EXAM 1 ARTWORKS & TERMS

Nicola Pisano, Annunciation & Nativity, Pisa Pulpit

Center - nativity - mary & sleeping baby jesus, slightly larger than any other figure Top left - annunciation, prequel - angel delivers news to mary Right - angel appear to shepherds to announce that a savior has been born Bottom left - baby jesus getting his first bath Confused joseph Layers stories one after another, creates individual vignettes Style of overlapping not often seen in tuscan art of the period but in classical antiquity, which pisano was interested in Compare to Ancient Roman Battle Sarcophagus Trees & temple count as ornaments Antithesis - manmade temple vs natural trees, urban vs rural, feminine vs masculine Inscription - "In the year 1260 Nicola Pisano caved this noble work..." compare to barga pulpit one Scenes in order by architecture Divides scene chronologically Annunciation on left & nativity on right Spaces divided into pair of arches - breakdown elements of composition into groups of 3 - clarifies what's going on, artificial organization

Tuscany

Central Italy

Modeling

Chiaroscuro- light/dark contrast

Chrysography

"Writing in gold"; linear hatching in gold leaf on an icon.

Di sotto in su

"from the bottom up", works are ceiling paintings in which the figures seem to be hovering above the viewers

Greek-Cross Church Plan

"x" or cross-like church plan

Italian Renaissance

(French for "rebirth") Economic & political recovery of Italian peninsula "Rebirth" of golden age & classical antiquity Resurrection of noble & ancient past Nostalgia about ancient Roman empire

the altarpiece

Altarpiece Work of art, painted or sculpted or both, placed on top or above an altar of a church More or less invention of early renaissance, maybe provoked by changes in religious ceremonies in early 1200's The altar - in renaissance christianity, the table or block on which mass is celebrated Usually made of stone but had variety of formats Often decorated w/ christian symbols or narratives Similar to ones in judaism or greco-roman religions Offerings to the dieties, often animal sacrifices In the old testament & in greco-roman tradition, used to make votive or sacrificial offerings Derives from tables Christ shares bread & wine w/ the apostles, institution of the eucharist Also made a pronouncement His flesh & blood - a sacrifice Table became symbolic altar

Fra filippo lippi, madonna and child with angels, san marco

Probs private commission for a devotional painting Almost reminds you to adore the virgin and the child Cut-off - make the figures bigger and make it at the scale of the viewer - established in relation to you Compare to 15th century madonna and child Frame inside of the frame - 3D set inside - makes us think about our spacial relationship w/ the figures Angel's wings of the right, virgin's shoulder over lapping it - looks like really in front of it, casts a shadow on the frame Cast shadow - affirms validity of the body - density of darkened area changes Background - very low contrast - atmospheric perspective Bold chiaroscuro - skirts - sense of physical presence in our space Sfumato on face Ornament on head and calligraphic lines and on arm of the throne Ornament, pattern, and calligraphic lines

Masaccio, expulsion of adam and eve from eden, brancacci chapel

Realized difference between good and evil, running around naked Thrown out by god to be on their own Distanced and expelled by god - illustrate that bleakness Psychological push to the narrative - compare to expulsion of joachim Like giotto - reduces things down, not a lot of ornament Depicts nudity like classical antiquity of greek references Eve - modest venus type Adam - belvedere torso Compare to late 14th cent depiction Masaccio's not as violent - angel points sword in the air, adam and eve are walking out on their own instead of physically pushed out, psychological point in the shame of the body whereas the other one had clothes, adam stopped covering himself - shows turmoil inside Faces are expressive especially eve b/c of contrasty light and shadow - abbreviation of modeling optical modeling - show adam and eve in the same way as you'd see them in the distance Contrasts fabriano's adoration - softer and in detail Adam and eve casting shadows - takes on a connotation of mortality Could've been alive forever but turn mortal

Contexts

mostly religious art Cathedral - church associated w/ the bishop (overseer of territories called dioceses) One in each diocese, contains ceremonial throne for bishop Baptistery - space within or building next to a cathedral where diocese children are baptized Chapel - space within a church, or a freestanding structure, containing an altar at which mass may be celebrated Exterior sculpture Bridging the individual & the institutional, the civic, & the religious Qualities that can withstand the outside - more sculpture than painting Area of passage from civic to spiritual self Sculpture marks that change to inform you for that particular change in status Interior painting & sculpture or mosaic Embody the word (a 'bible for the illiterate') Most italians & europeans were illiterate or didn't read latin Images gave people access to the narratives of the new & old testament & let people meditate on them & stuff Reinforce the meaning of a ritual or ceremony - baptism or mass (ex: development of altar piece)

Panel Painting Technique

paint with a different mixture of paint on a small panel

Humanists

people who formed a vocab for this idea Course of study based on ancient Greek & Latin texts & disciplines (history, philosophy, rhetoric, literature) Works may be secular but not anti-Christian Vast majority of artists were not technically humanists (though number of humanists were interested in art) *concept based as much on the distance of ancient culture as on its richness

Patron

person who pays for a work of art from an artist, special order

Elevation of the Host

raising the priest and turning the receivers away from the people

Medici palace - cosmio de' medici

rules florence from 1434 to 1464 Ruling family of florence Fiction - power was understood and didn't hold an overwhelming title Home of the family Has a courtyard - donatello's david bronze

The Artist

someone who undergoes different kind of training & career trajectory Usually at the head of or part of a studio or workshop - needed helping staff Some spent time as assistants Run as a business Masters his craft by apprenticeship - way to pay for training by working for the artist Artist have assistant and young artist learns the trade & hones (mostly his) skills Learns & practices his art through imitation & emulation Training your hand by copying & honing judgement - learn what's beautiful & ideal by looking at successful arts Knowledge of previous art is embedded in artistic practice - see what's being done Keep up w/ what's happening, making work that not only references you but address the tradition of art that comes before you Recall model you studied but appear different enough to seem like an improvement of that Worked in various ways Picture peddler - tried selling personal work door to door Painter in his studio w/ patrons & model - given specific assignments or commissions from patrons - most common way - patrons wanted work done in certain way

antithesis

strategy of ornamentation, pleasing juxtaposition of opposites of any quality Common during this period Can be in a figure (animal head opposite of direction of body, animals scratching vs at rest, different species of sheep & goats, heads up & down) Gospels - sheep & goats = saved & the damned

Imitation

strict copy in order to learn art

expiation

the act of making amends or reparation for guilt or wrongdoing; atonement

Monumentality

the appearance of largeness or massiveness

Antithesis

the direct opposite, a sharp contrast, juxtaposition

atmospheric (aerial) perspective

the effect of distance in a painting created by using increasingly pale and less intense colors for faraway elements, representing them as they appear in nature owing to conditions of distance, air, and light

Giotto's Arena Chapel (Scrovegni Chapel)

the family chapel of the scrovegnis, moneylenders who were known for their flagrant usury; penance for the family's sins; . virtually every space painted by Giotto with buon fresco scenes from Life of mary Life of christ Last judgement dramatic paintings possessing a psychological intensity and emotional immediacy that involve the view directly in the scene; 14th cent Patron of arena chapel - Enrico Scrovegni Wealthy from lending money @ high interest rates, make gift to god by creating space & celebrating him

Lucas cranach, allegory of the law and grace

the gospel of the old and new testaments Relationship w/ christ brought about salvation Woodprint Spread message of salvation through god's grace Antithesis - nature - denotes goodness Bigger than woodprint cuz woodprint more portable Catholic - more direct relationship w/ christ Lutheran - converting to lutheran can save soul Cranach had dozens of adam and eves Plenty of secular ones Many of couples of unequal age Nudity

Giovanni Cimabue

man under which Giotto studied Tuscan painters Their works were made 30 years apart Both huge & shows gigantic leap after tiny ones before them

Gentile da Fabriano's Strozzi Altarpiece

One of the most ornate and elaborate and expensive altarpieces in 15th century italy Patron - palla strozzi - florentine banker - exiled Painter - gentile da fabriano Gilded - suggests wealth and workmanship - talent and ingenuity of artist - reflects on the knowledge and strategy of the patron, knew to hire which artist

Lorenzo ghiberti, sons of isaac (jacob & esau), gates of paradise

Organized w/ linear perspective Can decompress it and understand the space Relief is pretty high Can move around and get different views and scenes from the story

Andrea Mantegna, Vaulted ceiling of the Camera degli Sposi

Painted illusion of gilded stucco reliefs surrounding an oculus Perspective & extreme foreshortening to make it look like you're looking at people look down at you from below Di sotto in su - from below looking up Peacock, a plant sitting on broom handle - a lil joke cuz look like it falling Boys w/ wings sticking their heads out from the openings of the wall & standing on edge Extreme foreshortening - display of skill Goes further b/c view isn't very flattering apple could be thrown at us, anything could fall down from the wall

Albrecht durer, the four horsemen of the apocalypse

Shows the end of the world Death, famine, war, plague shown by weapons Woodcut print Tic tac toe hatching to shade - removed w/ lines by a professional Durer, willibald pirckheimer, engraving Influence of humanist thought Durer copies the italian renaissance print by andrea mantegna Drawing instead of engraving

Orsanmichele

- small church gobbled up by government Carries religious, commercial, and patriotic meanings Church, grain market, guild palace Framed figures of protector reaching out around all walls Comforting - gaze over the cities looking over when in threat Lower not high up

Egg Tempera

A painting medium in which ground pigments are bound with egg yolk

Contrapposto

A style of Greek sculpture where people are depicted standing and leaning so that the person's weight is being put on one side. People are depicted with their bodies curved like an "S"

Michelangelo, Creation of adam, sistine chapel

About to get soul from god Is tensed up and limp compared to god Correction of other versions Lorenzo ghiberti - god reaches down and takes his hand - state of horizontality to verticality - idea that god is giving a hand - a little too sweet for michelangelo Idea of heavens and earth almost coming together, leaving a sense of potential God's left arm around lady and finger on a boy Figures stand out - who do they represent? Could be eve in the ready and their baby Could be virgin mary and christ Could be christ b/c he was the second adam to atone

Italian art in the late 14th century

1348 - plague strikes italy Painting of a skeleton on a horse striking people suddenly Rampant death and fear among survivors Large distribution of wealth Many commissions for art works Thank god for sparing people General taste for ornate style - not a lot of emotion w/ 3d reality

elevation of the host

13th cent - change in celebration of mass Individual communion of human & divine overshadowed by visual spectacle People showed up just to see it not even participate In front instead of behind Wafer not just a wafer but it is christ

Nicola Pisano, Pisa Pulpit

Adorned w/ figurative sculpture - illustrate preacher or reader's words Could be rudimentary or fancy - pisano is fancy Free standing Hexagonal instead of rectangular Marble in both round & relief Surrounded by columns - various colored stone Luxurious pattern integrated in bodies, more realistic to ideal beauty of world, hair rendered as 3D curls, 3D body shape instead of ornamented carving Emulating style of classical antiquity One of few artists in italy to do this in rigor Compare to relief sculpture from classical antiquity (ancient rome) Barga Pulpit - simplistic details, chisel & drill makes marks in hair

Art in Medicean Florence

Art begins to change Florence under medici rule Cosimo de medici Lorenzo de medici They weren't absolute rulers but they sort of held a position that was understood but not said Sponsors of humanists Late 15th century art in florence More humanist themes and interest in classical subjects & model Increasing use of ornament, including the decorative use of line Consequently a greater interest in surfaces -- both in forms within the artwork (in painting) and on the surface of the artwork itself

The Patron

As important as the artist b/c artist makes what patron ask - make their ideas, determine deadline, price, contract, how much to get paid etc Institutional, church, royal, governing or politicians ask for something that serves a larger ideal & serve meanings already established Cardinal, pope, bishop King, queen, prince Duke, marquis, count Private patrons Generally wealthy & negotiate May either be personal for be for public spaces such as mainly church & stuff Paid for by one family Sometimes you run into the name of the patron on the church who paid to have it created

Pisan Cathedral & Baptistery Complex

Baptistery - important, one per city, every Christian citizen experienced the sacrament of baptism in that one spot & connected Nicola's (Nicola the Pisan) citizenship in central Italy granted important commission

Gentile da fabriano, adoration of the magi, (strozzi altarpiece)

Big, every square inch of it is dense w/ ornament Beautiful colors rendered into flowers, appear to overlap the edges Infancy of jesus - three astrologers or wise men, the magi Followed a star towards baby jesus and gave him gifts Different elements to look at besides adoration Story starts in upper left - magi getting ready- gazing at the stars - gold leaf and paint lead them Continues across - full of anecdotes Becomes compressed and dense - dense weave of ornament on right anecdote Antithesis - the horses, someone looking up and down Removing spurs from king - foreshortening, becomes ornament itself Portrait of patron looking straight at us from the crowd - ornament offering to us Midwives - depiction of world of life and shadow Sfumato - useful for softness of flesh in young men and women Stippling - adds texture and softens presence of light Cast shadow - form almost a pattern and suggest the strength of the light that casts them Wide space progress to compression - progression of the journey

Michelangelo, Libyan sibyl, sistine chapel

Bodies form vertical element Representation of figura serpentinata - twisting figure - step ahead of contrapposto Hips are in a different plane of shoulders In motion Antithesis makes it really pretty opposition Can't see the back but can tell they are muscular - has love for the male body Lady holds pose that a man would hold Studies of the big toe - drew the torso alone b/c it's not a pose that anyone could actually hold - breaking the rule, beauty of what god intended to create Forshortening - figure is pointing forward 180 degree turn

Michelangelo, Temptation and expulsion, sistine chapel

Both scenes in divided Paradise (garden of eden) Tells the world that the figures are beautiful and move according to god's idea of beauty Twisty and shit Eve - beautiful movement but impossible pose Expulsion Physical component is ugly now to show the message Long field has nothing compared to paradise rocks and trees Similarities and differences from masaccio's Similar emotions View of humankind is less charitable

Giotto, madonna & child enthroned

Both throne on center axis, angels, this time has saints, enthroned mom & child Actually really different Everything seems to happen behind the throne instead of in front Everything in giotto's is slightly pushed backwards Suggests that surface & what is shown is kind of the same - sense of air & space Different figure of virgin - breaks away from byzantine - no tilted head, olive complexion, or gold Carefully drawn out modeling Can sense body underneath the garment Baby is pulling the drapery down, can see the outline of the virgin's breasts - depth Giotto - subjects are in layers & pushed back, no weave of bodies & architecture like in cimabue Stands back from throne, creates a space in which their gazes travel, sense of air, meaning is intuitive

Masaccio, the tribute money, brancacci chapel

Christ and his disciples approached by tax collector Jesus says should i be paying tax who pay tax well i'm the son of god so am i supposed to pay taxes on his temple or what Told in 3 stages Center - disciples and jesus boom coin Right - tax collector Left - peter digging out the coin from fish's mouth Sets in architecture in landscape which helps tell the story Central group - Large cloaks and not ornate, Deep chiaroscuro, posing the figures in donatello's type of poses, capable of action, alive with soul Manipulating the way things are set up around the apostles Has horizontal line, orthogonals creates a vector that leads to christ as the central point Mountains - different degrees of modeling Atmospheric perspective - appears to have more air or atmosphere in between the frontal plane of the picture and those things that are distant than there is between the frontal plane and those things that are nearer Things far and near contrast each other Far away - lighter, less contrast Closer - darker, more contrast Three presentations of peter - paying tax collector, getting the coin fish, in the center Profile view and frontal view is similar Fish scene - foreshortened - make statement about paying taxes - the one supernatural occurrence where christ makes the coin appear has difficulta

Dual Nature of Christ

Christ is human and divine

Rogier van der weyden, prado deposition, oil on panel

Christ taken down from cross Mary in striking blue gown For catholic chapel Crossbows from top left & right Flemish realism in fabric & wounds Captured emotions as jan van eyck Compare to netherlandish passion altarpiece that tried to imitate sculpture Crossbows - indicates commissioned by field of crossbowing? Protection of towns & shit Christ's suffering, mary's compassion, dangling arms compare to mary's arm Emotions - swooning and crying - realism Mary's body parallels his - indicated intense feeling & also suffers equally Tears down face Another mourner - puffy red eyes - aspects of passion of christ not record Christ's skin is pierced from thorn crown, bleeding wounds Stressed emotion and compassion through realism Stress the surface of composition making 3D out of 2D Imitation is the greeted form of flattery Rogier's painting was important and influential enough to be copied repeatedly in the 15th and 16th centuries Continued to be influential into the next century

