Exam 1
A boundary crossing could potentially benefit a client.
True
A central existential concept is that although we long for freedom we often try to escape from our freedom by defining ourselves as a fixed or static entity.
True
A diagnosis provides a working hypothesis that guides the practitioner in understanding the client.
True
A major criticism of the existential approach is that it lacks a systematic statement of the principles and practices of psychotherapy.
True
According to Freudians, greediness and hoarding may develop as a result of not getting oral needs properly met.
True
According to existential thinking, effective therapy does not stop with awareness, for clients are challenged to take action based on their insights.
True
Adler and Freud created very different theories, even though both men grew up in the same city in the same era and were educated as physicians at the same university.
True
Adler maintained that individuals attempt to overcome feelings of basic inferiority by developing a lifestyle in which success is possible.
True
Adlerian counseling focuses on the family constellation and the influence of the family on the individual.
True
Adlerian psychology is a phenomenological, holistic, optimistic, and socially embedded theory based on basic assumptions that have been woven into various theories of counseling.
True
Adlerian therapists strive to establish and maintain an egalitarian therapeutic alliance and a person-to-person relationship with their clients.
True
Adlerian therapists use a psychoeducational approach.
True
Adlerians emphasize reeducating people and reshaping society.
True
Adlerians have a teleological view of human nature.
True
Alfred Adler believed that genetics and heredity are not as important as what we choose to do with the abilities and limitations we possess.
True
An experiential approach is Gestalt therapy, which offers a range of experiments to help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing in the here and now.
True
An integrative perspective is not developed in a random fashion.
True
An undisciplined mixture of approaches can be an excuse for failing to develop a sound rationale for systematically adhering to certain concepts and to the techniques that are extensions of them.
True
Analytically oriented therapists typically interpret free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences.
True
Becoming an ethical practitioner is not a final destination but a journey that will continue throughout your career.
True
Both family therapy and feminist therapy are based on the premise that to understand the individual it is essential to take into consideration the interpersonal dimensions and the sociocultural context rather than focusing primarily on the intrapsychic domain.
True
Brief psychodynamic therapies target specific interpersonal problems during the initial session.
True
Brief psychodynamic therapists tend to assume an active role in the therapy process.
True
Clients in analytic therapy typically free associate to various symbols in their dreams.
True
Contemporary therapy approaches are grounded on a core set of values, which are neither value-neutral nor applicable to all cultures.
True
Counselors from all cultural groups must examine their expectations, attitudes, biases, and assumptions about the counseling process and about persons from diverse groups.
True
Currently, there is wide-ranging international interest in the existential approach to psychotherapy.
True
Donald Meichenbaum is a prominent contributor to the development of cognitive behavior therapy.
True
During the anal stage, children typically experience a range of negative feelings, including rage, hate, and hostility.
True
During the initial phase of counseling, existentially oriented therapists assist clients in identifying and clarifying their assumptions about the world.
True
Effective therapists are not the victims of their early decisions.
True
Encouragement is a part of the Adlerian counseling process.
True
Existential anxiety is the unavoidable result of being confronted with the "givens of existence."
True
Existential guilt is being aware of having evaded a commitment, or having chosen not to choose.
True
Existential therapists strive to be their authentic selves when working with clients.
True
Existential therapy grew out of a reaction to the limitations of both the psychoanalytic and deterministic stance.
True
Existential therapy is especially appropriate for clients who are struggling with developmental crises.
True
Existentially, humans both long for and wish to escape from their freedom.
True
Failure to move through anxiety results in neurotic anxiety.
True
For Adlerian counselors, techniques are helpful when adapted to the needs of the client.
True
Free association is one of the basic tools used to gain access to the unconscious.
True
Freud postulated the concepts of both life instincts and death instincts.
True
Freud postulated the theory of sexuality.
True
Human change is complex and difficult to measure beyond such a simplistic level that the change may be meaningless.
True
Ideally, our self-care should mirror the care we provide for others
True
If you are successful in establishing boundaries in various aspects of your personal life, you have a good foundation for creating sound boundaries with clients.
True
If you try to figure out in advance how to proceed with a client, you may be depriving the client of the opportunity to become an active partner in her or his own therapy.
True
In Adler's view we can be fully understood only in light of knowing the purposes and goals toward which we are striving.
True
In psychodynamic group work, symbolic figures from a client's past may emerge.
True
In the existential framework, inaction is a decision.
