small intestine
The primary role of HDL in the body is to transport lipids
to the liver for metabolism.
Nutrients can be classified as essential or nonessential. All of the following are reasons why a nutrient could be considered an essential nutrient except
vitamin A is essential because consuming too much supplemental vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects.
The Diabetes Prevention Plan (DPP) was a large, multisite study designed to improve glucose control and prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. The results of the DPP found that participants
who lost even a modest amount of weight via dietary and physical activity changes sharply reduced their chances of developing diabetes.
Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called
peristalsis
For individuals with normal blood glucose control, the release of insulin by the pancreas after a meal will cause blood sugar levels to
return to about normal
Food manufacturers often round the amount of calories in a food serving up or down. In this Nutrition Facts panel, the manufacturer says there are 170 kcal per serving. If that same food label says there are 1.5 grams of total fat, 36 grams of total carbohydrate, and 4 grams of protein, how many calories are really in one serving?
173.5 kcal
Regina is trying to cut back on her fat intake to help reduce total calorie intake and promote gradual weight loss. If she follows an 1,800-kcal meal plan and wants her fat intake to fall within the range of 20% to 35% of total calories, how many grams of fat per day should she be eating?
40 to 70 grams of fat per day
For those who need to lower their blood cholesterol levels, the American Heart Association recommends limiting saturated fat intake to ________ of total calories.
5% to 6%
A chicken pot pie has 670 kcal and 43 grams of fat. What percent of total calories comes from fat?
58% calories from fat
Henry is a healthy 21-year-old college student who weighs 180 pounds. Calculate his protein needs based on the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein.
66 grams
Approximately what percent of calories come from saturated fat in Mario's manicotti?
8%
If Myeshia is unable to tolerate regular cow's milk, which of the following food products can serve as rich sources of calcium and vitamin D?
All of the choices are correct.
The same criteria of assessing the nutrient density of beverages should be used when choosing a snack. While all of the snack choices listed below provide an appropriate amount of calories, they differ significantly in nutrient density. Which of the following is the most nutrient-dense choice for a snack item to tame a growling stomach between classes?
Almonds (100 kcal) containing 0.5 grams of saturated fat, 15 milligrams of sodium, 1 gram of sugar, 4 grams of carbohydrate, 2 grams of fiber, and 4 grams protein
Regina's grandmother is teaching her how to make mayonnaise. She explains that mayonnaise is made using oil, salt, vinegar (or lemon juice), and egg yolks. Lecithin in the egg yolks acts as an emulsifier. What is an emulsifier?
An emulsifier suspends fat in water.
Drag each term to complete the sentences about Dietary Reference Intakes.
An estimate of daily calorie needs based on a person's height, weight, sex, and life-stage is called a(n) Estimated Energy Requirement (EER). The recommended amount of nutrient intake that is sufficient to meet the needs of 97% to 98% of the individuals in a specific sex and life-stage group is called a(n) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). The recommended intake of a nutrient that is based on estimates of intakes that appear to maintain health for individuals in a specific sex and life-stage group is called a(n) Adequate Intake (AI). The maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects for individuals in a specific sex and life-stage group is called a(n) Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).
There are a number of ways a protein can be denatured. Click to select the factors that will denature protein.
Beating an egg vigorously... Exposure to acid or base Cooking
Regina is a 22-year-old college student who plays on the soccer team. Her coach brought in a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) to talk about sports nutrition. The RDN recommended minimizing trans fatty acids from processed and packaged foods, but she explained that some transfats do occur naturally. What foods have naturally occurring trans fatty acids?
Beef, milk, and butter
Complete each statement about the accessory organs with the appropriate term.
Bile is necessary for some nutrient digestion and absorption; bile is produced in the liver. Bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. The primary nutrient that bile is responsible for digesting and absorbing is fat. Glucagon and insulin are two hormones that regulate glucose levels and both are produced in the pancreas. Bicarbonate is a base that neutralizes the acidity of chyme as it moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
Use the terms and phrases on the left to complete each of the following sentences about diabetes. Terms may be used more than once.
Diabetes is a disease of improper glucose regulation that results in more than 250,000 deaths per year in North America. The majority of people with diabetes in North America have type 2 diabetes (formerly called noninsulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes). This type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance. Approximately 5-10% of diabetes cases are type 1 diabetes (formerly called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes). This type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in no pancreatic insulin production. The type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called gestational diabetes. Women with this type of diabetes are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
Dietary choices affect health outcomes. Click and drag to show which health outcome is associated with each of the following dietary choices.