Cimabue vs Giotto's madonna and child

Cimabue - imposing presence, physical & psychological elements are towards front, relicates presence of christ's body & transubtiated host - speaks to congregation Giotto - takes different kind of real presence - implied space, decompresses - speaks to the viewer to their imagination & memory

Hans holbein the younger

Citizen of basel Religious stuff was being questioned so he turned to nonreligious stuff too Trained at augsburg by father (the elder) Catholic tradition Pre-reformation, catholic Connection to humanists and woodprinting

Donatello, st. mark, for orsanmichele, florence

Classical antiquity Compare to 14th - century florentine marble sculpture of a prophet Both 3d, massive, nice ornate gowns, one hand up and down antithesis, protecting and overseeing A body that seems to be draped in a particular way that tells use something about the pose Contrapposto pose - antithesis - ornate pose Contrasts in dynamism of the body Compare to statue of the doryphoros Shows that body is capable of moving - support leg, drapery falls, other leg is bent, resting arm, holding book Public commission - gives sense of protection - sense of movement gives a sense of power b/c of likeness and ability to act Hand on drapery fold - sense of nervousness like a human Pupils are drilled - gaze has focus and concentration Soul and movement - capable of protection

fresco painting

Common method of painting Mural painting Painting made on wet plaster w/ pigments suspending in water so that the pigments bond w/ the plaster as it dries, permanent Start w/ a masonry wall, coat it w/ a layer of rough plaster, wait until it dries, make a drawing (called sinopia) on the plaster, put on a finer player of plaster on a certain area, paint on it while it's wait, dry overnight Patch of fine plaster - giornata "day's work" If it's set, you can't rewet it Patches can't make seems or else will be visible When moved, taken apart in two layers common, difficult Working "on location" Racing against the clock - fill the day's work of patch before it drys overnight Covering original drawing w/ a patch of wet plaster - use judgement Skills developed through apprenticeship If necessary, artist can also paint on dry plaster (fresco a secco) but is less permanent than "true fresco"

Andrea del Verrocchio David, bronze

Understands that whatever he makes will be compared so tries to make it similar but also make differences distinct, compare to donatello's david Not standing on head, knife instead of sword, head is kicked away so he's ready for what's next Smaller than the person - not as viewed as a living being - you see a work of art that doesn't have a set relationship with you Wearing an outfit instead of classical nudity - a shear thing & something on his nipples, thin enough to see his ribs Gilding on hair Not as much psychology but more decorative elaboration

Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned with Angels & Prophets

Compare it to italian altarpiece A lot bigger Earlier work clearly presents body of christ like an altarpiece does, reminder of transubstantiation of host, bilaterally symmetrical Cimabue's is complicated Angels surround madonna Old testament profits sit at the base of the throne Emulating different non-italian style - byzantine art (byzantine empire) Refined standard of artifice Olive complexion, long nose, small mouth Chrysography - lines of gold on the drapery folds, creates pattern, creates illusion of 3d & combines flatness Both large areas of gold leaf, serious & dignified old man baby jesus, virgin has long proportions, head tilts to one side Dense w/ figures, throne is massive, angels cling to it, their attention is directed outwards, suggests the space, everything is directed forwards Profits - old testament figures, jesus is the savior or messiah Serve figuratively as foundation of new testament - under throne - foundational Depicted in different expression than angels - serious, almost disgruntled Different era of christian theology, don't get to bask in light, in "basement" Little bit of underside of the arch - suggests that it's on a single plane Upper edge - contoured back into space - 3D at top & 2D @ bottom - sophisticated visual paradox - contrast experiences of world before & after following christ

Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise (east doors of florence baptistery)

Contains large panels of bronze that were swept away in the flood of Florence Most of his career spent for florence baptistery contains five large rectangular reliefs of scenes from the Old Testament between figurated borders containing statuettes in niches and medallions with busts differs completely from the traditional medieval quatrefoils of the other doors Compress many different incidents and scenes in each panel Gilding Half of the time doing chasing work Story of isaac's sons, jacob and esau Happy marriage but childness 1 rebecca pregnant talks to god 2 birth of the twins hairy and smooth 3 esau's birthright and jacob's lentils 4 isaac's blessing and esau's quest for savory meat 5 rebecca eavesdrops 6 the ruse w/ the kids 7 the stolen blessing

Mantua

Continuity & need to have art around to show that the royal family is the directing force Ludovico Gonzaga - ruler of Mantua Andrea Mantegna court painter of Mantua

Rephael's allegory of philosophy (school of athens)

For julius ii (della rovere) Worked in same general area as michelangelo The vatican palace Michelangelo was probs salty cuz he liked to work in secret and shit Philosophy can be represented in a physical way - lady Ancient roman basilica - set it in rome or remade setting of its glories New conception of the allegory of philosophy Central focus - drawing on compass, figures leaning towards each other, possibility of figures Knowledge as passive - late 15th cent one Knowledge as active - raphael Not just reading but doing Greek philosophers plato and aristotle Carrying a book - beginning of cosmos Gesturing down the earth- book about ethics Plato - suggests appearance of leonardo da vinci Thinks of him as founder of moment in this era of art Ptolemy and zoroaster Self portrait - projection of the society that him, michelangelo, and leonardo is living in Precise perspective Vanishing point is at plato's book Made a cartoon (cartone) - many sheets glued together which the fresco would be drawn on - could transfer it to the wall - made a copy of it just lower half Raphael's cartoon of philosophy Only thing not included is heraclitus Added him in at the last minute Only one wearing workman boots Face - could be a portrait of michelangelo - tip of the hat to him

Duccio, maesta, front: madonna & child enthroned with saints

Does Not fall easily into cimabue or giotto's styles Tiny bit of chrysography, tilted head, kind of mixes two styles Essentially of a heightened or ornate style - compare to northern europe or gothic styles Christ is wearing a transparent veil over him, a pink dress w/ gold stars embroidered, edges are brought out in gold lines, calligraphic feel, drapery is a lil weird Saint in far left has a done up & super fine decorative gown, painted very slowly, ornament is lovingly added Impression from distance, but rewards you when examined closely

Lorenzo ghiberti, sacrifice of isaac

Doesn't stretch out the scene as much Layer three bodies in space but not really - illusion of depth Doesn't actually stick out - illusion Angel is foreshortened instead - in the sky Not a wrestling match "3 part drama" Isaac sees angel instead of looking at dad - subtle sense of relief Abraham not looking at angel - look at terrified son Psychological instead of physical portrayal Won the competition, becomes brunelleschi's mentor but he no like it & leaves Also more practical - weighs 1.5x less Lighter b/c made a lost wax carving to make it hollow

High Renaissance Architecture

Donato Bramante Worked in milan along w/ leonardo da vinci Vitruvius on the well-proportioned temple - parts should fit into the whole You could draw a circle around limbs if out then square In perfect buildings the different members must be in exact symmetrical relations to the whole general scheme Vitruvian man - perfect dude - center of whatever Leonardo draw plans for buildings - lots of circles and squares Central plan - radial symmetry around a vertical axis (or point)

Raphael, madonna of the meadow

Draws like leonardo and sketches like him - tries to think like him wow emulation Pyramidal composition more strictly Two boys are closer, how jesus relates to mom is similar Light and shadow different - doesn't copy or emulate the landscape or setting or space, didn't wanna look like copy but just improving it Not as shadowy as leonardo's Smiles are similar Becomes chief supplier of wealthy paintings whereas leonardo never finished or gave Made more versions of child and s john many many Highly influential along w/ leonardo

Hieronymus bosch, garden of earthly delights, oil on oak panel

Draws on themes of contemporary life & catholic beliefs Emphasizes what sins viewers should avoid Left- adam and eve Center- temptations Right- hellish punishments

Holbein, erasmus of rotterdam

Erasmus was one of the leading humanist scholars of the day

relief sculpture

Excavate into the stone - illusion of 3D instead of real - like a painting Start with drawing Remove excess marble but keep the og surface as the highest layer Deeper dents = deeper contrast & contours vs low soft contrast Low relief - not very deep - you can slightly see furthest edge High relief - bodies project very far, could even excavate beyond the bodies to create a cool shadow & emphasize certain points - undercutting

Masaccio

He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions Different from anything ever seen before