True
It is not our function to persuade clients to accept or adopt our value system.
True
Martin Buber stressed the importance of presence, which allows for the creation of I/Thou relationships in therapy
True
Michael White and David Epston are the major figures associated with narrative therapy.
True
Much of effective therapy is the product of artistry.
True
One Adlerian concept is that everything we do is influenced by our style of life.
True
Psychoanalysis provides therapists with a conceptual framework for looking at behavior and understanding the origins and functions of present symptoms.
True
Psychotherapy is a process of engagement between two people, both of whom are bound to change through the therapeutic venture.
True
Reality therapy is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present.
True
Research supporting the effectiveness of the Adlerian approach is limited.
True
Rollo May has been instrumental in translating some concepts drawn from existential philosophy and applying them to psychotherapy.
True
Rudolf Dreikurs is credited with popularizing the Adlerian approach in the United States
True
The Adlerian approach has a wide variety of applications including group and family therapy.
True
The Adlerian approach to family counseling focuses on the family atmosphere.
True
The American Counseling Association uses the term "nonprofessional relationships" when referring to dual or multiple relationships.
True
The Freudian view of human nature is deterministic.
True
The analysis of transference is a central technique in psychoanalysis.
True
The central aim of evidence-based practice is to require psychotherapists to base their practice on techniques that have empirical evidence to support their efficacy.
True
The concept of lifestyle refers to an individual's core beliefs and assumptions through which the person organizes his or her reality and finds meaning in life events.
True
The core of the therapeutic relationship is respect.
True
The existential approach can be used in a brief therapy context.
True
The existential view is not designed to "cure" people of illness in the tradition of the medical model because people are not sick but are "sick of life or clumsy at living."
True
The general goals of counselors must be congruent with the personal goals of the client.
True
The latency stage occurs between the ages of 5 to 12.
True
The psychoanalytic approach provides practitioners with a framework for understanding the origins and functions of symptoms.
True
The relational model of psychoanalysis regards therapy as an interactive process between the client and therapist.
True
The skill of immediacy involves revealing what we are thinking or feeling in the here and now with the client.
True
The typical second child behaves as if she was in a race and is generally under full steam at all times.
True
The vast majority of mental health professionals have experienced personal therapy, typically on several occasions.
True
The working-through process consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood.
True
This approach puts emphasis on the human quality of the therapeutic relationship.
True
Traditional analytic therapists make more frequent interpretations of transferences and engage in fewer supportive interventions than is the case with psychodynamic therapists.
True
Typically, analytically oriented therapists assume an anonymous stance, which is sometimes called the "blank screen" approach, as a necessary way to foster transference.
True
With respect to mastering the techniques of counseling and applying them appropriately and effectively, it is Corey's belief that you are your own very best technique.
True
Your role as a counselor is to provide a safe and inviting environment in which clients can explore the congruence between their values and their behavior.
True
__________ involves the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it.
a. Informed consent
Individuals who display exhibitionistic traits, seek attention and admiration from others, and are extremely selfabsorbed might have which of the following personality disorders?
a. Narcissistic
Which approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis?
a. Personcentered therapy
Individuals may believe that it is inappropriate to reveal:
a. family information.
The characteristic existential theme includes:
a. freedom and responsibility.
__________________ ethics involves a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice.
a. mandatory
One of the most important Freudian concepts, which consists of pushing unacceptable life events and painful feelings into the unconscious, is:
a. repression.
Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego, or to explain away failures or losses, is known as:
a. rationalization.
Adler pioneered the practice of teaching professionals through live demonstrations with parents and children before large audiences. This is now called:
a. "openforum" family counseling.
__________ emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence.
a. Existential analysis
Francesca, a cognitive behavioral therapist, likes to give homework assignments to her clients. What might her rationale be for doing this?
a. Homework can be a vehicle for assisting her clients in putting into action what they are learning in therapy.
Adler chose the name ___________________for his theoretical approach because it is based on a growth model.
a. Individual Psychology
Which of the following is not true about the Adlerian concept of "private logic"?
a. It is a result of the feelings and emotions we experience in our daily lives.
A statement that best illustrates "bad faith" is:
a. Naturally I'm this way, because I grew up in an alcoholic family.
Existential therapy is best considered as:
a. an approach to understand the subjective world of the client.
Adlerian therapists strive to establish and maintain:
a. an egalitarian therapeutic alliance and a person-to-person relationship with their clients.
