Exam 1

______ symptoms refer to mood symptoms experienced prior to the very first mood episode that patient had ever had, whereas ____ symptoms refer to symptoms that precede or predict the onset of a mood episode a. premorbid; prodromal b. prodromal; premorbid c. premorbid; remitted d. remitted; prodromal

a. premorbid; prodromal

When someone is watching, Yumyan eats fewer pancakes than usual. This tendency to decrease a behavior while being observed is an example of: a. reactivity b. observer bias c. observer drift d. poor reliability

a. reactivity

In response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goose bumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the: a. sympathetic nervous system b. peripheral nervous system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. central nervous sytem

a. sympathetic nervous system

A cluster of symptoms that go together and define a mental disorder is called a: a. syndrome b. classification system c. DSM axis d. treatment approach

a. syndrome

Which of the following would be a process measure or assessment?: a. the number of times the patient completed their therapy homework b. whether or not the patient met the diagnostic criteria c. how the patient scored on a symptom scale relevant to their diagnosis d. the patient's rating of their symptoms

a. the number of times the patient completed their therapy homework

Your long term stress response system can impact your organs by releasing hormones from the: a. medulla b. ganglion c. adrenal gland d. hippocampus

c. adrenal gland

T/F "avocation" refers to the loss of interest or pleasure in things that once made you happy

False

T/F Individualistic (Western) cultures value low-arousal emotions, while collectivistic (Eastern, African) cultures value high-arousal emotions.

False

T/F Introverts are generally better at regulating their emotions than extroverts

False

T/F People with alexithymia are generally very empathic and find it difficult to separate themselves from other people's emotions

False

T/F Studies have shown that although both medication and psychotherapy work to improve depression, they act on completely different parts of the brain

False

Who is MOST at risk for misinterpreting a cultural response as pathology? a. someone with a biological orientation b. someone with a cognitive-behavioral orientation c. someone who is from the dominant culture (e.g., in the US, a white assessor) d. someone who is from a minority culture

c. someone who is from the dominant culture (e.g., in the US, a white assessor)

Which structure is a distinct part of the depression-related brain circuit?: a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. subgenual cingulate d. prefrontal cortex

c. subgenual cingulate

"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It's difficult to get a good job unless you're a computer genius." This complain is consistent with a ____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder.: a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanistic d. sociocultural

d. sociocultural

An example of a behavioral symptom of depression is: a. not wanting to eat b. having a negative view of oneself c. feeling sad and angry d. staying in bed for hours during the day

d. staying in bed for hours during the day

Brain imaging studies of patients with borderline personality disorder find lower activation in the _______ lobes when seeing emotional images

frontal

____ refers to a steady, balanced internal physical state that is maintained through dynamic changes. while "____ load" refers to the wear and tear on the body that is the result of efforts to maintain that steady state when under chronic stress

homeostasis; allostatic

Match the physiological stress system to its major function: long-term, slower stress response short term, immediate stress response

long-term to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal short term to sympathetic-adrenal-medullary

Of the people who would qualify for a DSM diagnosis in their lifetime, surveys show that ____ percent would show comorbidity? a. less than 5% b. about 75% c. almost 100% d. about 25%

d. about 25%

What is the purpose of clinical assessment?

To gather information to test hypotheses about the patient's diagnosis and the cause for their symptoms; to plan treatment; to monitor how treatment is progressing; to make a diagnosis

When Label was 5 years old, she was playing with a stuffed pigeon when a burglar broke into her home. Now, as an adult, Label is terrified of pigeons. Why do cognitive-behavioral theorists believe Label dreads pigeons, even though she should know they are harmless? a. Label avoided pigeons after this event, so she never got close enough to pigeons to lear they re actually harmless b. Label's brain has been rewired by childhood trauma c. Fearing rabbits protects Label from confronting real threats in the world d. Label's fear has been transmitted genetically through an evolutionary process

a. Label avoided pigeons after this event, so she never got close enough to pigeons to lear they re actually harmless