The Florence Baptistery Door Competition

Held in florence Happens under a certain amount of threat Duchy of milan ready to swallow florence into its realm, prepare for war See which artist is most capable of creating bronze doors for florentine baptistery Comes down to two finalists Filippo brunelleschi Lorenzo ghiberti Neither trained as bronze sculptors Try to show off their skills to committee Tell story about sacrifice of isaac A dramatic story from the old testament book of genesis (remember geiken's story about abraham, test of his faith) Construct on quatrefoil shape Abraham, isaac, angel, and ass, ram in the thicket, two servants

16th-Century Art in Northern Europe

Humanism, italy, and ancient art and culture Martin luther and protestant religions Discovery and the new world Catholic-protestant conflict Emperor charles v, catholic Martin luther, protestant

Madonnas by Leonardo and Raphael

Ideas of majesty less obvious Leonardo was altarpiece and raphael's was probs for a patron in a palace

Michelangelo, david, marble

Famous as hell Florence cathedral Donatello, david For some reason they didnt like it enough for the cathedral Life - sized wasnt all that great for a place so big ass What if it was a colossus? Hard as hell Tried making terra cotta as the next best thing "The giant" Marble block obtained Project eventually obtained Block sat there "uncarvable" Unsuccessful attempts, partially carved block sitting there Michelangelo is given the pass to carve the david from partially-worked block Big as hell Compared to donatello's marble david, michelangelo's is naked dick out No head of goliath - maybe no marble whatever but uses it to his advantage by showing david before battle - slinging something over his shoulder and shit Donatello's bronze looks like a teen Michelangelo's looks like a manly ass man Narrower waist than ancient roman colossals Head is bigger in proportions Skinnier Right hand - normal hand Wonky proportions - ancient and colossal sculpture study - not always accurate He's correcting it from the perspective of the viewer so you can see everything nicely You can't really tell anyways Big ass eyes - let people see the gaze well - protective quality - but michelangelo makes the gaze visible from the ground like constantine - not as round but gaze is intense Terribilita - awesomeness, expression of awe, it's his game face that strikes awe Huge so artist also strikes awe - omg look how huge it is Drawings - hand is normal which shows it being big was a conscious move Writing - david with the sling and i with the bow A boast - i like david - david conquers a giant, and so does michelangelo since it's so big No one wanted to move it way above eye level Figure of protection and see over people

Nicola and Giovanni Pisano

Father & son

Urbino

Federico da Montefeltro Studied @ humanist school Known for military skills Married battista sforza - gave birth to 6 daughters @ one son, she died Piero Della Francesca Worked for him on several occasions b/c seemed to be in harmony w/ what he wished

Michelangelo, ceiling of the sistine chapel, fresco

Fictive architectural schema of ceiling (no figures) Alternating large and small rectangles in central field - stories from genesis Enthroned prophets and sibyls Noah scenes Scenes of human creation Four nude males holding up medallions Orients them, antithesis, thinks of the human body as decoration

Early Italian Renaissance Art

Flourishing of arts & literature Neither italy nor art meant the same thing back in the day Italy - no country w/ one capital until recently - kept changing Several different gov for different territories Renaissance - collection of independently ruled territories/city-states Mid 15 century - political divisions Borders kept changing cuz territories tried to swallow each other up, ports, valuable pieces of properties Defensive walls - military protection & regulating trade Ruins remain Not just golden age - lots of wars & battles Making art during times of great stress Regional dialects & differences

Bosch, the hay of wain, oil on panel

Follows the formula of 3-part triptych Similar to garden of earthly delights - temptations that should be avoided Right - fire due to sins - building being built - sin and punishment continue in his time Creates the world in which evil exists from its beginning as people run amuck and seek positions of power Men of power and wealth God oversees the creations of the sins of the world Possible that he changed his views between these two paintings Adam and eve part Gross creatures drinking from the murky water - catlike animals, weird bird, toad like creature Evil was created since the beginning of time Center Naked people enjoying each other, berries, we dunno why there are black figures around Many people around fruit or sea creatures Chemical vessels of the time Huge bird - bigger than humans - topsy turvy and nightmarish world and experience Outlines foolish practices of humans Hell Man embraced by kissy pig Birdman - eats dude and poopoo a bubble - gluttony Lady groped by tree - lust Bagpipe blasts into ear Catholic world filled with sins Warns against sin and its consequences Only moralizing or also meant to be enjoyed visually? - one does not exclude the other Believed to have been commissioned by engelbert II, count of nassau Palace must've been huge to hold the triptych

secco

If necessary, artist can also paint on dry plaster (fresco a secco) but is less permanent than "true fresco" used for using certain colors that don't work w/ traditional fresco Layer of smooth plaster Artist can go back & touch it up using paint on the dry plaster after the paint already dried Dry fresco

typical mid 13th cent altarpieces

Usually horizontal, sometimes taken off of altar & simply taken off & put in the back Nice in scale w/ altar & person in front of it Altarpieces changed one more way Grew vertical & became big as hell for viewing

Leonardo da vinci, last supper

For monastery in refectory S. maria delle grazie, milan Fresco Odd door in center of table Bombed in wwii - fresco did not crumble but was exposed and wall was shooketh Not in great shape cuz leonardo used a mix of substances - tempera paint, oil glaze, not just fresco - wanted to experiment but turned into a mess cuz people tried to go in and fix it or overclean it, patches of missing original paint are filled in w/ neutral color True fresco could've made it so much sexier - shading and highlight would've made the flesh look so soft and 3d and sexy Think of the monks eating supper next to the painting - follow disciples footsteps Good for transubstantiation cuz of the wine or bread One of you will betray me and everyone's like whaaaat Compare to giotto's last supper Giotto's is more believable cuz everyone on other sides of table but bad cuz cant see anyone is everyone on same side except judas is the only one on the other side Sleeping disciple - john the evangelist - resting his head - contrast w/ judas Domenico ghirlandaio, last supper Composed very regular - everyone has a response asking is it me who is betray you Most dramatic stuff on the end Leonardo da vinco doesnt fold the table Not everyone is sitting at the table - sense of drama, not nice even pattern, some people in groups, gives christ some space on his sides, hands on sides after he takes a breath after just spoken Drop of water metaphor Illustration of how sound travels - circles move outwards, christ voice is echo Christ looks like he just spoke No halos a lot in high renaissance - gold discs flatten out scenes Head is framed by window horizon - natural halo instead of gold disc Gestures are a lot more dramatic compared to ghirlandaio's calm ass reactions Judas side of table - he is in shadow - light is being blocked from him - shadow shows us the shadow of his soul - subtle sort of modeling

Fra Angelico and Fra Filippo Lippi

Fra - title as religious brothers Artists painting in florence had to come into terms what style they wanted Preaching orders - engaged more w/ people of florence and serve the citizens around them Lived in a little community inside of florence 2nd floor dormitory of the monastery of san marco, florence First thing you see if the fresco on the left as you change your practices after going up the stairs

Holbein, the ambassadors

French ambassador to english and bishop of lavaur The text indicates the lute's broken string signifies discord Symbolism typical of northern renaissance art Anamorphoses - view from lower right Skull is anamorphic, should look normal Worked for henry viii - king of england, protestant Portraits portrayed him a lot better - he was sickly and shit

Andrea Mantegna, Camera degli Sposi

Frescoed entire room - ceiling, walls - elaborate illusion Ludovico Gonzaga represented twice Solemn & formal in profile Consulting someone from family Father of big family & a formal man Instead of filling the walls that stood looking down @ you, he opened them up so you had the feeling you were @ the center & the world is happening around you Painted pilasters & disappear the wall between them & fill them in Pull back the curtains - artist is "revealing" the world to you Ceiling - paintings meant to look like relief sculptures Depiction of caesars World seems to be existing "just" on the other side & you feel like you're taking a peak Right side wall - two servants on left & right overlapped by pilaster but also stand in front - impossible cuz pilaster supposed to be flush Our space - seems to be standing on mantle - pushing boundaries between what's illusionistic & what's real

Donato bramante, tempietto, authorized

Good relationship w/ pope Spanish monarchs - ferdinand and isabella Meant less to be a church but more to mark where st peter, apostle and first pope, legendarily was martyred hung upside down Memorial Built in a way that draws on vitruvian principles - circular plan and use of orders Doric order Gives shape to the space around the building - look like circle kinda - build around the circle Christian symbols - remaking the city into something grand