The Adlerian approach is well suited to multicultural counseling because the:
a. approach encourages clients to define themselves within their social context.
The existential approach is particularly well-suited to clients who:
a. are dealing with grief and loss.
According to Erickson, the basic struggle of early childhood involves:
a. autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
Time-limited existential treatments:
a. can serve as a catalyst for clients to become actively and fully involved in each therapy session.
The premise of Adlerian group work is that:
a. clients' problems are usually of a social nature.
Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except:
a. counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions.
Adlerians view the use of techniques in counseling as:
a. geared to the phase of therapy and the needs of the client.
The purpose of examining a client's family constellation is to:
a. get a picture of the individual's early social world.
Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them to:
a. heal their own psychological wounds.
One contribution of Adlerian therapy is that:
a. practitioners are given a great deal of freedom in working with their clients.
An Adlerian therapist asks for the client's earliest recollections in order to:
a. provide a point of departure for the therapeutic venture.
A more flexible variant of psychoanalysis is:
a. psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy.
In order to meet the goals of psychoanalytic treatment, Rhonda must help her eating disordered clients to:
a. reduce their symptoms and resolve their internal conflicts.
The ethics codes do not mandate that dual or multiple relationships:
a. should be avoided or that nonsexual multiple relationships are unethical.
Therapy is viewed as a ___________________in the sense that the interpersonal and existential problems of the client will become apparent in the here and now of the therapy relationship.
a. social microcosm
Clients place more value on the personality of the therapist than on the ___________________.
a. specific techniques used.
All of the following are true about a therapist's countertransference reactions except:
a. they should be avoided.
Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to:
a. use their power to influence clients to accept or adopt their value system.
Which statement below is not accurate with regard to the phenomenon of countertransference?
a. Countertransference reactions are the weakest source of data for understanding the world of the client since they are so biased.
Which of the following is not considered essential knowledge for a culturally competent counselor?
a. Knowing how to analyze transference reactions
Which of the statements below about social interest is true?
a. While Adler considered social interest to be innate, he also believed that it must be learned, developed, and used.
The statement "Only when I am perfect can I be secure" is an example of:
a. a guiding self-ideal.
A comprehensive approach to counseling:
a. goes beyond understanding our internal dynamics and addresses those environmental and systemic realities that influence us.
Which of the following statements best describes the author's view of the medical model?
b. A focus on the medical model restricts therapeutic practice because it stresses deficits rather than strengths.
Which of these statements about interventions is true?
b. During the course of an individual's therapy, different interventions may be needed at different times.
__________ cannot be reduced simply to cultural awareness and sensitivity.
b. Multicultural competence
A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably using which ego defense?
b. Reaction formation
Feelings of hostility, destructiveness, anger, rage, and hatred are associated with the:
b. anal stage.
The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to:
b. change overt behavior.
The ego defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations is known as:
b. compensation.
The_______________ factors—the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extratherapeutic factors—are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome.
b. contextual
During the reorientation and reeducation phase the most important intervention is:
b. encouragement.
Adlerian psychology is a __________, holistic, optimistic, and socially embedded theory based on basic assumptions that have woven into various theories of counseling.
b. phenomenological
The central theme running through the works of Viktor Frankl is:
b. the will to meaning.
Because ego and consciousness are not the same, the slogan for psychoanalysis has shifted from "making the unconscious conscious" to:
b. "where there was id, let there be ego."
Which of the following did Adler not stress?
b. Focus on early childhood experiences as determinants of later personality functioning
What is the correct sequence of the psychosexual stages?
b. Oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital
Which of the following is not a method of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client populations?
b. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very difficult
Which of the following is not considered a basic dimension of the human condition?
b. Striving for acceptance of others
Which of the following statements about theories or models of counseling/psychotherapy is true?
b. There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society.
When is the counseling process at its best from an existential viewpoint?
b. When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client.
Which of the following was not part of Stan's work in existential therapy?
b. Working on his inauthentic relationship with his siblings
Confidentiality must be breached and information must be reported by practitioners when all of the following take place, except:
b. a child under the age of 16 requests counseling sessions.
During her sessions, Justine questions whether she is trying to meet her clients' needs or her own needs. Justine is:
b. actively working toward expanding her self-awareness and learning to recognize her areas of prejudice and vulnerability.
