EXAM 1 - MEDICAL MICRO
The Calvin cycle begins by the attachment of CO2 to which of the following?
RuBP
All of the anaerobic pathways produce less ATP than aerobic respiration.
True
An organism's survival depends on its ability to move needed materials into the cell across the cell membrane and to transport wastes outside the cell across the cell membrane.
True
Whenever a molecule is oxidized, another molecule must be reduced.
True
The electron transport chain in bacteria is located
in the cell membrane.
The mitotic spindle fibers attach to chromosomes via special structures termed
kinetochores
Other than maintaining the shape of the cell, what is the primary function of the cell wall, and which component contributes most to this function?
maintaining strength; peptidoglycan
Saprobic microorganisms are important decomposers of plant litter, animal matter, and dead microbes. This is an example of a(n) ______________.
niche
The term biologists use to describe all of the adaptations organisms make to their environment is _______.
niche
A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will
shrink
Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?
small nonpolar molecules
The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following?
temperature, size of molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient
WHO disproved spontaneous generation and proved the Theory of Biogenesis?
Louis Pasteur
Who was instrumental in disproving the idea of abiogenesis?
Louis Pasteur
Aerobic respiration includes the utilization of oxygen containing compounds like NO2, CO2,or SO4 if free oxygen (O2) is not available.
False
An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once. It is NOT reusable.
False
Centromeres divide during metaphase.
False
DNA replication occurs in mitosis.
False
The direct cell count involves counting the number of cells in a sample microscopically.
True
The ease of global travel and increased immigration has affected the worldwide distribution of helminth infections.
True
The energy captured in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP comes from the proton motive force created in respiration.
True
Fungi are generally classified according to their ____?
Type of hyphae
In the current taxonomic system as proposed by Woese and Fox, the level that includes the largest number of organisms would be a kingdom.
False The highest level in the Woese-Fox system is the domain.
Thin hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface that function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces.
Fimbriae
The field which is concerned with food borne diseases as well as food and beverage production
Food and dairy microbiology
The Eukaryotic organelle that is responsible for transporting vesicles inside the cells is the?
Golgi
If you discover that the bacterium you're studying stores phosphate, which of the following would you expect to contain the stored phosphate?
Granules
What cell structure is primarily responsible for gram staining results?
Peptidoglycan
Which of the following represents a correct sequence during photosynthesis?
Photosystem II - ATP production - Photosystem I - NADPH production
Which of the following is incorrect about protozoan pathogens?
Protozoa cannot be spread through body fluids.
A 5% urea solution is hypotonic to a 10% urea solution.
True
Diseases, including some cancers, which were once considered noninfectious are now known to involve microbial infection.
True
If a cell is placed in an isotonic medium, there will be no net movement of water.
True
Plastoquinone is the primary electron acceptor for electrons leaving photosystem II.
True
The Krebs cycle allows the acetyl groups from the breakdown of certain fats to enter the pathway and be used as an energy source.
True
The majority of heterotrophic microorganisms are chemoheterotrophs that derive both energy and carbon from organic compounds.
True
Please order the following choices (1 being the smallest to 4 being the largest) to test your understanding of the size ranges of bacteria in comparison to other organisms.
a typical virus rickettsias and chlamydias typical bacteria human red blood cell
The best understood bacterial cytoskeletons are composed primarily of
actin
The eukaryotic ribosome is a(n) ____ ribosome, composed of 40S and 60S subunits.
80S
What is the primary role of Fimbriae?
Adhesion to other cells and surfaces
The Krebs cycle provides a significant means to synthesize a small amount of ATP in the absence of oxygen and also to generate pyruvic acid, an essential intermediary metabolite.
False
The electron transport chain consists of a series of membrane-bound carriers that shuttle protons and electrons to NADH.
False
Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of the cell cycle?
G1 -> S -> G2 -> M
Which of the following is NOT found in the Gram-Negative cell wall structure?
Teichoic Acids
1. Why was the penicillin that was prescribed during Mr. Jones first doctor's visit ineffective in treating the infection?
The infectious agent was resistant to the drug.
Which of the following explains why archaeons are extremophiles?
They are ancient, primitive organisms that adapt well to extreme conditions because they have retained characteristics of the cells that first evolved when Earth's conditions were far more extreme.