Renaissance printmaking

Image making technique that allows the artist to make multiple copies of a design using a single matric Many different techniques developed over the centuries, w/ many different qualities Techniques known before the renaissance, but becomes a viable art form when paper becomes available Relief vs engraving (intaglio - cut into) Relief - record on paper of everything left on the surface Engraving - lines you make are filled w/ ink below the surface so flat surface isn't included Woodcut A relief printmaking process in which a wood-block serves as a matrix Surface of wood block carved away except for areas meant to print as lines or shapes, which are inked and put in a press with paper Because lines are carved from the "outside in," they may appear rough or uneven Engraving An intaglio printmaking process in which a metal plate serves as matrix The design is drawn on, then incised into a copper plate using a burin Lines swell and taper depending on how much pressure the engraver applies Everything you do involves a line Inking the plate, wiping the plate, the inked plate it run through the press w/ moistened sheet of paper on top of it, and a pad or blanket on top of cloth Areas of light and shadow created used the use of lines Modeling created through parallel hatching lines Compare to woodcut lines which is made by carving away the area around them Prints Helped democratize art with Cheaper prices Increased subjects Broadened audience

Lucas cranach the elder

Important for protestant reformation Friend of martin luther Workshop increase in size Painted quickly - vs slow careful Standardized procedures Different versions Martin luther and protestant religions Catholic-protestant conflict

Durer, four holy men

Influenced by large monumental forms of them Each figure is individualized

Chiaroscuro

Italian word meaning "light-dark"

sacra conversazione

Italian, "holy conversation"; a style of altarpiece painting popular after the middle of the 15th century, in which saints from different epochs are joined in a unified space and seem to be conversing either with each other or with the audience.

Giotto, Lamentation, fresco, Arena Chapel

Jesus taken down from the cross & laid on his mom who holds him for the first time Everyone else having an emotional response Packed full of people & angels Divide between realms - upper is all lightness & air though crying & tearing @ their garments, hands on faces, all face in different directions, air becoming visible through swirl of emotions Compare angels to giotto's last judgement - crying angels are tilted in space & bodies are shortened up vs. standing straight - foreshortening - giotto tends to use it when something is important, makes you take a second look Difficulta(difficulty) - displays a degree of skill to prove their point by amping up the difficulty of the skill Everyone leads to jesus, figures are figures we can insert ourselves into Everyone looks in one place Mary - squinting - try really hard to gaze into something but no gaze = no life

Duccio, Betrayal of jesus, from the back of the maesta

Jesus wet out to pray after the last supper Judas betrays w/ the roman army but kissing him, judas leans in, soldiers in the back, disciples running off Also very ornate - edge of garments & mix of garments Narrative also detailed Compare w/ giotto's version, who has less detail & more psychological portrayal - jesus & judas staring at him ee to eye, swallowing him up Maesta has judas doing a little peck, jesus doing a little blessing, multitasking, curing & healing the dude's ear who got chopped up, less psychological, rewards continual looking, different strategy & style in general Painting on the altar in 1260: "madonna of the big eyes" Taken off main altar & was replaced by huge commission of maesta

Giotto, Joachim in the Wilderness, fresco, Arena Chapel

Just thrown out, wanders towards shepard Scene is again reduced Joachim - shameful, can't speak, can't raise his eyes, like a rock Antithesis - joachim vs jumping happy dog Shepards exchange gazes & are like wtf A little different - we see one shepard fully but the other is in a lost profile & can't see what he's thinking - leaves a space we have to enter & provide that part of the narrative which brings us in & engages us

Jan van Eyck, Adoration of the Lamb or the Ghent Altarpiece, Cathedral of Saint Bavo

Left & right - donors, mayor of ghent & wife - jodocus vijd and elisabeth borluut Center: saints john the baptist & john the evangelist Closed view Polyptych Stress catholic ideas of the time - Christ Mary, Christ Mother Mary, holy spirit, saint john, the donors on the sides Donors were patrons to save their souls before they died Open view - shows the adoration of the lamb Compare to the egg tempera diptych Not as rich Gold background - late medieval approach to sense of heavenly atmosphere Annunciation - news to mary Light and shadows - light illuminates from holy spirit Donors - in full color whereas everyone else is placed to look like sculpture Reserved - no one is smiling, ¾ portrait view so we can see it more towards us God father - enthroned & powerful, crown @ feet, very ornate Mary - lilies & roses - purity John the baptist - live in desert, hair emphasized Adam & eve - very pale, see adam's foot from below, eve kinda bloated but not pregnant Singing angels rejoicing to the rising of the lamb, can tell who is singing high or low notes Lamb of god - used to symbolize jesus & recreating his sacrifice - blood of the lamb being poured into chalice, fountain of water is baptism meant to erase sins of adam and eve & shit, bellies pushed forward, religious men in landscape

15th-century Italian Sculpture and Painting

Lot of civic commissions Italy was a mess - places like florence were under a threat Art instilled a public spirit The ornate style - gentile da fabriano Great deal of pattern, sfumato The monumental style - opposite - masaccio continuer of the giottesque style Interest in mottling The ornately monumental style - fra angelico, lorenzo ghiberti Classical sculpture for poses and proportions Sculptures by donatello Emulates certain elements of pose and proportions of classical sculptures Illusion - mottling pushed Add ways of creating space - how objects lie in space Illusion, composition, setting, and space Linear perspective - depict architectural structures and settings Atmospheric perspective - suggest recession into depth into the natural world

Influence of lutheran reformation

Lucas cranach, martin luther and katharina

Leonardo da vinci, portrait of mona lisa

M'lady Under life size Compare to raphael's woman w/ unicorn Leonardo's is shaded area Subtle light and shadow play Compare to domenico's giovanna Doesn't get as much psychology - inscription is oh too bad Leonardo's is like of course i can ¾ view - compare to davide ghirlandiao You can see her hands theyre not cut off Left arm - resting on chair seat - lower body in profile - she's slightly turning her upper body - sense of spiral motion of body - suggests someone actually turning in space Same family as the twisty of michelangelo and raphael Not just a beautiful body but also a soul State of becoming and state of facing us Smile - sense of a smile taking form - seems that the flesh can change Turn towards viewer - response toward viewer is a smile Sfumato in eyes - subtle movement of shadow in eye socket Eyes look like flesh is moving to keep up w/ smile Eyes make it look like she's really smiling Background - complicated World surrounded in mists - world becoming Surrounding miracle of living body vs mystery to encompass god turn into flesh in the virgin of the rocks painting

Albrecht Durer

Made self portraits and presents himself beautifully and implies his success and status Humanism - study of classics of latin and greek, classical antiquity Shows himself in that guide Made a book Took great pride in his appearance Nice hair Northern realism Church celebrated christ and saints Well connected and successful living in the catholic word Humanism Protestant reformation Prints Innovative artist-entrepreneur

Bronze casting

Modelling w/ soft material instead of chipping away hard shit Not every workshop of artists in florence could do More expensive - shows wealth Suggests permanence b/c material withstands much longer Four steps 1 make wax model 2 make mold from model 3 fill the mold w/ melted bronze 4 after removing the resulting bronze sculpture from the mold, correct flaws, add detail and polish Begin w/ a form out of clay - core around which you will model Model form in wax around the core - will eventually be in bronze Insert metal core pins through the wax layer into the clay core Built a network of wax rods around the wax form - will become channels (sprues) for pouring bronze and venting gases Build a layer of various fire-proof around everything - the investment Clay core, coated with wax, encased in investment, with wax rods leading from the wax cat to the exterior of investment Bake the sandwich Wax melts, leaving an empty space between the investment and the clay core, which is held in place by the core pins The empty space ready to be filled w/ melted bronze Slowly cool down until can be handled Investment is removed from the outside of the form Core pins are sheared/shaved down, cut of the bronze sprues, repair any casting flaws Chasing - polishing & adding details

Renaissance as a concept

New framework for history (including the history of art) thought of history in specific terms & increasing of events Event happened in whatever year or division of times Humanists - think of history in more structured way The present - time in which you understand the world - subjective state Classical antiquity - one point these were magnificent spaces, ruins are reminder of something & produce nostalgia - huge gap between present & gilded area The "Middle ages" (dark ages) - didn't call itself it, metaphor of the sun shining again, explanation of how they came into being, put blame on various factors: -Foreign invasions - eastern or northern europe, sacking city of rome, many things fell into ruins -Christianity - dismantling art of classical antiquity, artists talk about this a lot, rejection of pagan religion, statues of ancient gods/classical nudes, stories of saints & martyrs, iconoclasm, interested in what Christianity sought to smite & eliminate Manuscript illuminations Punched holes in text - sense of crumbling b/c that's what past does Ruins - feel for lost time Birth of something very new surrounded by reminisce of classical antiquity, one order is becoming irrelevant as new order takes hold Statements against ancient art - useless imagery contrast w/ presentable models of ancient gods - create new idea of Christianity

