Exam 1 Emotion
What are the different ways in which the immune system becomes dysfunctional?
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What are the main factors contributing to the emergence of cancers?
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2. What are the two main functions of the parasympathetic NS?
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Explain the mechanism of the HPA axis.
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How do individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ in the context in which positive emotions are elicited (in engaging or disengaging situations)?
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How do psychologists define stress?
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How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together (what are some images and metaphors used to describe them)?
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In what way is stress related to poor memory?
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Is stress an emotion? Why or why not?
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Name the important components of the limbic system and their functions
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What are some disadvantages of using measures of ANS activity as a way to measure emotion?
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What are some variables related to better health that are also related to emotions?
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What are some weaknesses of the GAS model?
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the following measures to examine emotions in the brain? a. Lesion method b. EEG c. MRI d. fMRI
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What are the similarities and points of departure of the evolutionary (universalist) approach, compared to the cultural approach?
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What are the two main functions of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What areas of emotion appear to be associated with parasympathetic NS activity?
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What brain structure is most active during the experience of disgust?
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What did we learn from Elliot, a man who suffered damage to his pre-frontal cortex?
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What emotion appears to have both high levels of temperature change AND heart rate change?
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What emotional expression is the most easily recognized in all cultures?
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What has research revealed about the heart rate change of happiness, compared to anger, fear, and disgust?
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What has research revealed about the relationship between "emotional" personalities and heart disease?
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What is "emotional response coherence"?
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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What is homeostasis, and what brain structure is associated with regulating it?
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What is meant by "allostatic load"?
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What is meant by the "undoing effect" of positive emotions?
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What is the "autonomic specificity hypothesis"?
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What is the "reward circuit" of the brain?
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What is the General Adaptation Syndrome? At what stage of the GAS is there MOST arousal in the body?
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What is the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
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What is the difference between an emotion, a feeling, a mood, and personality?
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What is the role of beta-endorphins in emotion?
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What is the role of serotonin in depression?
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What is the role of the amygdala in emotion?
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What is the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in emotions?
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What recent findings lend some support for James' theory of emotions?
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What three areas of the brain are designated in the "triune brain model"?
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Which brain structure is associated with the formation of episodic memories?
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Which emotions appear to be experienced across cultures? Which emotions have NOT been found to have cross-cultural equivalence?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with feeling happy?
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Who argued that our emotions are just 'habits' or reflexes, a remnant of our past un-evolved selves?
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Why are human emotions unlikely to become "extinct" or be shed as we evolve?
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What are the "ABCs" of emotion?
Affect Behavior Cognition
How do Asians and Westerners differ in terms of experiencing more than one emotion at a time?
Asian cultures you can have both emotion westerners you can't to some extent.
Who wrote "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals"?
Charles Darwin
In all the different definitions of emotions, what are the four common factors that characterize emotions?
Cognition/appraisal. Feelings. Physiological responses, and behaviors.
What hormone is most associated with the stress response?
Cortisol
Which measure of physiological activity appears to be a "pure" measure of SNS activity, unaffected by parasympathetic activity?
EEG
What does William James contend about the relationship between bodily reactions and emotions?
Emotions are the labels we give to the way the body reacts to certain situations. "The bodily changes follow directly the person the perception of the existing fact, and our feeling of the same changes as they occur IS the emotion." Reverses the direction of cause and effect: You notice yourself attacking therefore you feel angry. Event->Physiological Change- & behavior-> feeling> any decrease in in the sensation decreases the emotion. A sensation fom the muscles or the internal organs is necessary for the full experience of emotion.
Among the Ifaluk, which emotions were encouraged, and which discouraged?
Encouraged: Discouraged:
Which approach is most often taken by cultural anthropologists?
Evolutionary
What are the different ways humans have for expressing emotion?
Facials expressions, actions, language.
What were Cannon's critiques of James' theory of emotions? What was his alternate proposal?
He argued that the response to the muscles are too slow to contribute to the feeling aspect of emotion. Emotional cognition and feeling are casually independent of physiological arousal and behavior, even though they occur at the same time.
What emotions are hypercognized and hypocognized in the west?
Hyperognition: passionate love; jealousy Hypocognized: Fear; dependency
What emotions are valued in collectivist cultures, compared to individualistic cultures?
Individualism: Values; uniqueness, independence, personal rights, focus is on "I-self" standing out. Guilt, shame, pride, greater when based on one's own behavior. Americans are high on this. Collectivism: Values commonalities, interdependence, duties, deference, social harmony, focus on "we-self", fitting in. Guilt, shame, pride, grated when based n one's family member's behaviors.
What does it mean to hypercognize or hypocognize an emotion?
Underemphasize of overemphasize and emotion.
When dealing with the issue of power-differences, how do people in horizontal cultures express emotions compared to people in vertical cultures?
People in horizontal cultures feel that everyone's the same, vertical cultures they have traditions the one on the top of the hierarchy get to have the power and its ok.
What was the effect of the accident suffered by Phineas Gage, and what did we learn about the role of the frontal cortex in emotions through his suffering?
Phinneas Gage was an American railroad construction foreman now remembered for his improbable[n 3] survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior - effects so profound that friends saw him as "no longer Gage".
What are 'display rules'? What are the display rules of ladja, an emotion recognized in Eastern India and other Asian cultures?
Rules about when, with, whom, it is appropriate to display certain kinds of emotions. Ladja: Orissa language in India, combines shame embarrassment, gratitude, shyness and respect. People feel this emotion in the presence of a higher status person and show their respect by displaying it.
What are the two main models that attempt to explain stress?
Salient and Bryce
How did Cannon and Bard's theory of emotion differ from that of James and Lange?
Schachter-Singer Theory a. Importance of conscious cognitive appraisal in labeling emotion, using all information available in the environment b. Physiological changes only determine the strength of the emotion, don't correspond to a specific emotion c. All emotions evoke similar physiological activity; your appraisal of the situation labels the activity as one emotion and not another James-Lange Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
What were the epinephrine studies of Schachter & Singer, and the bridge study meant to show?
That one aspect of a situation triggers intense arousal you might be more likely to associate that arousal with other aspects of the situation as well.
What did Darwin argue about human emotions?
The expression of emotion probably evolved because they conferred some kind of survival or reproductive advantage on individuals who displayed them. Example: looking bigger while in danger. Cats arch back, chimps raise arms.
What are the 2 factors in Schachter and Singer's "2-factor theory of emotions"?
The two-factor theory of emotion, or Schachter-Singer theory, states that emotion is a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal. According to the theory, "people search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal.
What is the two-factor theory of emotions? What are the two factors in this theory?
The two-factor theory of emotion, or Schachter-Singer theory, states that emotion is a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal. According to the theory, "people search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal.
What was argued about in class about the relationship between emotions and reason (decision making)?
We appraise the situation before we act. Not always acting on our emotions.
What are the two main approaches to a cultural study of emotions?
a. Social b. Evolutionary/ basic
What are the 2 subsystems of the autonomic nervous system?
a. Sympathetic Nervous System b. Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the key difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?
a. Sympathetic Nervous System: 'activating' system (fight/flight); Its general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response. b. Parasympathetic Nervous System: 'maintenance' system; facilitates growth and increases maintenance functions that conserve energy for later use.
What is "appraisal" according to research on emotions?
how a person interprets the meaning of a situation, with implications for whether an emotion is felt and if so what emotion.
Name the important components of the limbic system and their functions.
is a set of brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, septum, limbic cortex and fornix, which seemingly support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction.