Exam 1
Which statement is the best summary of the term equifinality?
"There are many paths to the same destination."
What is the primary distinction between adequate adaptation and optimal adaptation?
Adequate adaptation is a minimum criterion for acceptable functioning and optimal adaptation is an excellent or superior criterion for functioning.
After completing her grocery shopping, Tana and her preschool-aged son Tyrell approached the checkout isle to pay for their groceries. Tyrell noticed the candy in the candy isle, and asked for a piece of candy. When Tana told him, "No, we'll have a snack when we get home," Tyrell began to cry and throw a tantrum. After a few seconds, other shoppers were noticeably uncomfortable. So, Tana eventually paid for a piece of candy and gave it to Tyrrell. Tyrell immediately quit throwing his tantrum. After this episode, Tana found herself needing to give Tyrell a piece of candy at checkout more and more often. Otherwise, he would start throwing a tantrum and would not stop until he received his piece of candy. Based on the principles of operant conditioning, this example is an illustration of which of the following?
both "a" and "b"
Dr. Patel believes that the children who come to her clinical practice either "do" or "do not" qualify for a diagnosis of psychopathology. She assesses their symptoms and evaluates whether they are suffering from a diagnosable psychology disorder. Dr. Patel operates from a(n) ________ model of psychopathology.
categorical
Within the framework of developmental psychopathology, discontinuity refers to ________.
change
Why does the study of developmental cascades require the use of longitudinal research methods?
Because the construct of cascades assumes effects that spread over time.
Which of the following terms best summarizes the concept of neural plasticity in the human brain?
changeable
Jodi's parents do not provide her with adequate food or clothing, and fail to tend to her needs so that she can grow and develop in a healthy manner. This behavior is one of many forms of:
child maltreatment.
Mrs. Edmondson is a third grade teacher. She has worked in this position for 14 years, and is regarded as one of the most effective teachers on the faculty. Students love her, parents rave about her, and the administration has approached her about being the new school principle. Mrs. Edmondson functions effectively in this environment, demonstrating a high level of ________.
competence
Dr. Patel is conducting research that involves testing different groups of children of different ages at the same point in time. This is an example of ________ research.
cross-sectional
Which of the following would NOT be found in a discussion of how psychopathology develops from a physiological model?
cultural influences
Gavin does not always come up with spontaneous social language. Instead, his teacher notes that once he learns it, he will use it appropriately. Based on the reading, how would you describe this characterization?
delay
Many types of barriers can obstruct a child's path to getting necessary psychological help. Which of the following is an example of a barrier of perception about mental difficulties?
denial of the severity of a problem
Dr. Lennon works at a governmental agency focusing on childhood psychological disorders. One of their committees emphasizes estimating the frequency with which specific diagnoses occur in the population. There are three crucial tasks that are important to this committee, and they include all but which of the following?
determining the causes of more or less frequently diagnosed disorders.
Dr. Matthews believes that the best way to consider the psychological disorders that may afflict children is to do so by thinking about the conditions within the context of typical development. This allows him to compare typical functioning to atypical behaviors. This is the basis of _________ psychopathology.
developmental
The frequencies and patterns of distributions of disorders in infants, children, and adolescents are the major focus of ________.
developmental epidemiology
Gavin sometimes responds to change by flopping on the floor. According to Chapter 3, this characterization might be best described as _____.
deviance
If you want to write a paper that examines the careers and writings of two of the primary proponents of the humanistic model, who would you research?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Dr. Sharif conducts research in California on the best way to provide psychotherapy for children with post-traumatic stress disorder. Considering a global perspective, which concern must be considered?
Children with PTSD in other nations may have very different experiences than those in California.
According to the developmental psychopathology perspective, the most important developmental changes involve continuity.
False
When Marisol was born, her genetic makeup indicated that she should grow to a height of between 5'4'' and 5'6'' tall. During her childhood, however, her family was impoverished and she suffered from malnutrition for several years. As a young adult, Marisol is only 5'1'' tall. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding Marisol's height?
Her genotype was 5'4'' to 5'6'' but her phenotype is 5'1''.
In what way does epigenetics differ from previous approaches to studying the influence of genes on human characteristics or behaviors?
It emphasizes the activity of genes rather than the presence of a gene.
Why does having a family high in support, determination, and emotional availability help play a protective role for children in difficult situations?
It helps at-risk children avoid a string of negative events that can interrupt adaptive development.
Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic model of developmental psychopathology?
It is overly optimistic.
Why is the dimensional model of psychopathology sometimes referred to as a continuous or quantitative model?
It views psychological disorders as a matter of degree rather than an either/or distinction.