High Renaissance Art

Ninja turtles Leonardo da vinci Michelangelo buonarroti Raphael -15th century artists Masaccio, brunelleschi and donatello, labor to invent "rules" that allow the convincing and beautiful imitation if nature: Modeling, composition, proportion, perspective, contrapposto -high renaissance artists Grew up w/ these already established rules and take it further by understanding when to bend or break the rules Produces an art of: Individual judgement rather than strict measurement Artistic freedom rather than rules Art that seems to result from grace rather than struggle More filled w/ energy and possibility that something about to happen, have more freedom to move, makes impossibilities seem possible Renaissance italy develops from florence and grows in rome & then milan (leonardo)

Durer, adam and eve, engraving

Northern symbolism Nakedness - renaissance phenomenon Snake - evil Apple before being bitten - balance Humor and personality type All humors shown in balance in the animals and shit symbolism Antiquity inspires ideals of his bodies Signed in the monogram in latin? 3d convincing - more lines = darker Influence of ancient roman sculpture and vitruvius for ideal proportions

Duccio, maesta altarpiece

Not only religous purpse, but civic purpose Sienna - tuscan town @ sienna cathedral Made to go on high altar Civic monument Vow in the cathedral before the battle of montaperti Sienna was @ war w/ florence, was gonna be a battle During apprehension, a dude stripped himself & put on a noose, led a crowd to the altar, bishop met them & the dude made a vow - change in mood of the city, good sign dude's name was buonaguida - the good guide Good sign b/c the sienese won - considered a miracle - thanks to the virgin mary Sienna - "the city of the virgin" Became a space w/ great bit of meaning Huge as hell Polyptych - many panels of scenes placed together Is a double sided polyptych - back has small narrative scenes about the story of the passion of christ Placed fairly far from the rear walls & the space would be occupied by officials of the clergy who could see the back of it Reconstructed cuz didn't survive

stone sculpture

One of the main two processes for sculpture in the renaissance, favored by artists like michelangelo Other is bronze casting Additive - modeling in clay or wax to add & reshape material Reductive - carving in stone, remove all excess material until desired form emerges - more difficult not just physically but also b/c of judgement required & permanency Judgement - artist must be familiar in the materials Limestone (softstone) Granite (hardstone) Marble - preferred stone Use in greco-roman antiquity - THE stone Metamorphic, crystalline in structure Can have warmth like flesh feel Crystalline has a depth to it, can have light that fills u translucent areas

Domenico ghirlandaio, portrait of giovanna tornabuoni

Perfect profile - classical antiquity profile portrait type Lines are brought out very densely - hair & contour of her face Not a lot of modelling Doesn't express a lot of "clues" about the psychology Exteriors worked up beautifully but the implied emotions are put on hold Jewelry & ornate patterns on dress Card in the back - latin inscription - "let's just stay on the surface of this beauty"

Northern Renaissance Art

Period of change & exploration The early modern period Upheaval - against catholic church Change brought about by luther & other reformers Exploration of new world Contact w/ humanism - connection of individuals Break away from the catholic medieval emphasis on another worldly space - emphasize world in 3D space Invention of printing press & paper

Giovanni Pisano, Pistoia Pulpit

Pisano's son commissioned in Pistoia Similar looking to his father's work Freestanding, hexagonal, includes animals & people, few differences Elaborate signature mentions his dad "blessed w/ greater skill" Nativity scene - similar to father 40 years later Same general areas elements are laid Decides against father's classical style Annunciation: Dad's had a lot of damage & stoic no emotion Giovanni's is very emotional Bathing the christ child: Solemn ceremony, kneeling, silent, attentive Giovanni's is more active, everyone is doing something & had a job Even jesus is doing something, both physical & mental motion of action Babies: Hercules looking bitch, hand on knees, wtf Right size - big head, little body, unfocused gaze Each generation tends to surpass the accomplishments of previous art whereas these two have different strategies for christian art, not superseding each other, both have long traditions that follow them Jesus - complicated entity, god's made flesh, artists who want to paint divinity of him would use classical style like pisano If more human, shows different light on reincarnation - he a baby

Donato bramante, plan for new st peter's

Pope jullius II and donato bramante Wanted to replace church of old st peter's Caradosso medal of julius ii - shows bramante's project for new saint peter's on the reverse Remaking classical rome into a christian identity Greek cross plan - sub-type of the central plan Space could be molded by the architecture Probs wasn't a good idea b/c of practicality and whether or not greek cross was a lil audacious

Raphael, Galatea

Pope leo x Agostino chigi - finance popes Had a palace built for him Villas - country houses but wasnt one - close to town and became the place where chigi had a private residence and had business Polyphemus and galatea Moment of loving and seeing - show off learning ancient story that chigi knew about - transformational abilities of love Lady is reminiscent of birth of venus Three cupids - all seem to be equidistant from us Galatea - figures around her are not on same plane - looks like a circle- activated movement and action and creation of space Galatea is balanced on one leg and turning one way twisting another Figura serpentinata - merry go round around her and is twisting in the middle of the circle Twists in a way within our realm of existence in the world - beautiful but also within nature Baby - sense of softness compared to michelangelo Sfumato on skin Reflection of flesh in body Giving people a sense of multiple ideal styles and multiple ways to be beautiful Two pairs of lovers - reminds you about love Loving vs not really and kinda monstrous Muscles of merman are exaggerated - remind you of michelangelo's figures - poking fun at his over-muscled shit Satire of extreme figura serpentinata Indentation - suggests that his figures arent that beautiful cuz they pervert how the human body is

Masaccio's (and others) Brancacci Chapel

Presents opposite pole of ornate style incomplete Brancacci family own rights to it, were buried there Left wall, frescoes on upper tier by masaccio Very little ornament Emulates classical antiquity Complex emotion Optical modeling

Donatello, david, bronze

Private Nude, striking, freestanding First freestanding nude sculpture of renaissance Not everyone could afford it - bronze Old testament king - young man against all odds cuz god favors him Compare to donatello marble david for florence cathedral Both standing over victorious trophy Straightforward Seems to be looking out for the city Marble one looks more blank Bronze can be read more into - shadow across face - emotionally and visually obscured - engages viewer Head of goliath - stepped on - helmet is decorated, wings Most immediately visible Ancient scene from a cameo Foot interacts w/ the dude/s beard Other wing is spread fully out against leg - not only stabilize but also tickle his skin - something that can only be understood between donatello and medici b/c private

Donatello

Probs most famous italian sculptor or artist around 15th century Differences between his public and private commissions Sculpture for the cathedral Worked under ghiberti while he won the comp Sculptor in marble and bronze Highly sought after 1410; works around italian peninsula Cathedral and baptistery - hot spots of downtown florence Public palace - lots of painting and sculpture - all public works carry certain meanings about the civic and religious heart of the city

Sandro botticelli, the birth of venus

Venus is born of the sea & settles on a shore, surfing on a clam shell about to go on land Wind is blowing onto shore Two bodies tied together & a lady holding a cloth - beautiful drapery folds & curves & dynamic curves Not a sense of depth or atmospheric perspective - flat Venus - based on modest venus - covering herself - also referenced in masaccio's eve Antithesis in her pose is supposed to represent her beauty instead of sexy shame Very little darkness in modeling - flattened Lines of hair & stuff - surface of painting is brought out instead

tempera painting on panel

Renaissance medium of choice was egg tempura on a wooden panel, most common aside from frescos Italian alterpieces from the 13th to 15th century Most were made using egg tempera paint on wooden panels Technique David bomford, et al italian painting before 140: art int he making london, national gallery Lots of labor, lots happens before you even paint Support is constructed from wooden panels, including the frame Dangerous to paint directly on the wood - make it look ugly as hell & warp w/ nature The surface is covered w/ linen soaked in glue Several goats of rough gesso (gypsum and glue) are applied to the surface When the surface dries, several coats of smooth gesso are applied After dried, the surface is scraped absolutely flat w/ a straight-edge You can begin to draw on the surface - remains visible throughout the process vs. fresco covering it Painting process Gilding (patches of thin gold leaf) is applied over layer of red clay "bole" Gives it a warm tonality Gilding is burnished, patterns may be created using punch tools Egg tempera (ground pigment particles mixed w/ water suspended in egg yolk) is used to create the painted surface, add yolk right before painting Patterns might be etched through the tempera paint layer to reveal the gold leaf below Significant features More labor intensive but less "challenging" or "virtuosic" than fresco Requires less experience & judgement than fresco (no racing against the clock or cover sketch) b/c no hurry, the surface can be made very ornate in comparison w/ fresco

