Exam 1-PSY 210, PSY 210 Quiz 2 Human Development, Life Span Chapter 1

Which of the following statements regarding prenatal development risks is true? A) Paternal factors do not adversely affect prenatal development. B) Older women are not at increased risk of having a baby with Down syndrome. C) Maternal nutrition plays a large role in prenatal development. D) Cigarette smoking by women has little effect on prenatal and child development

C) Maternal nutrition plays a large role in prenatal development.

__ is/are factors that cause birth defects. A) Curanderos B) Organogenesis C) Teratogens D) Placentas

C) Teratogens

Plasticity

capacity for change

Which type of research method involves an in-depth look at one individual?

case study

The process we refer to when we speak of changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language is the _________ process.

cognitive

Which research strategy simultaneously compares individuals of different ages?

cross-sectional

Sociocultural contexts include four important concepts: culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and gender. Which of these four concepts could be defined as "the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation"?

culture

Multidimensional

development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions

social cognitive theory

Emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development

information-processing theory

Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it

Which psychologist contended that "trust versus mistrust" is the first psychological stage?

Erik Erikson

continuity-discontinuity issue

Focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

Which of the following statements regarding developmentalists and their positions on the issues of nature-nurture, continuity-discontinuity, and stability-change is true?

Most developmentalists recognize that taking extreme positions on these issues is unwise.

__________ is to operant conditioning, as __________ is to social cognitive theory.

Skinner; Bandura

ethology

Study of behavior as it is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods

Development

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception & continues through the human life span

life-span perspective

The perspective that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual; it involves growth, maintenance, and regulation

Which of the following is not an example of a cognitive process?

an infant's smile in response to her mother's touch

normative history-graded influences

influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

The theory that emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it is called the _________ theory.

information-processing

The most important issues in the study of development include all of the following except:

masculinity and femininity.

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life and are usually not applicable to many people are called:

nonnormative life events.

Whether or not intellectual skills can still be improved through education for individuals in their 70s is a question of:

plasticity

Freud is associated with which theoretical perspective?

psychoanalytic

normative age-graded influences

similar for individuals in a particular age group

Multidirectional

some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink

According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, the macrosystem is:

the culture in which individuals live.

Psychologists have learned that the ability to control one's environment can have a powerful effect on a person's health. They have also learned that poor health can influence intellectual functioning. This is an example of:

the joint influence of biological and cognitive processes.

When psychologists speak of life-span development, they are referring to an approach that emphasizes:

the periods of the human life span involving both growth and decline.

The criticisms of psychoanalytic theories include all of the following except:

there is skepticism about the pureness of Piaget's stages.

nonnormative life events

unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life

life-span perspective

views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

continuity-discontinuity issue

focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

cross-sectional approach

A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared simultaneously

longitudinal approach

A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied repeatedly over a period of time, usually several years or more

In stage______of labor, contractions cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

A) 1

Which sex-linked chromosomal abnormality occurs when males have an extra X chromosome? A) Klinefelter syndrome B) Turner syndrome C) XYY syndrome D) Down syndrome.

A) Klinefelter syndrome

________ is the specialized form of cell division which produces egg and sperm cells A) Meiosis B) Mitosis C) Fertilization D) Zygote

A) Meiosis

The surgical removal of the baby from the uterus is called a/an: A) cesarean section. B) toxoplasmosis. C) afterbirth. D) involution

A) cesarean section

Which is the longest period in prenatal development? A) fetal B) germinal C)embryonic D) organogenesis

A) fetal

A genetic disorder that negative affects the shape of the body's red blood cells is called: A) sickle-cell anemia B) phenylketonuria. C) Klinefelter syndrome. D) Turner syndrome.

A) sickle-cell anemia

The trophoblast is: A) the outer layer of cells that develops during the germinal period. B) the inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period. C) the third stage of birth when the placenta and umbilical cord are expelled. D) the period after childbirth or delivery.

A) the outer layer of cells that develops during the germinal period

Humans have _____pairs of chromosomes in normal developmental cases. A) 46 B) 23 C ) 2 D) an undetermined number of

B) 23

An epidural block is a type of regional: A) analgesia. B) anesthesia. C) oxytocic. D) doula.

B) anesthesia.