The theory that states people develop generalized anxiety disorders because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth is: a. Rogers's client-centered theory b. Freud's psychoanalytic theory c. Ellis's rational-emotive theory d. Pavlov's conditioning theory

a. Rogers's client-centered theory

Roberto was outside the parking garage when, out of nowhere, he suddenly felt overwhelming fear. Roberto noticed that his fear increased, he started to feel out of control, and the intensity of the feelings seemed to reach a peak and then pass within a fe minutes. This is an example of: a. a panic attack b. panic disorder c. generalized anxiety disorder d. post traumatic stress disorder

a. a panic disorder

In a diathesis-stress model of mental illness, the "diathesis" refers to ________ while the "stress" refers to ____. a. a predisposing risk factor; an environmental factor b. learning; genetics c. an environmental factor; genetics d. hormones; learning

a. a predisposing risk factor; an environmental factor

Which of these terms refers to the outwards expression of an emotion, such as facial expression or vocal tone? a. affect b. mood c. reaction d. prosody

a. affect

Which of the following would be a process measure?: a. an assessment of how often the patient takes their psychiatric medications b. a self-report scale of anxiety symptoms c. an fMRI scan showing low activity in the frontal lobes following a stroke d. a diagnostic interview (to give the patient a diagnostic label)

a. an assessment of how often the patient takes their psychiatric medications

In men, depressed mood is often expressed as... a. anger b. crying c. seeking social support d. hyperactivity

a. anger

Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people with schizophrenia are more likely to become artists. The results would tell us that: a. children of people with schizophrenia are more likely to rank highly on a measures of artistic skill. b. children of people with schizophrenia inherit an "artistic" gene c. artistic skill in children causes the parents to develop schizophrenia d. people with schizophrenia teach their children to become artists

a. children of people with schizophrenia are more likely to rank highly on measures of artistic skill

A therapist applies a small electric shock to a client every time that person views an image of a cigarette, with the hopes that the client will develop an intense dislike of cigarettes and quits smoking. This therapy is based on: a. classical conditioning b. modeling c. operant conditioning d. contingency management

a. classical conditioning

Which of these drugs acts by directly stimulating a reward center in the brain, rather than indirect action? a. cocaine b. marijuana c. opium d. alcohol

a. cocaine

"Drug dependence may develop because one finds drug use rewarding when it reduces tension." A person with which view of substance abuse would MOST likely agree with this statement? a. cognitive-behavioral b. biological c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic

a. cognitive-behavioral

Dr. Pearl wants to create a new projective assessment, and wants to make it as scientifically sound as possible. What could she do to improve the measure's reliability?: a. create a structured scoring system to categorize patient's stories when presented with an ambiguous image b. let clinicians use their best judgement when interpreting patient's responses c. have clinicians from different cultural backgrounds contribute questions for a self-report symptom scale d. avoid using diagnostic criteria and use a continuous symptom scale instead

a. create a structured scoring system to categorize patient's stories when presented with an ambiguous image

Dr Marsha Linehan was the developer of which type of therapy a. dialectical behavior therapy b. group therapy c. cognitive-behavioral therapy d. mentalization

a. dialectical behavioral therapy

Many people in Mr. Dewey's family have mood disorders, suggesting that they all share a common genetic predisposition towards depressed mood. Because of this, Mr. Dewey is really careful to provide a good environment for his son Buck, making sure he doesn't experience too many difficult things and has all his basic needs provided for. Mr. Dewey is showing that he understands the ____ model of mental disorders. a. diathesis-stress b. attachment c. cognitive d. stress

a. diathesis-stress

Studies examining the effectiveness of gender-sensitive programs for treating substance abuse have shown that substance abusers fo different genders have: a. different physical and psychological reactions to drugs b. the same physical, but different psychological, reactions to drugs c. different physical, but the same psychological reactions to drugs. d. about the same physical and psychological reactions to drugs

a. different physical and psychological reactions to drugs

which of these emotions would inhibit the experience of disgust? a. frustration b. sadness c. anxiety d. terror

a. frustration

What is NOT one of the major benefits to using a continuous model of diagnosis?: a. it's easier to figure out who should get treatment resources in a continuous system b. looking at symptom severity, rather than diagnostic label, helps plan treatments for that individual patient c. describing symptoms on a continuous helps identity commonalities across diagnoses, which helps researchers figure out possible common causes d. describing a patient by their symptoms rather than categorical labels reduces problems with comorbidity

a. it's easier to figure out who should get treatment resources in a continuous system