Which of the following descriptions is true of both Algae and Protozoa?
They both contain mitochondria
Consider the biochemical pathway used to synthesize the amino acid proline. A high increase in the level of proline will most likely lead to
a decrease in proline production.
Which type of microbiologist would be most likely to work with organisms that are visible to the naked eye?
a parasitologist
A hydrogen atom consists of
a proton and an electron.
What does the inhibitor bind to during feedback inhibition?
allosteric site of the enzyme being inhibited
The integration of catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency is termed _______.
amphibolism
Which characteristic has most recently been used to classify eukaryotic organisms and assign them to various taxonomic groups.
analysis of ribosomal RNA
Protons received from NADH
are pumped outside the cell.
Amoeba have no cell walls and when water enters the cell via osmosis, the amoeba must expend energy to expel the water. Bacteria do not do this because
bacteria have cell walls
Please match the description to the term that it most accurately describes to test your understanding of the structure and functions of locomotor appendages and the types of cells that possess them.
both flagella and cilia - composed of a cylinder of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement flagella - found in certain protozoa and some algae neither flagella nor cilia - involved in the horizontal transfer of genetic material cilia - found in certain protozoa and animal cells; can serve as feeding/filtering structure
The bacterial flagellum moves
by rotation that is powered by the proton motive force.
What is the main job of chloroplast pigments during photosynthesis?
capture photons of light
Match the nutritional category of microbe to its source of carbon and its energy source.
carbon dioxide and sunlight - photoautotroph organic carbon and sunlight - photoheterotroph organic carbon and metabolic conversion of the nutrients from other organisms - chemoheterotroph carbon dioxide and simple inorganic chemicals - chemoautotroph
The concept of _______ describes the active transport of protons across a membrane to set up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force to set the stage for ATP synthesis.
chemiosmosis
Methanogens are a type of archaea found in various habitats on the planet, including deep-sea vents in the deepest parts of the ocean. They produce methane gas by reducing carbon dioxide, using hydrogen gas under anaerobic conditions. Given these characteristics, methanogens are a type of _____________________.
chemoautotroph
Oxygen acts as
the terminal electron acceptor.
The most common organisms causing food spoilage are bacteria,
yeasts, and molds.
Assuming a ratio of three ATPs per NADH and two ATPs per FADH2, the THEORETICAL net ATP production during prokaryotic aerobic respiration is ______.
38
The process of grouping organisms into groups which reflect the history and evolutionary relatedness of those organisms
Classification
______ inhibition occurs when the inhibitor molecule is contending with the substrate for the binding site.
Competitive
Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?
E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P
A scientist observes that all people who contract a painful skin rash known as shingles have previously in their lifetime been infected with chicken pox. He theorizes that the virus that causes chicken pox is the same virus that cause shingles. What type of reasoning is being displayed in this case?
Inductive reasoning
Which of the following does NOT describe a fungus?
Is photosynthetic
What part of aerobic respiration releases CO2?
Krebs Cycle
Microbial biofilms like the one seen here in Mr. Jones' case are the cause of the majority of ______ infections.
chronic
Please match the cell types with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of cell walls and wall-free cells.
gram-positive cells - cells which contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids gram-negative cells - cells which contain both an inner and outer membrane as well as a thin layer of peptidoglyan acid-fast cells - cells which contain a thick layer of mycolic acid or cord factor mycoplasms - cells which lack a cell wall with peptidoglycan but contain sterols to strengthen their cell membrane
Please match the type of extremophile with the description of its preferred environment to test your understanding of archaeal adaptations.
halophile - an organism that lives in an environment that contains high amounts of salt such as the Dead Sea hyperthermophile - an organism that lives in extremely hot temperatures such as the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park methanogen - an organism that lives in anaerobic environments and converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane psychrophile - an organism that lives in very cold conditions, including temperatures below freezing
Please choose the term that refers to a conjugated (complex) enzyme.
holoenzyme
Lactobacilli are part of the natural microbiota found in the vaginas of females. The bacteria feed off of glucose molecules produced by the female and ferment them to lactic acid. This reduces the pH of the vagina to a level that cannot be tolerated by other more harmful bacteria. This relationship can best be described as ___________________.
mutualism
Please match the statement to the term that it most accurately describes, to test your understanding of types of symbiotic associations.