A(n) __________ is someone who seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development. A) evolutionary psychologist B) behavior geneticist C) environmental psychologist D) epigenetic psychologist

B) behavior geneticist

FASD refers to a cluster of abnormalities that appears in the offspring of mothers who __________ in pregnancy. A) take prescription drugs B) drink alcohol heavily C) smoke D) use cocaine

B) drink alcohol heavily

The endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm develop during the _______ period. A) germinal B) embryonic C) fetal D) preterm

B) embryonic

Emily, who has brown eyes, has one dominant gene and one recessive gene. When we describe her actual genetic makeup, we are describing her: A) phenotype. B) genotype. C) reaction range. D) gamete

B) gneotype

Which layer of embryonic cells eventually becomes the circulatory system, bones, excretory system, reproductive system, and muscles? A) endoderm B) mesoderm C) ectoderm D) blastocyst

B) mesoderm

The evolutionary process that favors individuals of a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce is called: A) the principle of evolutionary selection. B) natural selection. C) the origin of selection. D) adaptive behavior.

B) natural selection

According to Sandra Scarr, all the following are ways in which heredity and environment are correlated except: A) passive genotype-environment correlations. B) provocative genotype-environment correlations. C) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations. D) evocative genotype-environment correlations.

B) provocative genotype-environment correlations.

Regarding bonding, which of the following statements is false? A) Bonding is the occurrence of close contact, especially physical contact, between parents and newborns in the period shortly after birth. B) Many hospitals offer "rooming in" to encourage contact between new parents and their infants. C) There is evidence that immediate, postnatal bonding is critical to the development of a competent, intelligent infant. D) Special interest in bonding came about when some pediatricians argued that the circumstances surrounding delivery often separate mothers and their infant

C) There is evidence that immediate, postnatal bonding is critical to the development of a competent, intelligent infant.

A phenotype can include what kind of information? A) only physical characteristics B) only psychological characteristics C) both psychological and physical characteristics. D) neither psychological nor physical characteristics; instead, these are included in one's genotype

C) both psychological and physical characteristics.

Which of the following is an assumption of Vygotsky's perspective on development?

Children are active in their construction of their understanding the world around them.

Robert Siegler

Cognitive development involves continuous information processing about how an individual thinks

Jean Piaget

Cognitive development is a four-stage process that occurs as individuals organize experiences and adapt to environmental demands

Lev Vygotsky

Cognitive development occurs within a social and cultural framework in which individuals actively construct knowledge

Babies born after a regular period of gestation but weighing less than __________ pounds are called low-birthweight infants. A) 4 B) 4½ C) 5 D) 5½

D) 5%

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is: A) a genetic disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome. B) a genetically transmitted form of mental retardation. C) a genetic disorder affecting the red blood cells. D) a genetic disorder that impairs the metabolizing of a specific, naturally-occurring amino acid.

D) a genetic disorder that impairs the metabolizing of a specific, naturally-occurring amino acid.

Which of the following is not part of the embryonic period? A) intensified cell differentiation B) appearance of organs C) formation of cellular support systems D) creation of the zygote

D) creation of the zygote

One idea proposed by evolutionary developmental psychologists is that: A) evolved mechanisms are always adaptive in contemporary society. B) some characteristics of childhood were selected to be adaptive at specific points in development for preparation for adulthood. C) evolved psychological mechanisms are domain-specific. D) one reason why childhood is such a length process is that it takes a long time to develop a large brain.

D) one reason why childhood is such a length process is that it takes a long time to develop a large brain.

psychoanalytic theory

Describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion

Sigmund Freud

Development is driven by the way in which individuals resolve conflicts occurring at each of five stages of psychosexual development.

Developmental psychologists suggest that some characteristics are of interest to professionals from more than one particularly field of study. Which characteristic of development does this suggest?

Development is multidisciplinary.

John Bowlby

Development is shaped by an individual's early attachment to his or her caregivers

Erik Erikson

Development is shaped by the outcome of eight psychosocial crises that occur throughout the life span

B. F. Skinner

Development is the result of the environmental rewards and punishments that an individual receives in response to his or her behavior

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Development occurs within a complex environmental system that includes influences from various contexts

Albert Bandura

Development results from the interaction between an individual's behavior, environment, and cognition

Multidisciplinary

Explains that development is a topic among psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, medical researchers, etc

Who was the psychologist responsible for originating the theory of attachment?

John Bowlby

development

Pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span

nature-nurture issue

Refers to the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by what we are born with or by our environmental experiences as we grow