Which of the following assessments for depression would have high reliability, but very low validity a. looking at the patient's phone and counting the number of texts they send last week, because depressed people are less social b. a self-report scale of mood and other depression symptoms c. a structured interview, asking the patient about their thought, feelings, and behaviors d. asking the patient about their prior experiences in psychotherapy

a. looking at the patient's phone and counting the number of texts they ent last week, because depressed people are less social

What is the relationship between the international classification of diseases (ICD) and DSM-5? a. the two publications do not include identical lists of psychological disorders; for those disorders listed in both, the DSM-5 descriptions and diagnostic criteria are often more specific and rigidly defined b. the ICD does not include any psychological disorders c. the psychological disorders and related diagnostic criteria are identical in both publications d. DSM-5 contains some psychological disorders not listed in the ICD, but for those that are listed in both publications, the descriptions and diagnostic criteria are identical

a. the two publications do not include identical lists of psychological disorders; for those disorders listed in both, the DSM-5 descriptions and diagnostic criteria are often more specific and rigidly defined

Which of the following factors have been identified as possible reasons for the gender differences in depression a. women are more likely to ruminate over stressors b. women are more likely to distract themselves from stressors c. clinicians are more likely to recognize depression in women d. women are more likely than men to express anger e. reproductive hormones may increase boy's risk of depression during puberty f. boys are more likely to experience early life stressors, particularly sexual abuse, than girls

a. women are more likely to ruminate over stressors AND c. clinicians are more likely to recognize depression in women

An example of a mete-worry is demonstrated by someone who: a. worries about worrying b. worries about all possible signs of danger c. worries about not thinking through every solution to a problem d. thinks about worrying

a. worries about worrying

Brain imaging studies of patients with borderline personality disorder find higher activation in the _____ when seeing emotional images

amygdala

_____ refers to the lack of interest or pleasure in social interactions specifically, while ____ refers to lack of interest or pleasure more generally

asociality; anhedonia

Which statement about unipolar depression is TRUE? a. Most individuals with unipolar depression require more than one year of treatment before seeing improvement b. The vast majority of individuals with unipolar depression recover within 6 months, sometimes without treatment c. About half of the individuals who receive treatment for unipolar depression improve within the first 6 months; all individuals experience full recovery within one year, even without treatment d. treatment for unipolar depression is always required and is effective almost immediately in approximately 2/3 of all individuals

b. The vast majority of individuals with unipolar depression recover within 6 months, sometimes without treatment

Lapis no longer enjoys her usual hobbies or talking to her friends. In fact, Lapis didn't even care when her art project titled MeepMorp won a big prize. This BEST describes someone with: a. fatalism b. anhedonia c. automatic thinking d. dysregulation

b. anhedonia

Bojack feels terrible. He is sad, tired, and depressed, but he refuses to show it because he doesn't want to appear weak and "less of a man". This is consistent with the: a. hormone theory b. artifact theory c. quality-of-life theory d. social pressure

b. artifact theory

Gus parents were not very affectionate with him and often he felt like they didn't want him at all. He had difficulty forming close relationships with others, and had very low self-esteem. He has very strong emotions, and finds it's hard to cope with those emotions. Recently, he's been engaging in non-suicidal self-injury by hitting his head against a wall repeatedly, which has led to him having to go the ER several times. This is a description of the possible development of: a. avoidant personality disorder b. borderline personality disorder c. schizoid personality disorder d. histrionic personality disorder

b. borderline personality disorder

A psychologist does a study of an individual involving history, tests, and interviews of associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is better understood. This study is a(n): a. longitudinal study b. case study c. experimental study d. correlational study

b. case study

How often is alcohol involved in sexual assault? a. less than 1% of the time b. commonly, more than one third of the time c. almost always, more than 90% for the time d. only about 5% of the time

b. commonly, more than one third of the time

Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called: a. correlations b. confounds c. masked (blinded) variables d. random effects