mutualism - organisms living in obligatory but mutually beneficial relationships. commensalism - one organism benefits while the other organism is neither harmed nor benefited parasitism - one organism is harmed when it provides the other organism with nutrients and a habitat
Amylose is a polysaccharide composed of D-glucose subunits that is used for plant energy storage. Amylose is, therefore, considered to be a(n) _____________ molecule.
organic
Nutrient molecules that contain the basic framework of carbon and hydrogen are called ______ nutrients.
organic
The molecule primarily responsible for the strength and stability of the bacterial cell wall is
peptidoglycan
The electrons excited by sunlight are replaced by electrons from _______ in photosystem I, and by electrons from ________ in photosystem II.
photosystem II; water
Please match the cell types with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, and viruses.
prokaryotic cells - does not contain organelles but can replicate independently via binary fission eukaryotic cells - contains a nucleus and undergoes mitosis viruses - does not contain organelles and cannot replicate independently both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells - contains ribosomes and enzymes prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells and viruses - contains nucleic acid
Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of mitosis?
prophase -> metaphase -> anaphase -> telophase
Near the end of the 20th century, in many parts of the world malaria had been brought under control through the judicious use of anti-malarial drugs along with pesticides that kill mosquitos (which can spread the disease). Recently, as the malarial parasite has gained resistance to certain classes of drugs, and mosquitoes have become immune to some insecticides, rates of malaria have increased, leading to the diseases _____.
reemergence
Choose the answer that best completes this statement's blanks in the correct order. When all the flagella on a cell rotate in a counterclockwise fashion, the cell is propelled forward in a movement known as a ____, but when the flagella reverse direction, the cell stops and changes course in an action known as a ____.
run; tumble
Please match the cell components with the type of cell where it is found. If the component is found in both gram-positive and gram-negative cells, select "both gram-positive and gram-negative cells"
teichoic acid gram -positive cells lipopolysaccharide; outer membrane - gram-negative cells peptidoglycan; cell membrane - both gram-positive and gram-negative cells
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active transport?
use of proteins to move molecules with the concentration gradient
Which of the following statements does NOT describe the associations among microorganisms and their basic qualities?
Associations do not include multicellular organisms.
______ is a study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways.
Bioenergetics
process that involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants.
Bioremediation
The field which uses microbes to produce specific desired products
Biotechnology
technology that applies the power of microbes toward the manufacture of industrial products, foods, and drugs
Biotechnology
Please match the primary categories of metabolism with the statements that most accurately describe them.
1. Catabolism - Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules 2. Anabolism - Larger molecules are built from smaller molecules 3. Metabolism - All of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
Please order the following choices to reflect the stages in cell division, beginning with the resting, non-dividing state.
1. Interphase: Active metabolic period before mitosis occurs. 2. Prophase: Chromosomes begin to condense and take on a threadlike appearance. 3. Metaphase: Duplicated chromosomes are attached at the centromere. 4. Anaphase: Chromosomes are separated and pulled to the poles by the spindle fibers. 5. Telophase: Chromosomes are located in each pole of the cell and division into two daughter cells occurs.
Please choose the statement that describes the primary medical threat due to algae.
Marine algae produce toxins which accumulate in seafood and can cause severe food poisoning.
Most human pathogens are:
Mesophiles
Which of the following best describes the reduction of the coenzyme NAD?
NAD+ + H -> NADH
The process of assigning names to all levels of an organism's taxonomic ranking.
Nomenclature
In aerobic respiration _________ is the final electron acceptor, whereas in anaerobic respiration another oxidized ion such as ______ is the final electron acceptor.
O2; NO3-
________________halophiles require at least a 9% salt concentration in order to grow, whereas ______________ halophiles can adapt to a wide range of solute concentrations.
Obligate; facultative
Match the following metabolic pathways with the correct description.
Oxidative phosphorylation -Series of reactions involving electron transport and ATP Synthase Substrate-level phosphorylation - A process where ATP is formed by transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy compound directly to ADP Photophosphorylation - ATP is formed by means of a light-driven electron transport mechanism
Which of the following statement(s) about biochemical pathways is (are) TRUE?
They convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product.
Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?