Diet high in saturated fat: heart attack Insufficient calcium intake: Osteoporosis Excessive calorie intake: Obesity Excessive vitamin A intake during pregnancy: Birth defects
The Dietary Guidelines recommend some shifts in the diets of Americans. Drag each dietary component to its appropriate column to indicate whether Americans should eat more or less of that food or food component.
Eat More of These: Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seafood, fat-free and low-fat dairy products Eat Less of these: saturated fats, sodium, trans fats, refined grains, added sugars
Which of the following correctly traces the path of food through the gastrointestinal tract?
Esophagus → stomach → small intestine
Because animals store glycogen in their muscles, meat, fish, and poultry are good sources of carbohydrates.
False
Nutritionists and Dietitians are professionally interchangeable terms in the United States.
False
Scientific evidence demonstrates that juice extracts provide more overall health benefits to individuals, and the nutrients in juices are better absorbed than from whole foods.
False
The molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move.
False
If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrates to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrates can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the byproducts of partial breakdown of
Fat
Classify each vitamin based on its solubility.
Fat Soluble Vitamin: Vitamin A, D, K, E Water Soluble Vitamin: B Vitamins, Vitamin C
Use the terms below to complete each of the following sentences about health conditions related to carbohydrate intake.
Fiber plays an important role in bowel health. A diet that is low in fiber and/or water leads to small, hard stools. This condition is known as constipation. If excessive straining occurs during defecation, the anal veins can swell, causing hemorrhoids. Lots of pressure in the colon caused by excessive straining during defecation can cause small pouches called diverticula to protrude through the large intestine wall. When these pouches are inflamed and painful, the condition is known as diverticulitis. During periods of inflammation, a low-fiber diet is indicated. If pouches in the large intestine exist without painful symptoms, the condition is known as diverticulosis. In this case, a high-fiber diet can ease stool elimination and prevent future attacks.
Protein plays many roles in the body. Match each example to a function of protein.
Forms glucose: Despite fasting overnight... Maintains fluid balance: Louisa is a very elderly woman... Produces vital body structures: a malnourished baby... Forms enzymes and hormones: After eating a meal... Contributes to immune function: Beth is a chronically malnourished... Provides energy: Bill has been eating...
Arrange the foods in order by fat content, from least (1) to greatest (5) percentage of calories from fat.
From left (Lowest %) to right (highest %): Sugar, bread, peanut butter, bacon, butter
Rank the following foods from highest (left) to lowest (right) carbohydrate content.
From left (highest) to right (lowest): 1/2 cup rice, 1/2 cup pinto beans, 1/2 cup cooked broccoli, 3 ounces beef
Complete the following paragraph with the appropriate terms to describe the nutrition messages of MyPlate.
Fruits and vegetables cover one-half of the plate. These foods are dense sources of nutrients and health-promoting phytochemicals, despite their low calorie contents. Grains occupy slightly more than one-quarter of the plate. The message to make half your grains whole is stressed throughout accompanying consumer education materials. Protein foods occupy slightly less than one-quarter of the plate. Specifically, the Dietary Guidelines recommend leaner sources of protein and including plant proteins more often. To obtain healthy fats, the Dietary Guidelines recommend inclusion of fish twice a week. A cup of dairy appears next to the plate. Depending on personalized calorie recommendations, consumers should have 2 to 3 cups per day of low-fat or fat-free dairy products or other rich sources of calcium.
Select the top three food groups below that contribute the most dietary fiber? Click to select the correct answers.
Fruits, grains, vegetables
Click to select all of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
HDL = 31 mg/dL Sedentary lifestyle Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes Father had heart attack at age 48
There are a number of important secretions and products made in the digestive tract. Click and drag to define the following terms.
Hydrochloric Acid: Destroys pathogens, solubilizes... Mucus: Lubricates and protects... Enzymes: Catalyzes reactions that... Bile: Helps fat digestion... Bicarbonate: Neutralizes stomach acid...
Using information about the alcohol recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, complete the following paragraph with the appropriate terms.