Effective counseling must take into account the impact of culture on the client's functioning, including the:
b. client's degree of acculturation.
In the text, all of the following are listed as characteristics of the counselor as a therapeutic person except:
b. counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems.
The client's core experience in Adlerian therapy consists of:
b. discovering their basic mistakes and then learning how to correct them.
The first step in making an ethical decision is to:
b. identify the problem.
Existential therapy groups are particularly helpful for clients working on:
b. issues of responsibility.
In the text, one reason given for having counseling students receive some form of psychotherapy is to help them:
b. learn to deal with transference and countertransference.
Viktor Frankl's approach to existential therapy is known as:
b. logotherapy.
In regards to techniques, existential practitioners believe:
b. no set of techniques is considered essential.
Existential therapists prefer to be thought of as:
b. philosophical companions, not as people who repair psyches.
According to the text, the challenge of fulfilling the spirit of informed consent is to:
b. strike a balance between giving clients too much information and giving them too little.
From a multicultural perspective, some clients may reject this approach because:
b. their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices.
According to the text, positive ethics is an approach taken by practitioners:
b. who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum
Which of the following statements is not true about Alfred Adler?
b. His early childhood was happy.
Freud used the term libido in which of the following ways?
b. To refer to the energy of all the life instincts
Dr. Jones told Emily that her efforts to overcome her fear of test taking at school will most likely lead her to outperform all of her classmates one day. This intervention was:
b. inappropriate because Dr. Jones was confusing Adler's notion of superiority with the idea that her client would become superior over others.
The central goal of existential psychotherapy is to:
b. increase awareness.
Dr. Kane pointed out to her client John that his feelings of inadequacy at work seem reminiscent of the feelings he experienced in his family of origin. It is probable that Dr. Kane was:
b. looking for continuity by paying attention to themes running through John's life.
The British scholar working to develop training programs in existential therapy is:
c. Emmy van Deurzen.
In the book Staring at the Sun: Overcoming the Terror of Death (2008), ________________develops the idea that confronting death enables us to live in a more compassionate way.
c. Irvin Yalom
__________ is often described as our perceptions regarding self, others, and the world, and includes the connecting themes and rules of interaction that give meaning to our actions.
c. Lifestyle
Which child tends to feel squeezed out and may develop a conviction that life is unfair and a feeling of being cheated
c. Middle child
Who was the Danish philosopher that addressed the role of anxiety and uncertainty in life?
c. Soren Kierkegaard
Which of the following is not an issue that Stan struggles with?
c. Substance use
Which of the following statements is true about the relationship a client has with his or her analyst?
c. The client is free to express any idea or feeling, no matter how irresponsible, scandalous, politically incorrect, selfish, or infantile.
Henry has the impulse to gamble excessively whenever he goes to Las Vegas. Aware of this, he has decided to turn down a job offer in Las Vegas to avoid the temptation to gamble. What part of Henry's personality helped him to reach this decision?
c. The superego
Jacqueline feels guilty whenever she considers taking a day off from work for personal reasons. Which of the psychic structures postulated by Freud is fueling her guilty feelings?
c. The superego
A person with a __________ personality disorder is characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts. This person is lacking a clear sense of identity, has poor impulse control, and an inability to tolerate anxiety.
c. borderline
A person who manages his or her anxiety by distorting reality and failing to acknowledge painful events is most likely using:
c. denial.
According to the existential viewpoint, death:
c. gives significance to living.
Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex-role identity is a critical function of the:
c. phallic stage.
The developmental crisis involving initiative vs. guilt occurs during:
c. preschool age.
The ego defense mechanism in which a person exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of reverting to less mature stages is ________?
c. regression
All of the following are a part of Jung's view of development except:
c. symbiosis.
The __________ sets forth the goals of the therapeutic process and specifies the responsibilities of both therapist and client.
c. therapeutic contract
Informed consent in counseling can be provided in all of the following forms except:
c. through third party.
According to Yalom, the concerns that make up the core of existential psychodynamics include all of the following, except:
c. togetherness.
Which of the following is not an example of how existential therapy is unlike many other therapies?
c. It focuses on the use of the specific techniques created for this theory.
Which of the following would an Adlerian therapist particularly value?
c. Modeling of communication and acting in good faith
Which of the following statements is not true about guidelines for ethical practice in counseling and psychotherapy?
c. Practitioners are free to formulate any ethics they choose.