They may be active extracellularly
Syntrophy occurs when microbes share a habitat and feed off of substances made by each other, but this relationship is not necessary for their survival.
True
The Calvin cycle functions to construct carbohydrates from carbon dioxide.
True
The Kingdom Protista is initially divided into two groups based on whether the organism in question is capable of photosynthesis.
True
The building blocks that make up the various macromolecules and organelles of the cell come from the outside as nutrients or synthesized through various cellular pathways.
True
Vitamin deficiencies can prevent the complete holoenzyme from forming, because the most important components of coenzymes are vitamins.
True
Please order the following choices to reflect the evolution of the origin of eukaryotic cells and multicellularity.
Two prokaryotes developed a symbiotic relationship where the smaller prokaryote lived within the larger prokaryote. The smaller prokaryote within the symbiotic relationship developed into an organelle. Colonies of cells began to develop. Certain cells within the colony developed specialized functions. Individual, specialized cells lose the ability to exist independently.
What best describes Pleomorphism?
Variation in cell shape and size within a single species
Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this statement in the correct order. Photosynthesis proceeds in two phases: the light-_______ reactions which proceed only in the presence of sunlight, and the light-________ reactions which proceed regardless of the lighting conditions.
dependent; independent
Please match the cell arrangement to the statement that most accurately describes that arrangement and how it was formed in order to test your understanding of the arrangements of bacteria.
diplococci - This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on a single plane and the two daughter cells remain attached. tetrad - This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on perpendicular planes and results in four cocci being attached as a cluster of cells. arrangement - This arrangement is formed when bacilli that are attached end to end fold back on each other to form rows of side-by-side cells. diplobacilli - This arrangement is formed when two rod-shaped bacteria divide on the transverse plane and do not separate. streptobacilli - This arrangement is formed when rod-shaped bacteria divide multiple times on their transverse planes and do not separate therefore the cells continue to be attached to each other.
Order the following choices to reflect the organization of taxa, from the most general to the most specific, to test your understanding of levels of classification.
domain phylum order species.
"A(n) ____ disease is a new disease being reported in increasing numbers within the population while a(n) ____ disease is a disease which has existed in the past but is currently seeing increasing numbers of cases."
emerging; re-emerging
ADP + Pi + Energy ⇆ ATP is an example of a(n) ________________ reaction.
endergonic
Please match the appendages to the description that most accurately describes their function to distinguish among the types of external cell appendages.
flagella - composed of a filament, hook and basal body, these cell appendages provide movement to the cell axial filaments - these long, coiled threads provide movement to spirochetes
Choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in order. The two major groups of parasitic helminths include the ____ with a thin, segmented body and the ____ with a cylindrical, unsegmented body.
flatworms; roundworms
Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi make up a diverse category of organisms classified as _______, including algae and protozoans.
protists
While examining a sample of pond water you note a cell covered with thousands of minute hair-like extensions which it uses to propel itself through the water. This cell can immediately be classified as a/an
protozoan
Please match the terms to the statements that most accurately describe them, to test your understanding of the adaptive temperature groups.
psychrophiles - microbes that will grow in refrigeration temperatures mesophiles - microbes that will grow at human body temperature thermophiles - microbes that are significant for biotechnology
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. Most protozoa have a motile, feeding stage known as a(n) _____ which, in some protozoa, alternates with a resting state known as a(n) _____.
trophozoite; cyst
The function of the enzyme ATP synthase is to
utilize the energy of the proton motive force to convert ADP to ATP.
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in correct order. The cell ____ is found in fungi and algae to provide structure and support while the cell ____ is found in all eukaryotic cells, is composed of phospholipids, proteins and sterols, and separates the internal cell components from the external environment.
wall; membrane
Osmosis is best defined as the movement of
water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration.