If alcohol is consumed, it should be consumed in moderation—up to one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men—and only by adults of legal drinking age. Although those who do not drink alcohol should not begin drinking to attain health benefits, moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, and death. Moderate alcohol consumption has also been correlated with a/an increased risk of breast cancer, violence, drowning, and injuries from falls and motor vehicle crashes.
Bodybuilding magazines have numerous advertisements for protein and amino acid supplements. Which of the following is a potential problem associated with taking individual amino acid supplements?
Impaired absorption of other amino acids
Complete each of the sentences about protein digestion with the appropriate term.
In the stomach, hydrochloric acid denatures protein and pepsinbegins to break down some peptide bonds. When chyme reaches the small intestine, the small intestinal cells release a hormone called cholecystokinin, which signals the pancreas to release enzymes. The pancreas releases specific protein-digesting enzymes, such as trypsin, into the small intestine. The resulting amino acids and dipeptides are absorbed by the cells of the small intestine.
Jordan's diet appears to be lacking in protein. Which of the following modifications could he have made to yesterdays' diet to increase his intake of protein?
Include black beans in the tomato and rice dish.
As part of a nutrition class project, Regina is following Dr. Dean Ornish's purely vegetarian (vegan) diet plan for one month. Her diet has less than 20% of calories from fat and uses only small amounts of vegetable oil in cooking and those naturally present in plant foods. If she were at risk for cardiovascular disease and if she continued on this diet, what is one expected outcome that may be attributable to the diet's high carbohydrate content?
Increase in blood triglycerides
Which statement is true regarding Healthy People 2020?
It aims to eliminate health disparities and improve access to health education.
Click to select the foods that can be labeled "trans fat free," according to current food labeling laws.
Light tub of margarine... and creamy peanut butter with...
Indicate how omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids affect the body by selecting "increase" or "decrease" for each of the sentences below.
Omega-3 fatty acids tend to decrease blood clotting. Omega-3 fatty acids also decrease inflammation in the body. Omega-6 fatty acids increase clotting and increase inflammation in the body. Use of omega-3 fatty acids as a dietary supplement may decrease circulating triglyceride levels in the blood. Fish oil capsules are associated with a(n) decrease in rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and some behavioral disorders and cases of mild depression.
Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?
Pepsin
______ refers to the muscular contractions that move food along the gastrointestinal tract.
Peristalsis
Classify each of the following scenarios as examples of positive protein balance, negative protein balance, or protein equilibrium.
Positive Protein Balance: Rachael recently sustained burns... + Quinn is a three-month-old baby... Negative protein balance: Stella is an elderly woman... + Barney has a rare intestinal disease... Equilibrium: Travis is a relatively healthy male... + Wendy recently participated...
Recently, major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that they consider signals for poor nutrition advice. Drag the product's claim to the red flag that it most likely represents.
Promises of a quick fix: Better eyesight by tomorrow... Recommendations based on a single study: One study showed that people... Bias against traditional therapies: Eating fish... Claims that seem to good to be true: Burn fat by...
Dietary fiber has many health benefits. Match each health benefit with fiber's action in the body.
Promotes colon health: non fermentable fiber increases stool bulk... Improves diabetes management: viscous fiber slows down... Aids in weight management: fiber increases feelings... Reduces cardiovascular disease risk: fiber reduces cholesterol absorption...
Of the ten leading causes of death in the United States, diet plays a role in six of them. Drag the six leading causes of death in which diet plays a part to the box on the left. Drag the remaining causes of death (not related to food intake) to the box on the right.
RELATED to food intake: heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, kidney disease NOT RELATED to food intake: chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents, pneumonia/influenza, suicide
The scientific method is important for determining relationships between diet and health. Classify each of the following studies according to its study design.
Randomized, placebo-controlled human study: Men with high blood pressure... Case-control study: Scientists studying middle-aged... Laboratory animal experiment: Rats receive... Observation study: Nurses report that...
It is apparent that Jordan has not yet learned to implement the concept of complementary proteins, so the quality of protein in his diet is low. Which of the following meals contains complementary proteins?
Rice with black beans and tomatoes
Click and drag to show the order of events in the scientific method.
STEP ONE: Make an observation and ask... STEP TWO: Generate a hypothesis to explain the phenomenon STEP THREE: Conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis STEP FOUR: Publish the research... STEP FIVE: Conduct follow-up... STEP SIX: Accept or reject the hypothesis...
