EXAM #1 PATHO

The CDC reports that less than 10% of the population suffers from Type 1 DM. This is an example of:

-prevalence

Which of the following is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in Caucasians? a. Sickle cell anemia b. Macular degranulation c. Glaucoma d. Cystic fibrosis

d. Cystic fibrosis

Histamine is released during the inflammatory process. What is the primary/main effect of histamine? a. Smooth muscle contraction resulting in vasoconstriction b. Fever c. Pain d. Dilation of arterioles e. Swelling

d. Dilation of arterioles

A child fell off the swing and scraped the right knee. The injured area becomes painful. What else will the nurse observe upon assessment? a. Vasoconstriction at the injured site b. Decreased red blood cells concentration at the injured site c. Pale skin at the injured site d. Edema at the injured site Widespread infection at the site of injury

d. Edema at the injured site

The warmth and redness related to the inflammatory response results from: a. Increased interstitial fluid b. Production of complement c. A large number of white blood cells (WBC's) entering the area d. Increased blood flow into the area

d. Increased blood flow into the area

Reperfusion injury to cells: a. Results in very little cellular damage b. Results from calcium deficiency in cells c. Occurs following nutritional injury d. Involves formation of reactive oxygen species (free radicals)

d. Involves formation of reactive oxygen species (free radicals)

A decrease in blood flow to a tissue or organ resulting in impaired of cellular function is known as: a. Anemia b. Hypoxia c. Aneurysm d. Ischemia e. Necrosis

d. Ischemia

A factor associated with risk of Down syndrome is: a. Family history of heritable diseases b. Exposure to TORCHS syndrome c. Maternal alcohol intake d. Maternal age Early pregnancy

d. Maternal age

Cytokines are released during the inflammatory process. Which of the following, when released, will result in vasodilation and/or increase vascular permeability? a. Bradykinin b. Histamine c. Leukotrienes d. Only A and B e. All of the above

d. Only A and B

When the nurse is teaching the staff about X-linked recessive disorders, which information should the nurse include? a. The trait is seen primarily in males. b. The gene can be transmitted through a series of carrier females. c. The gene is passed from an affected father to all his daughters. d. The trait is never transmitted from father to son. e. Only A, B, and C are correct.

d. The trait is never transmitted from father to son. e. Only A, B, and C are correct.

Edema results from a. Decreased hydrostatic pressure b. Increased oncotic pressure c. Sodium excretion d. Vasodilation and an increased in hydrostatic pressure

d. Vasodilation and an increased in hydrostatic pressure

During a review session, the student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to: a. replicate b. undergo mitosis c. regenerate d. die e. increase in size

d. die

Reperfusion injury to cells: a. results in very little cellular damage b. results from calcium deficiency in cells c. occurs following nutritional injury d. involves formation of free radicals e. results from too much cellular metabolism

d. involves formation of free radicals

A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once blood flow is returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurs because of: a. lipid accumulation in the heart's blood vessels b. decrease in intracellular calcium concentration c. vacuolation d. oxidative stress

d. oxidative stress

Which of the following are biochemical mechanisms of cellular injury? a. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species b. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction c. Defect in membrane permeability d. Damage to DNA and protein synthesis e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following processes can cause inflammation? a. Infarction b. Physical agents c. Chemical agents d. Infection e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Wasting of an organ or tissue from non-use (Decrease in cell size) is termed: a. Hypertrophy b. Hematoma c. Crepitus d. Dysplasia e. Atrophy

e. Atrophy

A 40-year-old woman has the sudden onset of severe abdominal pain. On physical examination she has diffuse tenderness in all abdominal quadrants, with marked guarding and muscular rigidity. She has laboratory findings that include serum AST of 43 U/L, ALT of 30 U/L, LDH 630 U/L, and lipase 415 U/L. An abdominal CT scan reveals peritoneal fluid collections and decreased attenuation along with enlargement of the pancreas. Which of the following cellular changes is most likely to accompany these findings? A. Apoptosis B. Gangrenous necrosis C. Hyperplasia D. Fat necrosis E. Liquefactive necrosis