In the event of an inadequate glucose supply, pyruvate serves as the starting point in glucose synthesis from various metabolic intermediates in a process called _________.
gluconeogenesis
Please choose the term that describes the outermost boundary of the eukaryotic cell, which is composed of polysaccharides and is responsible for adherence of the cell to other surfaces.
glycocalyx
You are studying a new variant of a eukaryotic cell. The variant cell has mutated so that it no longer attaches well to surfaces or initiates the formation of a biofilm. The mutation in this cell has most likely affected the _____.
glycocalyx
Please match to cell component with the statement that most accurately describes it to test your understanding of glycocalyx, the different forms and their most important functions.
glycocalyx - this is the general term which describes all the various coatings covering the surface of the cell slime layer - this loosely attached, thin mucoid layer protects the cell from drying out or losing nutrients capsule - this layer of polysaccharides and/or proteins is tightly bound to the cell and contributes to the cell's pathogenicity
Aerobic respiration and fermentation are similar in that they both begin with the process of ___________ and they both produce ATP and _________.
glycolysis; CO2
Please match the terms with the statements that most accurately describe them, to test your understanding of the main events in photosynthesis.
1. Light-dependent reaction -Photophosphorylation in which light is trapped, energy is extracted to make ATP, and oxygen is evolved 2. Light-independent reaction - Calvin cycle, in which ATP is used to fix carbon dioxide into organic compounds such as glucose 3. Photosystem II -Activated by light, setting up a chain reaction of electron release from chlorophyll 4. Photosystem I -Activated when electrons are transferred from the other photosystem
Please match the sources of energy with the statements that most accurately describe them, to test your understanding of diverse sources of energy.
1. Thermal energy - Molecular motion Correct 2. Radiant energy -Visible light or other rays Correct 3. Electrical energy -Flow of electrons Correct 4. Mechanical energy -Physical change in position Correct 5. Atomic energy -Reactions in the nucleus of an atom Correct 6. Chemical energy -Present in the bonds of molecules
Please match the following enzyme classes with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of enzyme names and functions.
1. Transferases - Transfer functional groups from one substrate to another 2. Hydrolases - Cleave bonds on molecules with the addition of water 3. Isomerases - Change substrates to another form with same molecular formula 4. Ligases - Catalyze the formation of bonds with the input of ATP and the removal of water
Please match the following nutritional types with the statements that most accurately describe them, to test your understanding of the main categories of nutritional types among organisms.
1. autotroph - an organism that uses inorganic carbon dioxide as its carbon source 2. heterotroph - an organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form 3. chemotroph - an organism that gains energy from chemical compounds 4. phototroph - an organism that acquires energy from light
Please match the following nutritional types with the statements that most accurately describe them, to test your understanding of the main categories of nutritional types among organisms.
1. autotroph - organism that uses inorganic carbon dioxide as its carbon source 2. heterotroph - organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form 3. chemotroph - organism that gains energy from chemical compounds 4. phototroph - organism that gains energy through photosynthesis
Please match the stages of the population growth curve with the statements that most accurately describe them.
1. lag phase - cells require a period of adjustment after being newly inoculated 2. exponential growth - phase population reaches maximum growth rate 3. stationary growth - phase rate of cell inhibition and cell death balances the rate of multiplication, and population size remains constant 4. death phase - population declines as death of cells exceeds rate of multiplication
Which structure or molecule could be used to definitively classify a newly discovered life form as a eukaryotic cell.
80S ribosomes
The field which manipulates DNA of an organism to create a new organism with a desired trait
Genetic engineering
The Calvin cycle uses ________, which are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
ATP and NADPH
The field which studies the relationships between microbes and domestic plants and animals
Agricultural microbiology
Microenvironments are created within the biofilm based on
All of these choices are correct
What clues were the most important in arriving at the diagnosis of endocarditis?
All of these choices are correct
What is the primary role of Pili?
Allows for conjugation
How common are food spoilage microorganisms?
Almost all of our foods contain them.
2. Why was the physician's knowledge of an artificial heart valve important to the continued treatment of Mr. Jones?
Artificial valves readily support the growth of biofilms containing pathogenic bacteria.
Bacteria with small bunches of flagella emerging from same site are called __[A]__ while bacteria with flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell are called __[B]__
Bacteria with small bunches of flagella emerging from same site are called __ Lophotrichous__ while bacteria with flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell are called __ Peritrichous__
If an organism is degrading large organic molecules to get both carbon and energy, it would be best described as a ______.
Chemoorganotroph
Which of the following events do NOT occur in prophase of mitosis?
Chromosomes are replicated.
Please select characteristics exhibited by prokaryotes to test your understanding of the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
DNA Ribosomes Cell Wall
Please order the following choices to test your understanding of the stages involved in the synthesis, packaging, and export of proteins.
