exam 1 questions

What is random assignment? Why is this procedure important in an experiment? _______ Random assignment uses chance to assign each participant to any given experimental condition or group. The procedure helps ensure that the groups are equivalent in individual characteristics (e.g., age, memory ability) at the beginning of the experiment. Random assignment is recruiting participants in a way that they are representative of a larger population. The procedure helps ensure that the results of the experiment can be generalized to the larger population. Random assignment is the procedure by which every participant has an equal chance of choosing which condition or group they get into. The procedure helps ensure that participants are intrinsically motivated to participate in the study.

Random assignment uses chance to assign each participant to any given experimental condition or group. The procedure helps ensure that the groups are equivalent in individual characteristics (e.g., age, memory ability) at the beginning of the experiment.

Which of the following can help a researcher conduct a literature review? _______ PsycINFO reading book chapters reading journal articles attending a conference all of the above

all of the above

A psychologist investigating the research question "Which type of therapy most effectively reduces depressive behaviors?" is most likely conducting __________ research. basic applied external internal

applied

Using records of car crashes where individuals were not wearing seatbelts to measure use of seatbelt behavior is an example of which observation technique? _____ naturalistic observation survey observation systematic observation archival data

archival data

The research design that allows researchers to gain a lot of descriptive information about a single individual or institution is a(n) ______ experiment. quas-experiment. case study. correlational study.

case study.

Videotaping individuals at work to look for off-task behaviors is an example of which observation technique? ______ naturalistic observation survey observation systematic observation archival data

naturalistic observation

The scientific method primarily involves gaining new knowledge through ___________ deduction. intuition. authority. observation.

observation.

Which of the following would violate ethical standards for psychological research? ______ keeping participants' identities confidential using another author's ideas in one's report without citing that author deceiving participants about the purpose of a study all of the above

using another author's ideas in one's report without citing that author

____________ helps scientists test their ideas more easily, because it is easier to develop a study that might falsify a simple explanation than to develop a study that might falsify a more complex explanation. determinism parsimony testability empiricism

parsimony

The determinism canon of the scientific method states that _________ the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correct. observation is the best way of gaining new knowledge. phenomena have observable causes. explanations of phenomena should be able to be falsified if they are incorrect.

phenomena have observable causes.

A researcher who examines the difference in anxiety level between individuals who exercise and those who do not exercise is using the ____ research design. experiment. quasi-experiment. case study. correlational study.

quasi-experiment.

Reaction time measured in seconds is an example of a(n) _______________ scale. interval ordinal nominal ratio

ratio

A study was conducted to learn about the social interactions of elementary-aged school children. The children were observed during recess for a 6-month time period. Based on findings from past research, the researcher hypothesized that as age of the children increased, they should be more likely to have verbal interactions with their peers. The results of the study were consistent with the hypothesis. The study described above is an example of the ______________research method.

correlational

Research questions for psychological studies should be ____________ important for understanding behavior in a particular area. answerable using the scientific method. questions already answered in previous studies. (a) and (b) only. all of the above

(a) and (b) only.

Which of the following is an ethical guideline that must be followed when research with human participants is conducted? _____________ All data must be collected anonymously. The study must be designed to minimize harm to the participant. The benefit of the research must outweigh the risks. (b) and (c) only all of the above

(b) and (c) only

______ research investigates fundamental aspects of behavior, whereas _______ research investigates solutions for real-world problems. Internal; external External; internal Basic; applied Applied; basic

Basic; applied

Suppose that a researcher found that as introversion (as measured on a standardized questionnaire) of participants goes up, number of social activities attended per week decreases. Introversion level Number of social activities attended per week No dependent variable Both (a) and (b)

Both (a) and (b)

A literature review is ___________ the same as a journal article. only conducted with books a detailed review of past research in a topic area. never conducted using PsycINFO.

a detailed review of past research in a topic area.

Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies with humans is currently monitored by _________ a review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB). a committee that is part of the federal government. a group of judges. just the researchers themselves.

a review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB).

A research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors is a: _______ descriptive research question causal research question fundamental research question vital research question

descriptive research question

Ruling out alternative explanations for results increases the _________ validity, whereas increasing the realism of the behaviors examined in a study increases the __________ validity subjective, objective objective, subjective external, internal internal, external

internal, external

The difference between nominal and ordinal measurement scales is that _________ nominal scales have numerical response categories and ordinal scales do not. responses on ordinal scales can be rank ordered and responses on nominal scales cannot be rank ordered. nominal scales include zero as the lowest possible score and ordinal scales do not.

responses on ordinal scales can be rank ordered and responses on nominal scales cannot be rank ordered.

Asking individuals to rate how often each of 20 items related to stress symptoms occurs in their daily lives is an example of which observation technique? ______ naturalistic observation survey observation systematic observation archival data

survey observation

Use the following study description for questions (37) - (39):Researchers conduct a study to examine the relationship between students' science interest and science achievement. A survey is administered to students to measure their science interest. And, students' scores on the most recent science test were collected (with permission) from their schools. The researchers found that science interest was positively correlated with science scores. This study uses which observation technique(s) (i.e., data collection method)? naturalistic observations surveys and systematic observations systematic observations surveys and archival data

surveys and archival data

Asking individuals to complete a memory task under controlled conditions uses the ______ observation technique. naturalistic observation survey observation systematic observation archival data

systematic observation

External validity is _________ a type of research conducted in psychology. the degree to which a study's results can be generalized to individuals and situations outside of the study. the degree to which a study provides a good test of a causal prediction both (b) and (c).

the degree to which a study's results can be generalized to individuals and situations outside of the study.