Which of the following aspects is not assessed when exploring a client's family constellation?
c. The relationship between the parents and the pediatrician
Which of the following is not a component of the brief psychodynamic approaches?
c. The therapist functioning as a blank slate
Which is not an essential aim of existential-humanistic therapy?
c. To dispute clients' irrational beliefs
Ursula lived in New York City on 9/11. Ever since experiencing the aftermath of the terrorist attacks, she has felt anxiety about going to the upper level floors of tall buildings. As an existentially oriented therapist, you might conclude that:
c. Ursula's anxiety is normal in light of the traumatic experience she had on 9/11.
Existential therapy is:
c. a phenomenological approach to therapy.
You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as:
c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context.
A major characteristic of the classical psychoanalytic therapist is:
c. a sense of being anonymous.
For Sartre, existential guilt is what we experience when we:
c. allow others to define us or to make our choices for us.
"Fictional finalism" is an Adlerian term meaning:
c. an imagined central goal that guides our behavior.
The therapist's presence is:
c. both a condition and a goal of therapeutic change.
The primary aim of time limited dynamic psychotherapy is to:
c. change the client's repetitive patterns of relating to others.
Effective psychotherapy is a practice in which the:
c. client and therapist collaborate in coconstructing solutions regarding life's tasks.
Assessment consists of:
c. evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process. ~OR~ a. identifying a specific mental disorder.
In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to:
c. exercise prudent judgment when it comes to interpreting and applying ethical principles to specific situations.
In Freud's view, an individual experiencing neurotic anxiety feels:
c. he will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately.
The goals of existential therapy include all but_________.
c. helping clients to eliminate anxiety in their lives.
In Erikson's view, the major developmental task in adolescence is:
c. identity vs. role confusion.
Both the feminist perspective and the postmodern approaches charge that diagnoses:
c. ignore societal contexts.
Existentialists contend that the experience of relatedness to other human beings:
c. is healthy when we are able to stand alone and tap into our own strength.
All of the following are true about the superego except:
c. it governs, controls and regulates the personality.
The main function of the ego is to:
c. mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment.
It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to do all of the following, except:
c. not consider the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate.
The "fundamental rule" for the client in psychoanalysis is:
c. participating in free association.
Adlerian therapy has a phenomenological orientation. Thus, the therapist attempts to view the world from:
c. the client's frame of reference.
Which of these statements is not true about Alfred Adler?
c. Alfred Adler has been criticized by intellectuals for failing to give his brother Edmund due credit for helping him develop his theory.
Which of the following techniques is not used in Adlerian family counseling?
c. Analyzing resistances between members of the family
Which of the following is not considered an essential skill of an effective culturally competent counselor?
c. Being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly reexperience early childhood events
Marcus, a therapist in a community agency, recently divorced his wife and seems to be harboring anger towards women in general. His colleagues, who have noticed a change in his attitude and behavior lately, have encouraged him to seek personal counseling to work through his issues. They are:
c. acting ethically by recommending counseling for Marcus; as counselors, they recognize that personal issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients.
The author describes the characteristics of an effective counselor. By including this information in the chapter, he is hoping to convey the message that:
c. you should develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to promote your own personal growth.
__________ ethics focuses on doing what is in the best interest of clients.
d. Aspirational
Which person is not associated with the existential movement?
d. B. F. Skinner
Adler taught that we must successfully master three universal life tasks. Which of the following is not one of these tasks?
d. Enhancing wellness
Who developed the object-relations view that focuses on separation and individuation?
d. Mahler
Which child is most likely to demand center stage, tends to have difficulties in life when he or she is no longer the center of attention, and is likely to become dependently tied to the mother?
d. Only child
The Electra complex and the Oedipus complex are associated with what psychosexual stage of development?
d. Phallic stage
__________ is a legal concept that protects clients from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission.
d. Privileged communication
All of the following are stages in Adlerian counseling except:
d. analysis of resistance.
All of the following are characteristics that form the basis for an integrative framework in brief therapy except:
d. counselor indirectiveness.
In Existential therapy, finding the "courage to be" involves:
d. developing a will to move forward in spite of anxiety producing situations.
Directing energy toward another object or a person (when anxiety is reduced by focusing on a "safer target") is known as:
d. displacement.
Privileged communication applies to:
d. individual counseling
The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as:
d. interpretation.