DNA is copied into RNA. Protein is synthesized by the ribosome using an RNA code. Proteins are deposited in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins are transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. Proteins are chemically modified. Proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles.
What best characterizes endospores?
Dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain gram (+) bacteria
Parasitic helminths reproduce by:
Eggs and sperm
Please choose the correct way to type the scientific name of an organism to demonstrate your understanding of how to correctly write a scientific name.
Escherichia coli (italics)
Organisms in the Domain Archaea have more DNA sequence similarity to:
Escherichia coli which is in the Domain Bacteria
If a cell is in a concentrated glucose solution and the glucose is moving into the cell through a carrier protein, this would be an example of ________.
Facilitated Diffusion
A Scientific Theory has little or no evidence to support it and could be best described as a "best guess"
False
A hydrogen atom consists of a proton and a pair of electrons.
False
A true aerobe lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen gas in respiration.
False
All biochemical pathways have the same number of enzymatic reactions.
False
An enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time.
False
Classification systems are used to organize bacterial pathogens by the type of disease or infection each causes.
False
Cyanobacteria are of interest (and are named for) their ability to degrade areas contaminated with cyanide.
False
Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs by means of a cleavage furrow.
False
If the end product of a biochemical pathway becomes available in the environment, the cell must continue making the product.
False
Organic nutrients are those molecules that a cell manufactures for itself, rather than being supplied by the environment.
False
Organisms in the Domain Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
False
Organisms in the same Family must also be in the same Class.
False
Photosynthetic pigments are clustered together to form photosystems in the stroma of the chloroplast.
False
Purple and green sulfur bacteria get their energy from oxygenic photosynthesis.
False
The molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move.
False
The primary medical threat from algae is skin infections contracted when swimming in algae rich bodies of water, particularly after algal "blooms."
False
The time required for a complete fission cycle—from parent cell to two new daughter cells—is called the growth rate.
False
True or False: Biofilms are composed of a single bacterial species.
False
If a molecule has been reduced during a reaction, it has ________.
Gained electrons and hydrogens
newer technology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs
Genetic Engineering
Which part of the Eukaryotic cell is responsible for contacting the outside environment and signaling between cells?
Glycocalyx
The process of determining the characteristics of an organism which will be used to place the organism into its taxonomic ranks
Identification
The field which studies the protective reactions to microbial infections, examples include blood testing and vaccination
Immunology
Please choose the answer that describes the function of the Golgi complex.
It adds lipids and sugars to proteins and then packages these proteins for transport to their final destination.
Please match the microbe type with the kingdom in the Whittaker system of classification.
Kingdom Monera - Bacteria Kingdom Myceteae - Fungi Kingdom Protista - Algae and Protozoa
Please select examples of ways microbes are involved in the earth's ecosystem.
Microbes produce "greenhouse gases," such as carbon dioxide and methane which help trap heat in the earth's atmosphere. Microbes break down/decompose molecules in order to release needed chemicals. Microbes live within higher organisms and assist these organisms in obtaining nutrients.
3. What was the significance of the prior MRSA skin infection?
Mr. Jones needed to be treated for another drug-resistant infection with multiple powerful antibiotics.
Chlamydomonas nivalis grows on Alaskan glaciers and it's photosynthetic pigments give the snow a red crust. This organism would be best described as a _____.
Psychrophile
The field dedicated to monitoring and controlling the spread of disease within a population
Public health microbiology and epidemiology
_____________ metabolize organic matter from dead organisms while _____________ require a live host.
Saprobes; symbiotic microbes
One aspect of microbial growth includes the synthesis of new cell components and size increase of an individual cell.
True
Please order the following choices, beginning with the infection of a new host, to reflect the life cycle of helminths to test your understanding of helminth biology, life cycles, and reproduction.
The egg enters an intermediate host. The egg releases larvae. Larvae develop into an adult in the definitive host. Mating of the adult occurs in the definitive host. Fertilized eggs are released into the environment where they can infect another host.
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles?
True
Which of the following statements about microtubules during anaphase is TRUE?
Those attached to chromosomes shorten, while those that are unattached elongate.
A biochemical pathway consists of a specific sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
True
Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment.
True
Electrons enter the electron transport chain when NADH transfers them there along with protons in the form of hydrogen.