b. confounds

People who use cocaine whoa re on an inpatient ward earn rewards- and eventual release from the program- if they produce periodic urine samples that are free of the drug. The program they are in is a form of: a. detoxification b. contingency management c. behavioral self-control training (BSCT) d. relapse-prevention training

b. contingency management

The group of hormones that are referred to as "stress hormones" are: a. peptide hormones b. corticosteroids c. prolactins d. amino acid derivatives

b. corticosteroids

Dave is receiving weekly individual and group therapy for borderline personality disorder. He is learning to recognize one his emotions are inappropriate, and how to use mindfulness to tolerate intense emotions. He is receiving: a. gestalt therapy b. dialectical behavioral therapy c. traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy d. humanistic therapy

b. dialectical behavioral therapy

Anhedonia generally starts with non-regulatory desires, and then progresses to regulatory desires (if left untreated). Given this, loss of interest in which of these things would indicate late-stage depression? a. sexual activity b. eating c. social interactions d. reading for pleasure

b. eating

The fact that anxiety disorders share a strong common genetic liability refers to the fact that... a. having a family member with an anxiety disorder makes you more likely to have a depression or psychosis b. having a family member with an anxiety disorder increases risk for having any kind of anxiety disorder (but not necessarily the same type) c. having a family member with and anxiety disorder makes you less emotionally labile (makes your emotions more stable) d. having a family member with an anxiety disorder makes you more likely to have exactly the same kind of anxiety disorder

b. having a family member with an anxiety disorder increases risk for having any kind of anxiety disorder (but not necessarily the same type)

Which statement is TRUE regarding gender differences in heavy drinkers? a. women are more often identify as having alcohol use disorder than do men, and present for treatment at lower levels of severity b. heavy drinking is at least twice as likely in men as it is in women c. women are more susceptible to becoming heavy drinkers due to their typically smaller body size and weight d. women heavy drinkers outnumber men through adolescence, but the reverse is true in adulthood

b. heavy drinking is at least twice as likely in men sit is in women

A person with snake phobia is taken to a snake-handling convention to confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the _____ technique a. covert b. in vivo c. rational-emotive d. modeling

b. in vivo

Which category of clinical tests tends to have the BEST standardization, reliability, and validity? a. projective tests b. intelligence tests c. response inventories d. personality inventories

b. intelligence tests

What is the difference between emotional intensity and emotional arousal? a. intensity is the subjective quality of an emotion while arousal is how activated it makes us b. intensity is the degree to which an emotion motivates behavior, while arousal refers to the degree to which it activates us c. intensity is the degree to which an emotion activates us, while arousal is how much it motivates behavior d. intensity is the degree to which an emotion activates us, while arousal is it's subjective quality

b. intensity is the degree to which an emotion motivates behavior, while arousal refers to the degree to which it activates us

Use of ____ is kinked to triggering people's first psychotic episodes- but does not in and of itself cause psychosis a. cocaine b. marijuana c. lsd d. alcohol

b. mariduana

a general understanding of the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior in a population is called: a. theoretical approach b. nomothetic approach c. idiographic approach d. correlational approach

b. nomothetic approach

A present-day clinician uses terms like dementia and mental retardation for diagnostic categories. That clinician is using terms: a. common to both DSM-5 and previous forms of the DSM b. not used in DSM-5 but used in previous forms of the DSM c. used in DSM-5 but not used in previous forms of the DSM d. not used in wither DSM-5 or in previous forms of the DSM

b. not used in DSM-5 but used in previous forms of the DSM

______ emotions are generally harder to regulate than _____ emotions a. negative; positive b primary; secondary c. secondary; primary d. positive; negative

b. primary; secondary

_____ behaviors are motivated by our immediate needs for survival, while ____ behaviors stem from our desire for arbitrary internal rewards (and may be indirectly related to survival in the long run). a. regulatory; desire b. regulatory; non-regulatory c. need; desire d. non-regulatory; regulatory