According to your textbook, which form of adaptation guarantees smooth sailing throughout the various periods of development?
No form of adaptation can offer this guarantee.
Which of the following might present a problem when using the statistical deviance perspective in determining what is typical for a child?
Not everything that is statistically deviant is indicative of a disorder.
Why do parents, schools, and communities often have difficult providing services for children who clearly need psychological support?
The emotional, social, and financial resources are frequently limited.
What is the primary reason for noting that families have a special impact on both typical and atypical development in children?
The family provides the first context for a child's experiences.
In what way do modern supporters of the physiological model of developmental psychopathology differ from earlier contributors who operated from the same approach?
There is a greater amount of attention to the influence that genes and the environment can have on each other
Some of the earlier precepts of the psychodynamic perspective have been discounted by contemporary psychodynamic psychologists. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which modern psychodynamic practitioners differ from the original version?
They probe the unconscious for early psychosexual fixations
________ research in developmental psychopathology is designed, conducted, and interpreted with meaningful applications and social value in mind.
Translational
A discussion of global prevalence of mental illness and the allocation of resources for dealing with these issues requires careful consideration of how ________ models influence thinking in these areas.
Western
Timmy has attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. His hyperactivity and inattention has started negatively impacting his relationships with his peers. His being rejected by his peers, which is further disrupting his development of social skills. This example illustrates that difficulties in one area of functioning (attention and hyperactivity) can negatively impact other areas of development. This is example is an illustration of...
a developmental cascade
In order to develop post-traumatic stress disorder, one must experience a traumatic event. However, not everyone who experiences a traumatic event develops post-traumatic stress disorder. In this example, the traumatic experience would be which of the following causes of psychopathology?
a necessary cause
Jorge is nine years old and is currently a victim of child maltreatment. According to the text, who is most likely to be perpetrating this inappropriate behavior with Jorge?
a parent
What is a diathesis?
a physiological predisposition
Sroufe and Rutter (1984) described adaptation (or maladaptation) as an ongoing activity, where one event may build into another, and so on. This model conceptualizes typical and/or atypical development as ________.
a process
Catelyn has a fearful and shy temperament (i.e., a personality trait in children). Although this temperament is associated with an increased likelihood of developing an anxiety disorder, by itself, this type of temperament does not mean Catelyn will develop an anxiety disorder. Based on this description, Catelyn's fearful and shy temperament is best representative of which of the following?
a risk factor
Karen is a 10-year old who has from problems with anxiety. Her parents are unable to drive Karen to therapy appointments, and she is not old enough to take public transportation. What kind of barrier to receiving services is Karen experiencing?
a structural barrier
From an early age, Peter recognized that he was musically gifted. So he sought out experiences to improve his natural talents, attending concerts, completing music lessons, and asking for musical instruments to play as presents for birthdays and holidays. This is an example which of the following types of gene-environment interactions?
active correlation
Common neurotransmitter dysfunctions include which of the following?
all of the above
Mash and Dozois characterize developmental psychopathology, such as that shown by Gavin, as _____.
an adaptational failure
Professor Naswabi is a developmental psychologist who focuses on disorders that can affect children. How does she likely regard challenges and struggles that can appear in early developmental periods?
as forces of growth
Historically, children have long been viewed through many different lenses. These include conceptualizing children in all but which of the following ways?
as fundamentally identical to adults
Tonya is 8 years old and suffers from a psychological disorder. Her psychiatrist and neurologist explain to her mother that Tonya appears to have an unusual pattern of network organization in her brain, and that recent research has found that this may contribute to her symptoms. With which of the following conditions has Tonya most likely been diagnosed?
autism spectrum disorder
According to the developmental psychology perspective, why is an understanding of normal development important to the understanding of psychopathology?
both "a" and "b"
Some research suggests that people who suffer from schizophrenia have had a biological predisposition (could be genetic, but not necessarily) to develop schizophrenia since very early in development. This biological predisposition, however, will not result in schizophrenia unless individuals experiences stressful experiences that trigger these biological predispositions. This is most consistent with which of the following type of model of psychopathology?
diathesis-stress model
Dr. Leung believes that when a child is brought to him for therapy, he has to work with the child, the parents, siblings, and other relatives to see how the various relationships and interactions contribute to the child's problems. Dr. Leung is likely operating from the ________ model of developmental psychopathology.
family
Marika is a 12-year old girl in sixth grade. Her academic progress is on track with her peers, her height and weight are within developmental norms, and she has many friends. However, she continues to suck her thumb. Her parents and teachers quietly remind her to stop doing this, but she always reverts back to this behavior. In developmental psychopathology, this would be described as a(n) ________ type of adaptational failure.