The young adult who adopts his parent's outdated political beliefs to avoid unpleasant feelings of anxiety is an example of:
d. introjection.
Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious includes all of the following except:
d. material derived from introspective techniques.
Attributing to others the qualities or traits that are unacceptable to our own ego is best described as:
d. projection.
The process of redirecting sexual energy into some form of socially acceptable behavior is known as:
d. sublimation.
Which of the following is not true about Rollo May?
d. He believes that we can only escape anxiety by exercising our freedom.
During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow?
d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values.
Who is primarily credited with popularizing and extending Adler's work by applying Adlerian principles to group work?
d. Rudolph Dreikurs
In regards to freedom and responsibility, existential therapy embraces three values. Which of the following is not one of these values?
d. The freedom to choose our past and the choices of our parents
Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the relational approach to psychoanalysis?
d. Therapist anonymity is used to foster the transference relationship.
All of the following are life tasks that Adler taught we must successfully master except:
d. achieving self-actualization.
From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may display all of the following characteristics except:
d. ambiguity is not inherent in most psychoanalytic approaches.
With regard to the role of counselors' personal values in therapy, it is appropriate for counselors to:
d. avoid imposing their values through a process of bracketing.
According to Adlerians, inferiority feelings:
d. create motivation to achieve mastery.
When Adler spoke of individuality, he referred to the unique way we:
d. develop our own style of striving for competence.
Self psychology and object relations theory emphasize all of the following except:
d. different cultures maintain similar values.
According to existentialists, our search for meaning involves all of these except:
d. exploring unfinished business.
The process of encouragement in Adlerian counseling includes all of the following except:
d. helping clients understand their liabilities and weaknesses and process them in detail.
If a person becomes fixated in the oral stage of development, later personality problems may include all of the following except:
d. high self-esteem.
According to the text, personal values of the counselor influence all of the following, except:
d. how the clients' life progressed prior to treatment.
The social interest and community feeling refer to:
d. individuals' awareness of being part of the human community and to individuals' attitudes in dealing with the social world.
Developmentally, Freud's latency stage corresponds to Erickson's stage of:
d. industry versus inferiority.
A person experiencing persistent feelings of inadequacy has probably had difficulty attaining a sense of _________ during the_________ stage.
d. industry; school age
In helping clients to examine their mistaken goals and faulty assumptions, an Adlerian therapist does not use:
d. interpretation of the transference relationship.
A person who is suffering from feelings of alienation and isolation has probably failed to achieve a sense of ___________ during the ___________stage of development.
d. intimacy; young adulthood
From a scientific perspective, existential psychotherapy:
d. is difficult to research because every psychotherapy experience is unique.
The concept of resistance can best be described as all of the following except:
d. it is not valuable from a theoretical and clinical perspective.
Clients have a right to know about __________ before making highly personal disclosures.
d. limits of confidentiality
When working with a client living a restricted existence, an existential therapist would likely:
d. make the client aware of how his or her current ways of living are keeping him or her stuck.
Philosophically, the existentialists would agree that:
d. making choices can create anxiety.
Being alone is a process by which we do all of the following except:
d. reject the social overtures of others.
In a group based on existential principles, clients learn all of the following, except:
d. that pain is not a reality of the human experience.
In object-relations theory, later relationships build upon:
d. the child's search for a reconnection with the mother.
Regarding psychotherapy treatment outcome, research suggests all of the following except:
d. therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment.
A therapist should consult with colleagues or specialists under all circumstances except:
d. when discussing past life choices.
An authentic counselor is best described as:
d. being willing to look at his or her own life and make the changes wanted; he or she can model that process to be the way it is revealed to the client.
The range of emotionally charged responses such as withdrawal, anger, love, annoyance, powerlessness, avoidance, overidentification, control, and sadness of the therapist are often associated with:
d. countertransference.
Which one of the following is not associated with the cognitive-behavioral action-oriented therapies?
A) Existential theory
The author makes a case for:
A) Initially getting an overview of the major theoretical orientations and then learning a particular approach by becoming steeped in that approach for some time.
Which one of the following is not considered an experiential and relationship-oriented therapy?
B) Family Systems Therapy
Presenting one model to which all trainees subscribe is:
C) Dangerous in that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients.
Synthesizing the approaches covered in the text:
C) Often requires many years of study, training, and practical counseling experience.
Which humanistic approach places emphasis on the basic attitudes of the therapist?