D. Fat necrosis

A 26-year-old man has had a high fever for the past 2 days. On exam he has a heart murmur. Echocardiography shows destruction of the aortic valve by large, irregular vegetations. Staphylococcus aureus is cultured from his blood. He develops left upper quadrant pain. Abdominal CT shows a wedge-shaped 1.5 x 3 cm splenic lesion with base on the capsule. The splenic lesion is most likely to result from which of the following cellular abnormalities? A. Liquefactive necrosis B. Caseous necrosis C. Apoptosis D. Atrophy E. Coagulative necrosis

E. Coagulative necrosis

What refers to the sequence of events from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease? (The mechanisms of disease)

Pathogenesis

For any given autosomal recessive disorder, each offspring has a ____ chance of developing the disease. (Recurrence risk) a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% e. Only males are affected

a. 25%

Inflammation is characterized by: a. pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function b. pain, heat, redness, and swelling

b. pain, heat, redness, and swelling

A 25-year-old male develops a tumor of the breast glandular tissue. What type of tumor will be documented on the chart?

-Adenocarcinoma

An oncologist is discussing when a cancer cell loses differentiation. Which of the following is the oncologist describing?

-Anaplasia

A nurse is discussing preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. What is the nurse describing?

-Cancer in situ

Which information indicates a nurse understands characteristics of malignant tumors?

-Has a high mitotic index

A 6-year-old boy was brought to the pediatrician by his mother. She states that her son is "slow", and that "he's not like my other kids." "He's able to feed and dress himself but not doing well in school." Physical examination was significant for brachycephaly, oblique palpebral fissure with prominent epicentral folds. Transverse creases were noted on both palms. Cardiac exam revealed a loud systolic murmur. Karyotype demonstrates trisomy 21. Which of the following statements are most correct for trisomy? -Increased risk for heart disease -Increased risk for acute leukemia -with advanced maternal age at the time of pregnancy -Basis for karyotype is non-disjunction and translocation

-Increased risk for heart disease -Increased risk for acute leukemia -with advanced maternal age at the time of pregnancy -Basis for karyotype is non-disjunction and translocation

Which statement indicates the patient has a correct understanding of metastasis? The most common route of metastasis is through the blood vessels and:

-Lymphatics

A 30-year-old female is diagnosed with cancer. Testing reveals that the cancer cells have spread to local lymph nodes. This cancer would be:

-Stage 3

Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:

-decreased ATP production

A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker?

-enzymes

What is the body's ability to maintain a constant internal environment?

-homeostasis

What refers to the number of new cases in a specific time period?

-incidence

What term refers to having a disease of a symptom of disease?

-morbidity

Which information should the nurse include when teaching about angiogenic factors? In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate:

-new blood vessel growth

A couple desiring to start a family consults a geneticist. The man and his wife, both came from families with a strong history of cystic fibrosis. During the interview, the husband asks: "If both of us carries the defective gene, what is the probability that my wife will give birth to a child that will have the disease? The this the geneticist answers: "The probability with each pregnancy is: A. 25% B. 50% C. 100% D. 75%

A. 25%

After discussing all relevant risk factors with the patient, the patient still desires to start a family. During the pregnancy, she is frequently seen by her OB and she is complaint with medical management, the baby boy was determined to have Down Syndrome (trisomy 21). The nursing student assigned to the neonatal nurse asks: "Down Syndrome is an example of what type of genetic abnormality? To this the nurse replies: "Down Syndrome is classified as a/an: A. Chromosomal disorder B. Autosomal recessive disorder C. Autosomal dominant disorder

A. Chromosomal disorder

A 20-year-old woman had Goodpasture syndrome which progressed to chronic renal failure. She was 165 cm tall and weighed 55kg. She is hypertensive and had blood pressure measurements in the range of 150/90 to 180/110 mm Hg, but she did not regularly take medications. Laboratory studies showed her blood urea nitrogen was over 100 mg/dL. She required chronic dialysis. She died from heart failure. At autopsy, her heart attack weighed 540 gm (normal 250-350 gm). The size of her heart is most likely to be the result of which of the following processes involving the myocardial fibers? A. Hypertrophy B. Fatty degeneration C. Edema D. Fat necrosis E. Fatty infiltration