Piero della Francesca, Brera Altarpiece

Sacra conversazione - holy conversation - kinship gathering All within same space adoring same figure of christ Donor portrait: federico da montefeltro On lower right kneeling in prayer - showing himself as man of faith but also armor so man of power Compare to north italian artist madonna & child - ruler kneels off to the left & is way tinier - two different realities vs/ Francesca's is more so everyone is in the same reality & included, nothing is impossible spacially @ is seamless Reflection of armor - optical things the artist was good at doing - light hit surface Figures in very center of what is presumably a symmetrical space Odd details - egg hanging - you can use context clues to imagine its size - actually an ostrich egg cuz would be huge if brought to the front - about same size as virgin - could be joke Highlights that his figures are constructed as carefully as the architecture Christ asleep on her lap - reinforces that he's gonna die - way of appointing his youth which has been used in funerary chapels Empty spot in front of federico - sense of absence - suggests that there is a spot reserved for his dead wife

Sacrament of communion (eucharist)

Sacrament - means by which divine grace is conferred on humans Eucharist - priest reenact distribution of bread & wine, communion, thanksgiving Host - sacrificial victim - the bread passed around Eucharist given to a individual parishioner or a monk, central part of mass

Relief Sculpture

Sculpture that is not freestanding

Masaccio, holy trinity, brancacci chapel

Second fresco of the brancacci chapel he made Second time doing linear perspective First time had a problem b/c they were too high up to view it in the intended way Florence, gothic church of sta/ maria novella Monumental but makes sense in perspective this time Father, son, and the holy spirit God on a throne and jesus on crucifix Discrepancy in the scale - the idea was enough even tho tiny jesus Compare to earlier tuscan painting of the trinity Figures are about life size - in our scale but also everyone in the proper size Architectural background, virgin mary, evangelist Vanishing point is relatively low - responds w/ height of the viewer Illusion of looking at chapel Illusion of it being deep and going forward Hierarchy in a 3d way - creates it in a way in which the viewer had a part Bottom - sarcophagus, skeleton, inscription Inscription - you belong to this mortal realm of the earth - u gonna die Donor portrait - the couple who commissioned them but we dunno who they are except they are wealthy and are shown in prayer and are a level above us Step inside - the virgin mary - represent middle between holy realm of god and us - she is looking at us - the bridge between realms Trinity - bodies are presumably the same size Holy spirit is a dove - radical foreshortening - difficulta tossed in God looking at us, symmetrical, unchanging truth exists outside of time Jesus - not looking, drooping, pathos-inducing image cuz he dying, seen as if we would if it was real whereas we don't see god that way - create difference between god and son

Durer, last supper, woodcut

Shows lutheran ideas Everyday person should be able to take wine and bread Rejects idea of sacrifice - empty tray - no lamb of god Ideas of martin luther

Raphael, portrait of baldassare castiglione

Similar to mona lisa Subject is author of the bestselling book on how to behave in a courteous manner - the book of the courtier Deep b/c how you adapt to certain attitudes in life that will transform you On grace and sprezzatura Working hard and covering up the fact that you weren't born with grace Steer away from affectation, make it seem uncontrived and effortless Facility will make you look impressive Whatever it's worth, to be discounted True art is what does not seem to be art; and the most important thing is to conceal it - painting can have a delicate touch of sprezzatura Gives castiglione a sense of sprezzatura Compare to done up portrait of the poet - presenting himself in a posed way Castiglione - engaging w/ you like the mona lisa, clothes not as showy as the poet one Slightest bits of color Monochromatic Harmony of black and white w/ light touch Face - blue eyes stand out and is penetrating as he looks at you in the eyes Batch on hat - sense of the paint brush making lil marks Sprezzatura in the painting, painter, and the person who talked about sprezzatura

Portrait of jurist bonifacius amerbach

Son of book printer, close to erasmus

Lorenzo ghiberti, north doors of florence baptistery

Spent 20 years - half just doing the cold work Earned faith of the committee

Grunewald, isenheim altarpiece, feast day view/open

Struggles of hospital during the plague Christ be dying and not pale compared to others Rotting limbs or loss of limbs Dying and turn to the saints Show the kind of demons they had to fight Dedicated to st anthony - shown in right wing Altar on top of altar patient s could identify w/ christ's suffering Christ is lamb of god shown in form of lamb These type of altarpieces Closed (weekday view) Outer wings open (sunday view) Inner wings open (feast days - holiday view) New directions: courts

Michelangelo plan for s peter's

Takes over Didn't copy bramante but took the idea but made the forms heavier and more stable Makes it more monumental Gets rid of idea of layers - uses colossal order of pilasters - more monumental Shadows, 3D Pointed dome instead of hemispherical

Oil Painting

Tempera on panel vs oil on panel Artificial idea of beauty Oil creates an illusion of 3D & make it appear as it does everyday Egg tempera vs. oil technique Uses drying oil not egg yolk Tempera - artist works from side to side Artist builds it up from the surface Opacity vs transparency Quick drying vs slow drying Hard blending vs mushier softer blending Oil glazing - layers interact instead of sitting on top of each other and is translucent Glazing technique - light penetrates layers instead of leaving a rich opaque solid color More depth of shadow from the light instead of smudging a highlight Can be blended w/ fingers Flemish oil painting technique Areas are built up in layers (glazing); semi-translucent paint allows artist to create the illusion of transparency, reflection Slower to dry than egg tempera, allowing artist more time to create effects such as "smudged" edges to create certain shadows

Eucharist

The celebration of the entire Mass. The term sometimes refers specifically to the consecrated bread and wine that have become the Body and Blood of Christ.

freestanding marble sculpture

The more marble removed, the more unstable - human sculptures are harder Solved by tree trunks, towel, vases next to subjects - stabilizes it like a tripod Alive in motion - push capacity of material for dramatic poses & balance it somehow Stand on one foot, holding heavy head on scrawny arm More risky for these poses - many lost extended limbs overtime Battle between creating dynamism & fighting physics Before Carving Artist more involved in material aspects back then Go to quarry - greatest was in Carrara (in the italian alps) Inspect particular blocks for flaws - some could actually destroy the sculpture Pulled out in wagons to workshop or on a raft The Importance of the block The form of the block determines eventual form of sculpture Front, back, & sides corresponds to the size & shape of the block During renaissance, could either traditionally fit the "box," but could also go against the norm of staying on the axis, can go corner to corner Carving Tools used in particular order to turn into statue Chisels, mallet, drills, file or rasp Point chisel - start & make dents Claw (or tooth) chisel - makes striations, more refined Flat chisels & rasp - polish & refine it Tool marks could be left or covered up - polish vs. rough Show the artist's touch, show expression, juxtaposition of light & shadow Create refined illusions - create light & shadow or mimic filaments Depends on where the statue goes - could be unfinished if no one was gonna see a side

Transubstantiation (real presence)

Theological arguments over how bread & wine was interpreted Commemorate christ sacrifice & reenact & reaffirm worshiper's role of modern apostle vs take his words literally & it's actually his flesh & blood Latter is officially affirmed in 1215 Transubstantiation - changing from bread & wine to flesh & blood Profound mysteries of faith take place @ mass Mass of Saint Gregory the Great - story used to support transubstantiation Medieval pope held mass & there was a doubter who he prayed to be convinced Christ visibly appeared as he handed him a cracker & he poured his blood into the glass

England

Thomas more - man of great learning, a scholar, member of parliament Steelyard merchant george gisze Cyriakus kale

Giotto

Trained as a painter in florence Held to be the greatest painter of his time First to perfect illusion of mass, space, soul Beings w/ feeling Tuscany Wealthy in padua, someone needed to pay someone to paint his chapel b/c he was the best in his day

Grunewald, Holbein, and Cranach

Trained in Catholic imagery Tradition and the church context Cranach only one not changed and influenced by protestant Reformation affected art