True
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate are three-carbon molecules produced during the Calvin cycle.
True
In a biochemical pathway, the product of the first reaction becomes the substrate in the second reaction.
True
Mitosis and cytoplasmic division result in the formation of two genetically identical cells.
True
NADH serves as an electron carrier that can donate its hydrogen to other molecules.
True
The cell membrane is composed of _____________.
proteins dispersed throughout a phospholipid bilayer
When protons are pumped outside the cell membrane
a proton motive force is created.
Obligate ______ live at low pH extremes and sometimes maintain the low pH by releasing strong acid.
acidophiles
Examination of a newly discovered fungus reveals a number of haploid sexual spores formed on the outside of a club-shaped cell. These spores would be classified as
basidiospores
Please match the element with the statement that most accurately describes it, to test your understanding of the origins, types, and functions of bioelements.
carbon - product of respiration and used in photosynthesis oxygen - necessary for the metabolism of nutrients by aerobes; significant element in organic compounds and inorganic compounds potassium - plays a role in protein synthesis and membrane transport phosphorus - key component of genetic material in cells calcium - stabilizes cell walls, and adds resistance to bacterial endospores iron - essential element for the structure of new respiratory proteins
The two groups of obligate intracellular bacteria are the ________, usually spread by contact, and the ________, usually transmitted by the bites of arthropods.
chlamydias; rickettsias
Which of the following is NOT a photosynthetic pigment?
chloroplast
Match the cell component with its role in the cell.
chromosome - The structure which contains the essential DNA of the cell. plasmid - The structure which contains the nonessential DNA of the cell. ribosome - Composed of RNA and protein, this structure synthesizes new proteins. cytoskeleton - This structure is a network of protein polymers that helps stabilize the shape of the cell from within. inclusion bodies - This structure stores nutrients during periods of ample resources to compensate for times when nutrients are scarce. granules - This structure stores inorganic compounds, such as sulfur and polyphosphate.
Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationships is the process of ____, which is part of taxonomy.
classification
Differences in the bacteria found in the GI tract of humans compared to those found in the GI tract of primates is most likely an example of ________________.
coevolution
The division of the cytoplasm is called
cytokinesis
Excess nutrients that the cell may store for later use may be found within
cytoplasmic granules.
Please order the following choices to reflect the generalized anatomy of bacterial cells with "1" being the innermost cell component and "4" being the outermost cell component.
cytoplasmic matrix cell membrane cell wall glycocalyx
Bacteria found in the stomach of cud-chewing mammals, such as cows, are essential in the breakdown of cellulose. This relationship is an example of _______________.
endosymbiosis
Escherichia coli produces approximately 5,000 different compounds. However, in order to do so, it must absorb substances like glucose and sodium chloride from its environment. Substances such as these are referred to as ______________.
essential nutrients
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. The algae are photosynthetic, eukaryotic protists that are grouped into ______ (no cell wall and motile by flagella), ______ (single-celled with golden chloroplasts and intricate cell walls), ______ (cause "red tide"), kelp, red seaweeds and green algae.
euglenids; diatoms; dinoflagellates
Please match the eukaryotic microbe with the description of its body plan.
eukaryotes which are always unicellular - protozoa eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include mushrooms - fungi photosynthetic eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include seaweed - algae helminths - eukaryotes whose adult forms are always multicellular
The production of which substance leads to thickening of the biofilm over time?
exopolymer
The incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates without the use of oxygen is a process referred to as __________.
fermentation
The high-energy electrons of photosystem I are directly passed on to
ferrodoxin.
Which of the following structures leads to reversible binding of bacterial cells to a surface?
fimbriae and flagella
This animation shows that food spoilage microorganisms can be classified by their
growth temperature preferences.
Organisms that require a high concentration of salt are called _______.
halophiles
Bacterial species are defined in a fundamentally different way than mammalian species are. This is because
mammals reproduce sexually while bacteria reproduce asexually.