A. Hypertrophy

A 45-year-old diabetic was transported to the ER for suspected cellulitis to his left lower leg, around the ankle region. On initial triage, the ER nurse noted significant swelling, along with redness, pain, and warmth. Edema associated with inflammation results directly from: A. Increased fluid in the interstitial compartment B. Increased phagocytes in the affected areas C. Decreased capillary permeability D. General vasoconstriction

A. Increased fluid in the interstitial compartment

A 59-year-old woman has the loss of consciousness that persisted for over an hour. When she becomes arousable, she cannot speak nor move her right arm or leg, and symptoms consistent for a cerebral vascular accident (stroke). A cerebral angiogram revealed an occlusion to her left middle cerebral artery. Months later, a computed tomographic (CT) scan shows a large 5 cm cystic area in her left parietal lobe cortex. This CT finding is most likely the consequence of resolution from which of the following cellular events? A. Liquefactive necrosis B. Caseous necrosis C. Apoptosis D. Atrophy E. Coagulative necrosis

A. Liquefactive necrosis

A 25-year-old male sustained a deep laceration to his left hand while chopping meat for dinner. He was transported to the ER and appropriate management was initiated. He was discharged from the ER without incident. Five days later, he noticed an increase in pain and a foul-smell emanating from the wound site. He returned to the ER for further management. Which of the following are potentially reversible cellular responses EXCEPT? A. Necrosis B. Metaplasia C. Atrophy D. Hyperplasia E. Hypertrophy

A. Necrosis

An 18-year-old male presents to the Emergency Room complaining of acute pain in his right lower quadrant. Physical examination, diagnostic and ancillary tests were consistent for acute appendicitis. The right lower quadrant pain associated with acute inflammation of the appendix is predominantly the result of the formation and release of which two mediators, i.e., cytokines? A. Prostaglandins and bradykinins B. Complement C3b and IgG C. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor D. Histamine and serotonin E. Leukotriene and interferon

A. Prostaglandins and bradykinins

A 41-year-old woman, with a history of smoking, presents to the ER complaining of cough with sputum (productive cough), and shortness of breath. Vital signs were significant for temperature of 101.5of, tachycardia (fast heart rate), and tachypnea (fast breathing rate). Crackles and wheezing were heard on auscultation. A complete blood count was ordered and showed leukocytosis. The patient was diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia. The term leukocytosis means: A. increased white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood B. decreased WBC's in the blood C. increased number of immature circulating leukocytes D. significant change in the proportions of WBC's

A. increased white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood

A 25-year-old woman has a workup for infertility. She has never experienced menarche. On physical examination she is short, with a broad chest and a webbed neck. She has normal intelligence. A blood sample is obtained for chromosome analysis. Which of the following karyotypes is she most likely to have? A. 47, XXX B. 45, X C. 46, XX D. 47, XX +18

B. 45, X

A couple desiring to start a family was referred to a geneticist for counseling. The wife recalled that she had a family member died at a young age but was not sure of the disease. The genetic testing revealed that the mother is a carrier of Duchenne muscular dystrophy; the father is unaffected. The couple proceeds with the planned pregnancy. The first born was a son and he was diagnosed with muscular dystrophy. Another male child is expected. The probability of the second son having muscular dystrophy is: A. 75% B. 50% C. 0% D. 25% E. 100%

B. 50%

A 45-year-old female presents to her dermatologist complaining of a non-healing, chronic infective lesion on her right leg. The lesion was biopsied and the pathology report reads: granulomatous lesion, with a rim of multinucleated giant cells. What type of necrosis would these findings be consistent with? A. Foam cell necrosis B. Caseous necrosis C. Fibrinous necrosis D. Eosinophilic necrosis E. Pyogenic necrosis