fixation
In the video included in the instructions for this assignment, what was the conditioned response?
flinching at the "that was easy" sound
In the video included in the instructions for this assignment, what was the unconditioned response?
flinching at the pain associated with being shot by the air gun
Which of the following is not one of the primary concerns found within the framework of developmental psychopathology?
fostering relationships between parents and teachers of children with specific disorders
Alton has some of the genetic risk factors for developing alcohol dependence, and as an adolescent, he has developed problems with drinking alcohol. He frequently drinks, even though he is underage to legally drink. When he drinks, he tends to drink more than he intended, and his hangovers are causing him to miss classes. As a result of these absences, he is currently failing several courses. In this example, Alton's genetic material is best refered to as...
genotype
Dr. Goldheim is conducting research into the normal developmental milestones of toddlers. Which of the following is a major issue that applies to this age period?
guided self-regulation
Todd has been more aggressive than his peers throughout development, but how he has expressed his changing aggressive tendencies has changed across development. During the preschool years, most of his aggressive behaviors were physical in nature, such a pushing and hitting his peers. When he started school, however, most of his aggressive behaviors were verbal, such as name calling and making fun of his peers. By junior high, his aggressive tendencies were more often social in nature, such as excluding peers from events and spreading rumors behind his peers back. Based on lecture, this example best illustrates which of the following concepts?
heterotypic continuity
Professor Chung is interested in knowing how many cases of pediatric schizophrenia have emerged in the last twelve months. His research is examining the ________ of this condition.
incidence
Although he loves sports, Desmond is not very athletic. He says, "I was born with three left feet," to his friends, who no longer ask him to join in basketball or football games after school. In the area of athletics, Desmond demonstrates a high level of ________.
incompetence
According to Dr. Ann Masten, late bloomers typically turn their lives around in their _____.
late teens to early twenties
Which of the following is an example of an event that falls within a narrow developmental pathway?
learning a second language
Daniel is conducting research that follows one group of children over several years. They are assessed at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 months of age. Daniel is conducting __________ research.
longitudinal
Dr. Michael Maddaus describes a childhood in which he experienced _____.
low self-esteem
Nine-year-old Jonah has been training to run a 5k race with his father Ken, but he was unexpectedly hospitalized with an illness. His physician has ordered a minimum of eight weeks of rest. Ken talks with him about how he can stay in shape during the recovery period and running a different race later in the year. Ken is working on ________ a developmental trajectory with Jonah.
mediating
Miguel is 11 years old. Recently he has been having emotional symptoms that are affecting his peer relationships, causing problems with his school work, and have caused him to lose interest in after-school activities. Miguel's experience depicts an atypical situation according to the ________ perspective.
mental health
Gavin is being taught social language using _____.
modeling
When a group of children begin a scavenger hunt, they may all start at the same place but each end up at different destinations. This exemplifies the concept of ________.
multifinality
Which of the following terms involves a set of similar circumstances that lead to different outcomes for different people?
multifinality
Luis is put in time out after hitting his little sister, and Luis does not hit his sister again. Based on the principles of operant conditioning, this is an example of which of the following?
negative punishment
In order to increase the likelihood students will work hard to earn an As in his college course, Dr. Smith institutes a policy that in all of his courses, students do not have to take the comprehensive final exams if they already have an "A" in the courses. Since instituting this policy, Dr. Smith has noticed an increase in the numbers of students earning As in his courses before the final exam. Based on the principles of operant conditioning, this example is an illustration of which of the following?
negative reinforcement
There is clear evidence that early experiences of trauma lead to changes in changes in the organization and activity of the brain. These changes in the organization and activity of the brain best illustrate which of the following?
neural plasticity
Gus and Josh had very different family structures, personalities, and upbringings. Whereas Josh developed into a healthy, well-adjusted young adults, Gus developed an anxiety disorder that he continues to struggle with from time to time, even after relatively successful treatment. These case illustrate which of the following?
none of the above
Marcus and Jason are raised in the same home by the same parents, who love their sons very much. Marcus goes to a private Catholic school while Jason chooses to attend a public school. Marcus is very interested and active in sports, while Jason is more interested in music and performance activities. From a family model, these are examples of ________ environmental influences.
nonshared
Behavioral models of psychopathology emphasize:
observable behavior within a specific environment.