Microbes that normally live on the skin, in the gastrointestinal tract, and in other sites are called the normal resident ________.
microbiota
By keeping food cold the growth of microorganisms is
minimized
Please match the three cardinal temperature terms with the statements that most accurately describe them, to test your understanding of the range of temperatures a microbe can function within.
minimum temperature - the lowest temperature that permits a microbe's continued growth and metabolism maximum temperature - the highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can proceed optimum temperature - a small temperature range which promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. Of the microscopic fungi, ____ are filamentous fungi made of long thread-like cells called hyphae while _____ are round or oval-shaped.
molds; yeast
Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of
molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
Please match the technologies with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the methods and characteristics used in classifying bacteria.
morphology - these tests use cell shape and Gram reaction to classify organisms bacterial physiology/biochemistry - these tests use the presence or absence of biochemical processes and enzymes to group organisms serological analysis - these tests use antibody reactions to identify an organism or to determine relatedness genetic techniques - these tests use DNA to determine the identity of an organism
The study of molds and yeast is called _______.
mycology
Consider the biochemical pathway: A - E1 -> B - E2 -> CEnzyme 1 can utilize
only A as substrate.
Cells obtain energy by ________ food molecules such as glucose.
oxidizing
During aerobic respiration, the last carrier protein transfers a pair of electrons to
oxygen
Of the photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria produce ______ as a product of photosynthesis but the green and purple sulfur bacteria do not produce this substance.
oxygenCorrect
While the vast majority of microorganisms are not harmful to humans, those that are are referred to as
pathogens
Eukaryotic ribosomes are the site of
protein synthesis.
Enzymes are
proteins
A taxonomical outline of bacterial species based on shared evolutionary histories would be described as a
phylogenetic system
Please match the terms related to flagella with the statement that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the attachment patterns of bacterial flagella.
polar - this type of flagella can be found at either or both ends of a cell lophotrichous - this pattern has groups of flagella all originating from the same point on the cell amphitrichous - this pattern has flagella at both poles of the cell peritrichous - this pattern consists of flagella randomly distributed around the cell
The cell wall of a bacterial cell
prevents lysis of the cell in hypotonic conditions.
Please match the organelles with the statements that most accurately describe their structure and function.
smooth ER - This organelle is composed of a series of tunnels within the cell which are used for synthesis, storage and transport of lipids. rough ER - This organelle, composed of a series of membranes to which ribosomes are attached, functions to process and modify proteins. chloroplast - This organelle is formed of stacks of thylakoids called grana which are responsible for photosynthesis. mitochondrion - This organelle contains two membranes of which the inner membrane contains the enzymes and electron carriers that carry out aerobic respiration. cytoskeleton - This framework, composed of microfilaments and microtubules, serves to anchor other organelles, provide support, and permit movement in some cells.
The capacity of photosynthesis to convert ________ energy into ________ energy provides both a nutritional and an energy basis for all heterotrophic living things.
solar; chemical
In electron micrographs, portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appear rough on the edges. This is because
some regions of the ER are covered with ribosomes.
Please select the factor that ALL microbes require, to test your understanding of microbial requirements for survival.
source of bioelements
The _______ level of bacterial organisms refers to a group of organisms that all share the same traits while the subspecies level refers to the variation or differences of individual cells within that group.
species
What most likely killed Mr. Jones?
stroke due to blockage by loosened piece of biofilm
The Calvin cycle takes place in the ________ of chloroplasts.
stroma
Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?
substrate
An enzyme promotes a chemical reaction by serving as a physical site upon which _____________ can be positioned for various interactions.
substrates
An enzyme promotes a reaction by serving as a physical site upon which the reactant molecules, called ______, can be positioned for various interactions.
substrates
The general term used to denote a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership required by one or both members is ______.
symbiosis
Ribosomes function primarily to
synthesize proteins.
Choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in order. The two major groups of parasitic flatworms include the ____ with a long, ribbon-like body and the ____ with a flat, ovoid body.
tapeworms; flukes
Please choose the term that describes the system of arranging and naming organisms.
taxonomy
Please choose the development that led to the new three domain system of classification.
the discovery of rRNA leading to an understanding of archaeons
When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when
the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.
In feedback inhibition, the inhibitor of the biochemical pathway is typically
the final product of the biochemical pathway.
Please select all of the following which are forms of evidence that support the occurrence of evolution.
the findings of ancient fossils the study of the function of organisms and their components the study of genetics
Following binomial nomenclature, which of the following makes up the scientific name of an organism?
the genus name and then the species name
The primary function of the cell membrane is
to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell.