b. regulatory; non-regulatory

Which of these statements is true about therapeutic approaches for managing borderline personality disorder? a. using medication alone (without psychotherapy) is a safe, effective way to treat the disorder b. research suggests that dialectical behavior therapy is the most effective c. use the psychodynamic approach, but avoid relational therapy d. there is no effective therapy for borderline personality disorder

b. research suggests that dialectical behavior therapy is the most effective

A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish over the next couple weeks. What she has experienced is MOST likely: a. peripartum depression, something experienced by 10% of new mothers b. the "baby blues", something experienced by more than half of new mothers c. peripartum depression, something experienced by almost all new mothers d. the baby blues, something experienced by less than half of new mothers

b. the baby blues, something experienced by more than half of new mothers

Which statement MOST accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway of the stress response? a. the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce corticosteroids such as cortisol that case the adrenal gland to release pituitary stimulating hormones, which further increase stress response in a feedforward loop b. the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that caused the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids such as cortisol into the general circulation c. the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to suppress the production of corticosteroids such as cortisol d. the hypothalamus produces corticosteroids such as cortisol, which stimulate the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine

b. the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that caused the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids such as cortisol into the general circulation

As a general rule, if the sample is large, the difference between the groups is large, and the range of scores within a group is small then: a. the results are likely to be socially or clinically meaningful b. the results are likely to be statistically significant c. the results are likely due to chance d. this is a triple-masked study

b. the results are likely to be statistically significant

when a clinician using the Rorschach focuses on the actual images that a person describes, the clinician is emphasizing: a. style b. theme c. color d. latency to respons

b. theme

In the United States, how likely are people who use heroin to also use another illegal drug? a. not very likely, approximately a 10% chance b. very likely, approximately a 90% chance c. likley, approximately a 50% chance d. somewhat likely, approximately a 20% chance

b. very likely, approximately a 90% chance

If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics that predispose them to certain cognitive characteristics that are exacerbated by certain life stressors, then we will have evidence that: a. a single factor causes depression b. different factors cause depression in different people c. an interaction between factors causes depression d. different factors are related to the cause, course, and treatment of depression

c. an interaction between factors causes depression

"A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as that found in a happy marriage, may precede the onset of depression." This statement would provide evidence for which theoretical perspectives? a. psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral b. biological and psychodynamic c. cognitive-behavioral and sociocultural d. sociocultural and biological

c. cognitive-behavioral and sociocultural

Which group emphasizes the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went? a. sociocultural theorists b. existential theorists c. cognitive-behavioral theorists d. biological theorists

c. cognitive-behavioral theorists

If a new test for assessing anorexic tendencies produces scores comparable to those of other tests for assessing anorexic tendencies, then the new test has high: a. predictive validity b. standardization criteria c. concurrent validity d. interjudge reliability

c. concurrent validity

Which brain structure or region is NOT part of the brain circuits involved in unipolar depression? a. prefrontal cortex b. hippocampus c. corpus callosum d. subgenual cingulate

c. corpus callosum

What is the name of the comprehensive treatment approach applied particularly in cases of borderline personality disorder and/or suicidal intent?: a. multicultural influences education b. social skills training c. dialectical behavioral training d. psychoanalysis

c. dialectical behavioral training

If a study's findings generalize beyond the immediate study to other persons and situations, then the study has: a. external observer bias b. internal observer bias c. external validity d. internal validity

c. external validity

Which sociocultural theory does NOT attempt to explain the link between gender and depression a. artifact theory b. life stress theory c. interpersonal conflict theory d. rumination theory

c. interpersonal conflict theory

Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, such as poverty and menial jobs, than men. This is the: a. self-blame theory b. artifact theory c. life stress theory d. lack-of-control theory

c. life stress theory

To measure tendencies toward depression, an assessment tool asks individuals to record all the times they feel sad. However, individuals report wide variations in the number of sad episodes from day to day. This assessment tool has: a. high test-retest reliability and high face validity b. high test-retest reliability and lo face validity c. low test-retest reliability and high face validity d. low test-retest reliability and low face validity

c. low test-retest reliability and high face validity

if a clinician is particularly interested in a clients family background and community influences, MOST likely that clinicians orientation is a. biological b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic

c. sociocultural

if a clinician is particularly interested in a clients family background and community influences, MOST likely that clinicians orientation is: a. biological b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic

c. sociocultural

DSM-5 includes gambling disorder as an addictive disorder, along with substance abuse disorders. This change is considered important because it: a. defines an addiction as something that requires medical or psychological intervention b. provides support for the concept that addiction is related solely to the reward circuit c. suggests that people may become addicted to behaviors, not just substances d. means all of the treatments for substance use disorder can also be used to treat gambling addiction

c. suggests that people may become addicted to behaviors, not just substances

Louise takes some LSD, and then feels as if she can feel the sounds around her. This effect is known as: a. the psychedelic effect b. intoxication c. synesthesia d. hallucination

c. synesthesia

What does the "commitment" in "acceptance and commitment therapy" refer to? a. encouraging the patient to fully commit to being in therapy, moving them from one stage of change to the next b. getting the other people in the patient's life to commit to helping them c. taking action in accordance to one's personal values d. encouraging the patient to use inpatient hospitalization (become institutionally "committed")

c. taking action in accordance to one's personal values

Having a negative view of one's experiences, self, and the future is what Beck referred to as: a. dysfunctional object relations b. learned helplessness c. the cognitive triad d. the tripartite model

c. the cognitive triad

How are features of the "baby blues" different from he symptoms of peripartum depression? a. both the "baby blues" and peripartum depression have the same symptoms b. the symptoms the the two differ depending on the age of the mother and the number of children she has had c. the symptoms of the "baby blues" are like those of peripartum depression, but are less severe and persistent d. unlike in peripartum depression, the symptoms of the "baby blues" persist for several months following the delivery of a baby

c. the symptoms of the "baby blues" are like those of peripartum depression, but are less severe and persistent

Which does dialectical behavior therapy NOT emphasize? a. social skills training b. mindfulness meditation (a Zen technique involving observing one's emotions) c. the use of antipsychotic medications in an outpatient setting d. the client-therapist relationship

c. the use of antipsychotic medications in an outpatient setting

The BEST way to select a random sample of 10 students from a class would be to: a. choose the first 10 who enter the classroom b. choose the last 10 who leave the classroom c. write each student's name on a piece of paper, put the papers in a pile, close eyes, and pick 10 papers d. ask students their ethnicity, GPA, and academic major, and then be sure the sample reflects all of these student characteristics

c. write each student's name on a piece of paper, put the papers in a pile, close eyes, and pick 10 papers

Studies of those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder show that: a. fewer than half attempt suicide at least once in their lives, and more than 5% succeed b. fewer than half attempt suicide at least once in their lives c. more than half attempt suicide at least once in their lives, and almost none succeed d. about 75% attempt suicide at least once in their lives

d. about 75% attempt sucide at least once in their lives

Assume variables X and Y are correlated. A researcher would be able to make the MOST accurate predictions of scores on variable Y if the correlation between X and Y is: a. close to zero b. +.45 c. -.53 d. -.88

d. -.88

Studies show that students living in substance-free dorms engage in binge drinking about ___ as often as students living in fraternity or sorority houses a. 10% b. 75% c. 25% d. 50%

d. 50%

____ brains have less anticipatory reward brain activity than ___ brains. a. adult; adolescent b. male; female c. female; male d. adolescent; adult

d. adolescent; adult

Which statement is TRUE about social anxiety disorder?: a. Men are more likely than women to experience social anxiety disorder b. wealthier people are more likely to develop social anxiety disorder c. social anxiety disorder tends to delay in early childhood d. each year, approximately 8% of people all in the United States experience social anxiety disorder

d. each year, approximately 8% of people all in the United States experience social anxiety disorder

Kyle just used marijuana, and about half an hour later, starts to feel high. Kyle has MOST likely taken the drug by: a. intravenous injection b. inhalation (smoking) c. intramuscular injection d. eating it in some food

d. eating it in some food

The findings that American women have higher rates of anxiety and depression than American men do is MOST likely to be produced by ____ research.: a. case study b. longitudinal c. analogue d. epidemiological

d. epidemiological

What does the word "dialectical" in "dialectical behavioral therapy" refer to? a. using a dialectical question-and-answer style during individual therapy b. helping the patient learn how to name their emotions ("find their own dialect") c. using talk therapy instead of medication d. finding balance between two (apparently) opposing forces of the rational and emotional

d. finding balance between two (apparently) opposing forces of the rational and emotional