Regina's food science instructor challenged the class to create a high-fat cake that will not go rancid as quickly as a standard high-fat cake. How could she modify the recipe to prevent rancidity?
She should add an antioxidant.
Complete the sentences to describe the steps of fat digestion and absorption.
The salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas secrete lipase enzymes to break down triglycerides into monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol. The products of fat digestion (monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol) are absorbed into the cells of the small intestine. Immediately after absorption, the products of fat digestion are resynthesized into triglycerides within the cells of the small intestine. Before they can be transported through body fluids, dietary lipids must be packaged as lipoproteins called chylomicrons. These lipoproteins are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the vessels of the lymphatic system.
Linda has heard that the acidic environment of the stomach is similar to that of a car battery. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach?
The stomach is lined with a thick layer of mucus.
The scientific method is a testing procedure designed to detect and eliminate error. It is important in determining nutrient recommendations and relationships between diet and health. Fill in each sentence with its correct scientific method-related term.
The study of disease rates that vary among different population groups is called epidemiology. A scientist observes a natural phenomenon and develops a tentative explanation called a hypothesis. For example, if a scientist suspects caffeine intake affects behavioral changes in children, he may choose to conduct a(n) randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study where he randomly assigns children in the study to either a regular, normal-caffeine level diet or a high-caffeine diet group and then studies behavior without knowing which group received which diet. The children who are in the group that receives a high-caffeine diet constitute the experimental group. The children who are in the group that receives a regular, normal-caffeine level diet make up the control group. If the results of many studies and much data support the original explanation about a relationship between caffeine intake and behavior, a theory is formed.
Eating a diet high in trans fatty acids has been shown to increase circulating levels of LDL. Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods?
Trans fatty acids increase a food's shelf life.
Drag the descriptor to its appropriate lipid classification.
Triglyceride: Can be broken down.. + Primary store form of fat... Phospholipid: Important component of all cell... + Acts as an emulsifier... Cholesterol: Forms part of the active... + Your body's cells...
Which lipid is the primary source of dietary fat in our diets?
Triglycerides
Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment.
True
Select good food sources of each nutrient by dragging each food to its appropriate nutrient
Carbohydrate: Banana, rice Lipid: Butter, olive oil Protein: eggs, chicken breast
Match each description to the appropriate lipoprotein.
Chylomicron: Carries absorbed lipids from the small... VLDL: Carries to body cells mostly triglycerides... LDL: Arises from VLDL and caries mostly... HDL: Arises mostly from the liver...
Sandra has taken up bodybuilding and is starting to become more interested in a diet to improve athletic performance. She read an article in a bodybuilding magazine that said she should dramatically increase her dietary protein intake. What happens to protein when it is consumed in excess of the body's needs?
Excess amino acids are used to meet energy needs or converted to and stored as fat.
Complete the sentences to describe how lipids are transported and used by body cells.
Most dietary lipids are too large to be absorbed directly into the vessels of the cardiovascular system. Thus, dietary lipids are packaged as chylomicrons and first absorbed into the vessels of the lymphatic system. Chylomicrons are transported from the small intestine into the lymphatic system via small vessels called lacteals. The lymphatic system eventually empties into the cardiovascularsystem via a duct near the heart, so that chylomicrons can circulate to all body tissues. Inside blood vessels, an enzyme called lipoprotein lipase breaks down the triglycerides in chylomicrons so that body cells, such as muscle and adipose cells, can take up and use fatty acids. When most of the triglycerides in the chylomicron have been broken down and used by cells, what remains is a chylomicron remnant. This particle is transported to the liver, where its components can be broken down and reused.
Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Click to select the body systems that are involved in regulation of digestion.
Nervous System, endocrine system
Match the following health effects to a type of fatty acid.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: These fats reduce inflammatory responses... Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: These fats regulate blood pressure...
Click to select the parts of the digestive system that produce enzymes to digest carbohydrates.
Pancreas, small intestine, mouth
If Myeshia completely excludes dairy products from her diet, she is at increased risk of deficiencies. Select one nutrient found in dairy products that would be of concern.
Vitamin D
The digestive system not only processes the foods we eat but it is also the site of some nutrient production. Which two nutrients are produced by bacteria that live in the large intestine?
Vitamin K and biotin