Raphael

Trains in urbino, perugia, comes to florence Works in florence and rome Ability to imitate, synthesize, and make his own the stylistic innovations of his contemporaries The triumph of emulation - emulation helped his shit advance super well

Leonardo da vinci

Trains under andrea verrocchio in florence Works in milan Limitless curiosity, notebooks filled w/ drawings and writings on anatomy & shit "Process over product" - how things came into being, invention, figuring out how to carry something out more than actually carrying it out Compare his madonna and child to mid 15th cent one Cat poses in another way Can see that he was trying to decide the head Sketch - can see evidence of how his head works

Michelangelo

Trains under domenico ghirlandaio in florence Works in rome Awareness of traditions of florentine art history and desires to be compared to (and placed in line w/) the greatest "The virtue of difficulty" - show off or else it's pointless Made big ass shit

Jan van Eyck, Dresden Triptych

Triptych - three parts

Leonardo da vinci, virgin of the rocks

Type of madonna and child "madonna of humility" Humbling her by seating her in nature instead of on a throne Manifestation of the divine in which we see everyday - nature = seating them in their and our world Angel taking him out for lessons with john the baptist Compare to filippo's madonna and child w/ saints Both outside in the wild Filippo's bright figures against dark background Leonardo's is muted and dark on dark Filippo's format is like a teardrop - opens up a space in the middle for magical people, it's a hole, figures around it Leonardo's also has a gap but it's an oval in the ground - the viewer closes the circle, create little relations to them Could be a pyramid - pyramidal composition - important in era Filippo - everyone looking at different shit Leonardo - physical and gestural connections are brought back together - all pointing and touching each other, angel connects w/ viewer Lots of chiaroscuro Bright light and sfumato in middle Did a lot of sketches by looking at geological changes Whole series showing unruly mix and extreme of nature

Giotto, Expulsion of Joachim from the Temple, fresco, Arena Chapel

Virgin mary's dad, him & anna were childless Go to temple @ jerusalem to sacrificed but was refused b/c they were childless, great disappointment to god, Thrown out of his religious community Depicted unusually, compare to another fresco from 14th cent Less detail about atmosphere, leaves out a lot, abbreviated architecture of the temple, half wall, narrows down scene to make an impact & make you focus on few things, show him himself being pushed out, antithesis - kicked out vs someone in background being blessed, as if he is being tossed out into "nothingness" Monumentality - creation of something that is large or something that seems large, small scenes but feels large b/c throws out everything that doesn't need to be there Single color of green & red - focus isn't lost in anything else - captures attention first Illusion of 3D - modeling/chiaroscuro (light-dark), makes it feel more massive Illusion of space between figures Illusion of soul within body - facial expressions, complicated thoughts, eyes have a lot read into them instead of one emotion, use of the gaze of the figures travel through the space he created, meaning is communicated visually, the gaze becomes a kind of language State of mind, soul movement through body expression

Filippo brunelleschi, sacrifice of isaac, cast bronze

Whole bottom layer - servants & ass in antithesis - getting water vs taking knife out Quotation of "spinario" "thorn puller" -makes filippo look cool & smart artist All in action - show off ability to show bodies in action Physical fight - knife in son's neck, really close Angel grabs his hand - struggle of physical strength Even ram in the thicket is scratching himself - cool scene Figures actually project outwards from the back plain of the relief

Jan van eyck

Worked as court painter for the duke of burgundy as bruges Style reflects courtly elegance, beauty, expense, & intricate detail For the wealthier class Church of st john Big ass altarpiece Paint w/ flemish oil realism

Piero Della Francesca

Worked for Federico da Montefeltro on several occasions b/c seemed to be in harmony w/ what he wished "The Learned Artist" - On Painting in Perspective manuscript Brera Altarpiece

Fra angelico, annunciation, fresco, san marco

You have to change and turn around mentally and physically As you venerate, while passing before it, this figure of the virgin, don't omit to say a hail mary Shows careful study of both gentile de fabriano and masaccio Nice classical capitals in columns, orthogonals are traced towards vanishing point between angel and mary Modeling and chiaroscuro - organized system Breaks from masaccio's example - rainbow wings Garden is flattened, enclosed, symbolism or parallels from old testament

Linear Perspective

a compositional device that Presents an illusionistic space that is geometrically constructed, and thus can be "read" and "measured" (and reconstructed) Presents a view of the world that is "believable" b/c it corresponds to our experience of a spatial recession when we remain still ad view the world before us from a fixed point Created a world as it would be seen from a single point of view - replicates subjectivity - world is shown as it is seen by someone, not as it independently exists Science and compositional practice Filippo brunelleschi, leon battista alberti, piero della francesca System of rendering architecture in a believable way Close to the way we see the world perspective Organize a comp so that the artist can tell the message or story most effectively Highly schematic demonstration Start with panel - think of it as a glass plane you are looking into Divide plane into even units Determine horizon line - usually where head is ...is the world Frontal plane is right in front of your eyes Vanishing point - point on the horizon line that corresponds to the position of the ideal viewer in front of the painting Orthogonals - parallel lines (as on a pavement) perpendicular to the picture plane that appear to merge at the vanishing point Transversals - parallel horizontal lines that indicate a constant unit of measurement plotted into virtual space, the further they appear to recede into this space, the shorter the intervals that separate them Artist can create pavement, place figures at various depths, and place buildings following the formula laid out

Altarpiece

a sculpted or painted decoration on top of or behind an altar

Foreshortening

a visual effect in which an object is shortened and turned deeper into the picture plane to give the effect of receding in space

Polyptych

an altarpiece that has a number of different panels that are joined together to create the whole

Ornament

anything added for the purpose of embellishment Intensify visual pleasure Patterns, fabric, surface, layer of extra material, add elements to enhance viewers' experience

gilding

applying thin sheets of gold, final step of tempera

Style

characteristic way artist renders something

Tuscany

cities of florence, pisa, siena Found during ancient Roman period Renaissance tuscany - patriotic act & celebrate heritage 1300 - changes in painting

Andrea Mantegna

court painter of Mantua Famous for ability to paint in perspective ability to capture the world of ancient Rome playfulness, evidence of witt

Pope julius ii

della rovere Michelangelo arrives to work for him but had bad blood so didnt finish right away Grand chapel that was decorated by best artists Built for julius's ii uncle (sixtus iv) and decorated by important late 15th century painters Filled the ceiling of it

optical modeling

depicts figures and objects as they are seen from a distance

Difficultà

displays a degree of skill to prove their point by amping up the difficulty of the skill

Pulpit

elevated platform for reading scripture or preaching during mass

Baxandall and Panofsky

explains why artworks from same time/place look same Baxandall: The "experience" that he refers to in his title ("painting and experience in 15th century italy") refers to the relationship between painter and client - particularly the economics of painting Much of art history is determined by money Primary source - direct evidence from the renaissance Baxandall quotes contracts between client and painter - which were legal documents in which both parties agreed on certain conditions (materials, subject matter. Style. etc.) from this time period to explain his argument Value of materials is replaced by the skill with which the artist handles materials to create illusions (make illusion of gold instead of using real gold) Panofsky: primary sources art not artist contracts, but are rather artists and humanists of his time, such as vasari, michelangelo, and ficino, notes their opinions on flemish painting as well as what they liked about it Suggests it was common in italy for princes, merchants, and cardinals to collect flemish at, as well as to send their painters to study with flemish painters Argues that the northern renaissance painters didn't care for the mathematical linear perspective, and calls what they painted empirical perspective Argues that while italians studied flemish art, they only applied certain achievements of these northern renaissance artists, such as naturalism, piety, and new techniques to their work, while continuing the pursuit of "beauty" they found in ancient greek and roman art The north adopted a normalist philosophy, which explained that things are each individual - like humans or chairs - there is no one example or ideal that encompasses them The italians adopted a neo-platonist philosophy, quotes marsilio ficino to describe neo-platonism: "the truth of a created thing consists primarily in the fact that it corresponds entirely to its idea" All existing things - like humans or chairs - are imperfect approximations of an ideal chair or human - the ideal was close to the divine Italians never completely adopted the flemish way of painting, in large part because they couldn't accept style which imitated the "imperfect"

chasing

final step: polishing of the surface of bronze

Classical (style)

human figures are: ideally portioned, appropriate to their role, general rather than specific, unmoved by passion

Emulation

higher form of imitation, take something and build off of it

sfumato

the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms.

Vitruvius

was a Roman author, architect, and civil engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled De Architectura