B. Caseous necrosis

Which of the following statements is a characteristic of X-linked recessive disorders? a. All daughters of affected fathers are carriers b. Males and females are equally affected c. The son of a carrier mother has a 25% chance of being affected d. Affected fathers transmit the gene to all his sons

a. All daughters of affected fathers are carriers

Which is an important criterion for discerning autosomal recessive inheritance? a. Consanguinity is often present b. Females are affected more than males c. The disease is seen in the parents and in the siblings d. One average, one half if the offspring of the carrier will be affected e. Only males are affected

a. Consanguinity is often present

A patient demonstrates severe mental retardation caused by a deletion of part of chromosome 5. What genetic disorder will the nurse see documented in the chart? a. Cri du chat syndrome b. Down syndrome c. Turner syndrome d. Fragile x syndrome

a. Cri du chat syndrome

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular a. Death b. Atrophy c. Proliferation d. Mutation e. Growth

a. Death

After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen. This is an example of: a. Hyperplasia b. Dysplasia c. Hypertrophy d. Anaplasia e. Metaplasia

a. Hyperplasia

The process of phagocytosis involves: a. Ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes b. Shift of fluid and proteins out of capillaries c. Formation of a fibrin mesh around the infected areas d. Movement of erythrocytes through the capillary wall

a. Ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes

What genetic disorder is the result if an individual possesses an XXY chromosome configuration? a. Klinefelter Syndrome b. Turner syndrome c. Down syndrome d. Fragile x

a. Klinefelter Syndrome

The study of disease involving the functional or physiological changes in the body that result from disease processes is termed: a. Pathophysiology b. Pharmacology c. Pathology d. Pathogenicity e. Immunology

a. Pathophysiology

Which of the following is a characteristic of apoptosis? a. Programmed cell death b. Characterized by swelling and rupture of cell membrane c. Has unpredictable patterns of cell death d. Results in benign malignancies

a. Programmed cell death

Cytokines are: a. Protein cell products that act as a message to other cells, i.e., providing other cells with instructions b. Usually released only in chronic inflammation c. Abnormal cells released at the site of inflammation d. Chemicals that are responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria

a. Protein cell products that act as a message to other cells, i.e., providing other cells with instructions

Metaplasia is: a. The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another b. The transformation of a cell type to malignancy c. An irreversible cellular adaptation d. The disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements

a. The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another

What mechanism results in edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? a. Vasoconstriction b. Increased capillary permeability c. Endothelial cell contraction d. Diapedesis e. Chemotaxis

a. Vasoconstriction

What process causes heat and redness that occur during the inflammatory process? a. Vasodilation b. Platelet aggregation c. Increased capillary permeability d. Endothelial cell contraction e. Diapedesis

a. Vasodilation

Males are more likely than females to be affected by _____ disorders. a. X-linked b. Autosomal recessive c. Autosomal dominant d. Chromosomal disjunction e. Aneuploidy

a. X-linked

A 50-year old diabetic presents to the ER with an infected wound from an above the knee amputation 7 days prior. The culture reveals that the wound was infected with Clostridium bacteria. The patient succumbs to the infection and dies a week later. Which of the following is most likely cause of death? a. gas gangrene b. caseous necrosis c. fat necrosis d. apoptosis e. karyolysis

a. gas gangrene

Which of the following disorders is manifested primarily in males? a. hemophilia A b. Cystic fibrosus c. Sickle cell anemia d. Neurofibromatosis

a. hemophilia A

A 25-year-old female is pregnant. As a direct consequence of her pregnancy, her breasts have enlarged. This is a consequence of: a. hormonal hyperplasia b. compensatory anaplasia c. compensatory hyperplasia d. dysplasia

a. hormonal hyperplasia

A 55-year-old obese male complains of chest pain or exertion. The chest pain, i.e., angina pectoris, is most likely due to: a. ischemia b. malnutrition c. free radicals d. chemical toxicity e. apoptosis

a. ischemia

The genotype for both parents is heterozygous dominant. For any given autosomal recessive disorder, each offspring has a ____ chance of carrying the defected gene. a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% e. Only males are affected