C) Person-centered therapy
Which of the following is not a factor that oftentimes limits our freedom of choice?
D) Internal
"Fictional finalism" is a term that Adlerians use to describe our attitude in dealing with the social world.
False
A distinctly human characteristic is the struggle for a sense of peace.
False
A meta-analysis of research on therapeutic effectiveness found that the personal and interpersonal components are, at best, only moderately related to effective psychotherapy.
False
According to Freud, consciousness constitutes the largest part of one's psychological functioning.
False
According to the existential view, death makes life meaningless.
False
Adler stressed that our desire to strive for perfection is learned from our parents.
False
Adlerian therapists pay careful focus to techniques and work in structured, set ways.
False
Adlerian therapists realize that clients do not become discouraged and function effectively because of mistaken beliefs, faulty values, and useless or self-absorbed goals.
False
Adlerian views of birth order and family constellation are highly relevant to individuals from all cultural contexts.
False
Adlerians maintain that change is not possible without insight; understanding the causes of one's problems is a prerequisite to behavioral change.
False
Adlerians maintain that the priorities we choose arise from our personality strengths.
False
Adlerians typically do not use techniques of interpretation, for they believe that clients can make their own interpretations without therapist intervention.
False
Analytic therapists view transference as a factor that results from ineffective intervention on the therapist's part.
False
By discussing a client's earliest recollections, an Adlerian counselor hopes to bring unconscious conflicts to the surface.
False
Choice theory/reality therapy applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems.
False
Clients are viewed by Adlerian therapists as "sick" and in need of a cure.
False
Clinicians who work in community mental health agencies, private practice, and other human service settings are generally expected to assess client problems within the framework of the National Association of Social Workers' Diagnostic and Assessment Protocol Manual (3rd ed.).
False
Confidentiality can be considered an absolute.
False
Ego-defense mechanisms, by their very nature, imply psychopathology.
False
Existential therapy can best be considered as a system of highly developed techniques designed to foster authenticity.
False
Existential therapy is especially useful in working with culturally diverse populations because of its focus on individuality.
False
Existential therapy is rarely used for group treatment.
False
Existentialists claim that the use of specific techniques is the cornerstone of the approach.
False
Freedom implies that we are responsible for the lives of others around us.
False
From the Adlerian perspective, objective reality is more important than how we interpret reality and the meanings we attach to what we experience.
False
From the existential viewpoint, anxiety is seen as a neurotic manifestation; thus the aim of therapy is to eliminate anxiety so clients can live comfortably.
False
If we are inauthentic, it is unlikely that our clients will detect it
False
In the existential approach, techniques are primary, while subjective understanding of clients is secondary.
False
It is easy to overestimate the contributions of Adler to contemporary therapeutic practice.
False
It is optional for therapists to inform their clients that they may discuss certain details of the relationship with a supervisor or a colleague.
False
Multiple relationship issues can be resolved with ethics codes alone.
False
Overemphasizing cultural differences is always appropriate in a counseling context.
False
Practitioners must have had the same experiences as their clients in order to have empathy for them.
False
Psychodynamic group leaders do not interpret their client's transferences.
False
Resistance, in the analytic view, results from either a conscious unwillingness on the part of the client to cooperate, or from the ineptness of the therapist in developing a sound therapeutic program.
False
Since Corey challenges the deterministic notion that humans are the product of their early conditioning and, thus, are victims of their past, he believes that an exploration of the past is rarely useful.
False
Techniques can counteract a client-therapist relationship that is lacking in certain respects.
False
The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex are associated with the genital stage of development.
False
The ego is the original structure of personality.
False
The ethics codes mandate avoidance of all dual or multiple relationships.
False
The existential vacuum represents a place of reflection and solace.
False
The major developmental task of the anal stage is acquiring a sense of trust.
False
The only setting in which one might be forced to manage multiple roles is in community mental health centers.
False
The outcomes of existential therapy have been submitted to rigorous empirical testing.
False
The phallic stage typically occurs during the ages of 1 to 3.
False
The relational model of psychoanalysis downplays the role of countertransference.
False
Therapists need to be free of conflicts before they can counsel others.
False
Therapists should not admit their mistakes since that could diminish their clients' confidence in them.
False
Those practicing brief therapy are in business to change clients, to give them quick advice, and to solve their problems for them.
False
Truly dedicated therapists carry the problems of their clients around with them during leisure hours.
False