A new assessment tool does a good job differentiating those people who later will be depressed and those people who will not be depressed. It also produces results similar to those of other tools measuring depression. Therefore, the new assessment tool has: a. poor predictive validity and poor content validity b. poor predictive validity and good content validity c. good predictive validity but poor content validity d. good predictive validity and good content validity

d. good predictive validity and good content validity

A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent and adequate and achieve in all possible aspects is displaying: a. conditions of worth b. meta-worry c. compulsion d. irrational assumptions

d. irrational assumptions

Around the time that Hugo retired, he began to have serious health problems. Slowly he lost contact with old friends and his increasing focus on his health and pain made it difficult for him to have pleasant interactions with others. A cognitive-behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of a. learned helplessness b. object relations loss c. sociocultural changes d. loss of positive social rewards

d. loss of positive social rewards

All the opioid drugs are known collectively as: a. depressants b. hallucinogens c. endorphins d. narcotics

d. narcotics

A clinician has developed a test that requires test-takers to tell stories about a series of pictures of city skylines. Most likely, this new test is a: a. neuropsychological test b. personality inventory c. response inventory d. projective test

d. projective test

To study some gender differences, a researcher selected a group of 10 men, 10 women, and 10 gender non-binary people and treated all participants exactly the same. Each participant was given a test of psychological function. This study is an example of a(n): a. experiment b. double-masked design c. correlational study d. quasi-experimental study

d. quasi-experimental study

T/F the only symptom necessary to diagnose panic disorder is that the patient has experienced at least one panic attack

false

Jamack is very afraid of frogs and toads. His therapist has him go through relaxation training, and then has him construct a fear hierarchy. Finally, the therapist has Jamack go through a phase of graded pairings of frogs and relaxation responses. This approach is called: a. implosive therapy b. modeling c. flooding d. systematic desensitization

d. systematic desensitization

Of these statements about treatments for social anxiety disorder, which has the most evidence from research? a. antidepressant medication eliminates symptoms faster than, and for at least as long as, the best psychotherapy b. anti anxiety medication eliminates symptoms faster than the best psychotherapy c. the best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, but not as long, as the best drug therapy d. the best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast as, and longer than, the best drug therapy

d. the best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast as, and longer than, the best drug therapy

What is mentalization a. psychoanalysis b. a form of inpatient hospitalization c. social skills training and other therapy that improves symptoms d. the capacity to understand one's own mental states and those of other people

d. the capacity to understand one's own mental states and those of other people

The chief danger of LSD use is: a. the risk of developing drug tolerance b. the severity of withdrawal symptoms among even occasional users c. the universal occurrence of flashbacks among former users d. the possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions

d. the possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions

Prefrontal cortex damage is more common among prisoners than the general population, perhaps because... a. people who end up in prison have poorer impulse control b. people who end up getting caught are poorer planners c. they are more likely to have been exposed to toxic levels of drugs d. they are more likely to have suffered brain injuries from assault and/or early abuse or neglect e. all of these are correct

e. all of these are correct

____ refers to how well a psychological treatment performs under ideal conditions, while ____ refers to how well a psychological treatment performs under average or real-world conditions.

efficacy; effectiveness

T/F anticipating a reward, and actually getting a reward, uses the same parts of the brain

false

A(n) _______ interview involves the clinician asking a fixed set of questions, while a(n) _____ interview has no set script and involves the clinician asking whatever questions seem appropriate.

standards/structured; unstructured

Both researchers and clinicians make theories about the causes of people's behavior, and collect data to test those theories. T/F

true

T/F About 1 in 10 fathers experience postpartum depression

true

T/F acceding loss is more rewarding than receiving gains, which is why it is harder to treat relief-related motivations to use substances than the reward-related motivations

true

_______ refers to the subjective quality of an emotion, or it's "flavor"

valence