b. 50%

A clinical study is performed of patients with pharyngeal infections. The most typical clinical course averages 3 days from the time of onset until the patient sees the physician. Most of these patients experience fever and chills. On physical examination, the most common findings include swelling, erythema, and pharyngeal purulent exudate. Which of the following types of inflammation did these patients most likely have? a. Granuloma inflammation b. Acute inflammation c. Abscess information d. Resolution of inflammation

b. Acute inflammation

Coagulative necrosis: a. Resembles crumbly cheese b. Can result from the interrupted blood supply c. Is reversible if promptly and aggressively managed d. Remains functional for 5-7 days

b. Can result from the interrupted blood supply

A 73-year-old man suffers a 'stroke.' On physical examination he cannot move his right arm. A cerebral angiogram demonstrates occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. An echocardiogram reveals a thrombus within a dilated left atrium. Which of the following is the most likely pathologic alteration from this event that has occurred in his brain? a. Recovery of damaged neurons if the vascular supply is reestablished b. Cerebral softening from liquefactive necrosis c. Pale infarction with coagulative necrosis d. Wet gangrene with secondary bacteria infection e. Fat necrosis from the release digested enzymes

b. Cerebral softening from liquefactive necrosis

Homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis is termed: a. Neurofibromatosis b. Nondisjunction c. Polyploidy d. Aneuploidy e. Conjoined twins

b. Nondisjunction

Healing by secondary intention would occur in which of the following patients? A patient with a: a. Sutured surgical wound b. Stage IV pressure ulcer c. Paper cut d. Sunburn

b. Stage IV pressure ulcer

Symptoms often do not occur until approximately 40 years of age Huntington disease is often transferred to offspring before a parent knows of the genetic possibility of this disease, because: a. Symptoms are so mild that they are not recognized b. Symptoms often do not occur until approximately 40 years of age c. Genetic testing for the disease is not possible d. The genetic alteration is rarely expressed

b. Symptoms often do not occur until approximately 40 years of age

Which of the following statements is most correct for autosomal dominant disorders? a. Transmission of the defective gene skips generation b. The disease will often manifest later in life c. For any autosomal dominant disorders, two defective genes must be present to express the disease d. Males are the predominant sex affected The defective gene is only seen on the Y chromosome

b. The disease will often manifest later in life

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder that primarily affects: a. The heart and brain b. The lungs and pancreas c. The liver and intestine d. The sodium channels

b. The lungs and pancreas

When the heart's workload increases, what changes occurs to the myocardial cells? a. They divide and increase in size b. They increase in size c. They increase in number d. They undergo metaplasia

b. They increase in size

A 5-year-old boy was playing in the backyard when he was bitten by a "bug." He complains to his mother that the site was itchy. Mom notes a well circumscribed area of redness. What causes the erythema? a. Hemorrhage b. Vasodilation c. Decreased vascular permeability d. None of the above

b. Vasodilation

A 21-year-old female donated blood at the local red cross. Shortly after leaving the blood bank, she noticed swelling at the site of the needle insertion. Concerned, she called the red cross and was informed by the nurse that "it's just a hematoma and to apply pressure." Five days later, she noticed a change in the color of her skin, yellowish to purple, at the the needle site. Concerned, she called the local health center. The best or most appropriate answer would be: "Not to worry, the bruising is due to an accumulation of.." a. transferin b. bilirubin c. albumin d. lipofuscin e. melanin

b. bilirubin

A 2-year-old swallowed a watch battery. Following ingestion, kidney function was impaired, and the heart began to fail. Which of the following the most likely causes? a. karyorrhexis b. coagulative necrosis c. ammonia accumulation d. fat necrosis e. caseous necrosis

b. coagulative necrosis

In response to an increase in workload, the myocardium will hypertrophy which is an: a. increase in size by increasing the total number of cells b. increase in size by increasing in the intracellular content c. decrease in length d. increase in excitability e. increase in contractility

b. increase in size by increasing in the intracellular content

Coagulative necrosis is caused by: a. dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation b. interrupted blood supply c. trauma or pancreatitis d. lung tissue damage e. chronic infection

b. interrupted blood supply

A pathology report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. Muscular atrophy involves the decrease in muscle cell a. number b. size c. vacuoles d. lipofuscin e. strength

b. size

A father affected with hemophilia A, whose wife is unaffected, will pass on the defective gene to: a. All of his sons, who will be affected b. 50% of his sons, who will be affected c. All of his daughters, who will be carriers d. 50% of his daughters, who will be carriers.