Dr. Prescott believes that young Jorge's social anxiety comes from the fact that his older brother suffers from similar symptoms. "It is clear that Jorge has acquired these symptoms by watching his brother, and is now emulating these behaviors," the doctor tells Jorge's parents. Dr. Prescott believes that the child's symptoms have developed as a result of ________.
observational learning
Dr. Yosef asserts that there is a biological basis and cure for all psychopathology. Dr. Yosef most likely is guided by which of the following theoretical approaches to understanding psychopathology?
physiological models
Haley has had a problem paying attention in class, and because of this, she has not been completing her assignments by the end of course periods. So, her parents and her teacher develop a plan. Haley gets a sticker for each assignment that she successfully completes during the designated course period at school. Over the course of couple of weeks, Haley has started completing more and more of her assignments. Based on the principles of operant conditioning, this example is an illustration of which of the following?
positive reinforcement
JC has recently started exhibiting some oppositional behaviors. His parents are very busy opening up a new business. So, they have not been spending as much time with JC as they usually spend with him. Given his age and his current family situation, these oppositional behaviors not unusual, but his parents were unprepared for the sudden development of these oppositional behaviors. Consequently, his parents have been responding to these oppositional behaviors by fussing, sometimes emotionally, at JC. This has only led to an increase in these oppositional behaviors though. Based on the principles of operant conditioning, this example is an illustration of which of the following?
positive reinforcement
Complete the analogy. All existing cases of a condition is to ________ , as all new cases of a condition is to ________.
prevalence; incidence
Chapter 3 notes that individual, family, or social characteristics associated with resilience are known collectively as _____ factors.
protective
Dr. Dayton believes that 11-year old Amanda's psychological struggles began in her early childhood, and that as she grows and develops her troubles will also mature and change. Dr. Dayton is a proponent of the modern version of the ________ perspective in developmental psychopathology
psychodynamic
The formal term for intense, frequent, and/or persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior is ________.
psychopathology
Which concept of behaviorism states that positive and/or negative outcomes can lead to changes in behaviors?
reinforcement
A child who becomes a healthy, well-adjusted adult despite growing up in an abusive family is an example of which of the following?
resilience
Nezhat did very poorly on her first math test. Instead of getting down on herself and giving up, she worked hard every night, asked her parents for help, and did practice exercises in her math book. On the next test she earned the highest score in her class! Nezhat has shown a high level of ________ with regard to her math class.
resilience
The surgeon in the video, Dr. Michael Maddaus, talks about difficulties in his early life. According to the reading, elements associated with an increased vulnerability to psychological disorders are collectively called _____ factors.
risk
The core competencies model focuses on several different markers of healthy development. They include all but which of the following?
self-efficacy
Living in a dangerous neighborhood, associating with peers who regularly break the law and get into trouble, and attending a school with poor resources and undertrained teachers and staff are all examples of ________ risk factors.
social
Which of the following is not a dimension along which the sociocultural norm perspective considers what is typical or atypical behavior in children?
socioeconomic-specific expectations
Both of Tuan's parents suffer from eating disorders. His mother has struggled with anorexia nervosa in the past, and his father receives psychotherapy to help him avoid returning to behaviors that warranted the same diagnosis during his college years. Tuan is at ________ risk for developing an eating disorder.
specific
Stuart and Erin are concerned that their nine-year-old son, William, is obese. They decide to enroll him in a local program that focuses on reducing childhood obesity through eating interventions, exercise programs, and health education. Stuart tells the director, "I'm concerned that this program will make William feel bad about himself for being overweight." Stuart is concerned about which concept?
stigmatization
In the video included in the instructions for this assignment, what was the conditioned stimulus?
the "that was easy" sound
What is the primary consideration used to determine whether a behavior is or is not normal from the mental health perspective?
the child's psychological well-being
In the research of Mukalo, Heflinger, and Wallston (2010), the two contexts of stigma that were identified included the self/individual and:
the general public
The modern study of positive psychology is a direct outcome of which earlier theoretical perspective?
the humanistic approach
Which cognitive/behavioral model examines topics like evolutionary contexts, experience-expectant learning, and both qualitative and quantitative change?
the neoconstructivist approach
In the video included in the instructions for this assignment, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
the pain experienced when shot by the air gun
Which of the following have researchers found to be very important in terms of the role of risk factors on a child's development?
the total number of risk factors a child experiences
Which of the following is not a foundational consideration of the psychodynamic model as it applies to the field of developmental psychopathology?
the way in which learning processes, including conditioning, affect one's mental well-being
With sociocultural definitions of what is considered typical or atypical at a given time or place, what becomes the very basis of definitions of psychological disorders?
value judgments
Dr. Lopez is a psychologist whose area of expertise is developmental psychopathology. As such, she would likely be interested in the way maladaptive patterns of functioning result in current and potential impairment in all but which of the following?
young adults