c. All of his daughters, who will be carriers

A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called a ____ cell. a. Polyploidy b. Diploid c. Aneuploid d. Polyploid e. Haploid

c. Aneuploid

The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to: a. Phagocytosis of foreign material b. Local vasodilation c. Any tissue injury d. Formation of purulent exudates

c. Any tissue injury

Cystic fibrosis is caused by what gene abnormality? a. X-linked dominant b. X-linked recessive c. Autosomal recessive d. None of the above

c. Autosomal recessive

Both parents If a boy inherits a disease that is autosomal recessive, he inherited it from: a. His father b. His mother c. Both parents

c. Both parents

Incarcerated individuals exposed to an infected tuberculous patient is likely at risk for: a. coagulative necrosis b. liquefactive necrosis c. caseous necrosis d. fat necrosis

c. Caseous Necrosis

A child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. History reveals that the child's parents are siblings. Cystic fibrosis was most likely the result of: a. X-inactivation b. Genomic imprinting c. Consanguinity d. Nondisjunction

c. Consanguinity

Returning injured tissue to the original structure and function is termed: a. Fibrosis b. Regeneration c. Resolution d. Repair by scar tissue

c. Resolution

A 13-year-old girl has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present. What medical diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart? a. Down syndrome b. Cri du chat syndrome c. Turner syndrome d. Fragile x syndrome e. Hemophilia A

c. Turner syndrome

In irreversible cell injury, the accumulation of ____ in the intracellular space is a common finding. a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. magnesium e. chloride

c. calcium

Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because: a. debris is not digested by hydrolases b. of protein denaturation c. it is rich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids d. ischemia results in chemical injury

c. it is rich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids

What organs are affected by the type of necrosis that results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or caused by chemical injury? a. lungs and pulmonary vessels b. brain and spinal cord c. kidneys and heart d. muscles and bones e. pancreas

c. kidneys and heart

A biopsy of the bronchial tissues was obtained. Pathology report reveals that stratified squamous epithelium have replaced columnar tissues. This form of adaptation is: a. anaplasia b. hyperplasia c. metaplasia d. dysplasia e. CIN

c. metaplasia

A nurse in the emergency department admits a male patient who has experienced severe frostbite on his hands and toes after becoming lost on a ski hill. The nurse recognizes that which of the following has contributed to his tissue damage? a. Decreased blood viscosity has resulted in interstitial bleeding b. Reactive vasodilation has compromised perfusion c. Autonomic response with the parasympathetic system d. Autonomic nervous system stimulation has resulted in injury e. Decreased blood follow has induced hypoxia

e. Decreased blood follow has induced hypoxia

Which statements are correct about aneuploidy? a. Nondisjunction is a common cause b. Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) is the common form c. XXY karyotype is a form of sex chromosome from of this. d. Cri-du-chat is a form of autosomal aneuploidy e. Only A, B, and C is correct

e. Only A, B, and C is correct

The purpose of the inflammatory process is to: a. Provide specific responses toward antigens b. Lyse cell membrane of microorganisms c. prevent infection of injured tissue d. create immunity against subsequent tissue injury e. all of the above

e. all of the above

A 35-year-old female returns to her gynecologist for consultation on her most recent Pap Smear. The Pap smear demonstrated abnormal changes in the shape and organization of the cervical cells. Which term best describes this type of change? a. metaplasia b. atrophy c. hyperplasia d. hypertrophy e. dysplasia

e. dysplasia