Exam 1 Research Methods

Students who are interested in being consumers of, but not producers of, research might choose which of the following professions?

An advertising executive

Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question?

Asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims?

Both strong positive association and strong negative associations

another word for discriminant validity?

Divergent validity

When obtaining informed consent from a participant, what must the researcher do?

Explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study

Dr Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relations than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decided to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads "I tend to not think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads "I do not have a high opinion of myself. Question 3 reads "I think other people think I am really special" Dr. Rodriquez is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at, and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following?

Face validity

Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is majoring in psychology only because he finds the classes interesting. Which of the following is an important reason for him to be a good consumer of research?

He will probably want to read research related to enhancing his teaching.

Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals are peer reviewed?

It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality.

Which of the following is a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study?

It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study

Which of the following is a reason why it is important to be a knowledgeable consumer of research?

It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate.

Establishing construct validity would be important for what?

Measure of spirituality

Which of the following is a dependent variable?

One that is measured

In Milgram's experiment on obedience to authority, participants were led to believe that they were shocking a "learner" in another room each time the learner made an error, what was the main risk to participants in Milgram's study?

Psychological distress

What is the best way to balance characteristics about participants that can lead to alternative explanations of findings?

Random assignment

Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines? Science journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not.

Science journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not.

If professor Adeyemi gets a sample that reflects the demographic proportions of their city, what technique is most likely to be used?

Stratified random sampling

The aim of the Tuskegee study was to examine which disease?

Syphilis

One of the reasons that research studies are superior to personal experience is that

They include at least one comparison group

Dr Kramer plans to give his survey only to his psych and law students because he sees them on Mon, Wed, Fri, and he can spare the class time, which is true?

This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take psych and law may be different from the type of students who take intro to neuro

If Dr Sheffield's measure does not measure pathological gambling, his measure is lacking what?

Validity

In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority?

When they based their opinions on their intuition

2. Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making?

association claim

All members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample for a sample to be considered?

representative

A sample is always?

smaller than a population

2. Professor Adeyemi is examining well-being after retirement in a city, and it is important to have excellent external validity. If professor Adeyemi obtains a sample that reflects the demographic proportions of their city, which of the following sampling techniques is most likely being used?

stratified random sampling

Oversampling is a variant used in?

stratified random sampling

If a sample is biased?

then it is unfairly applied to the pop of interest

2. Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following?

validity

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have

A comparison group that did not receive the drug

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamson, 2016.) In this study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following

A measured variable

2. Scientific journalists have argued that cigarette smoking leads to a variety of health problems. What type of claim are they making?

Causal

Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making?

Causal claim

Asking questions to get the answers?

Confirmation bias

Different factors that could account for significant results are called

Confounds

2. Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following?

Content validity

If a researcher can demonstrate that his measure of the variable is related to the behavior, then he has established what?

Criterion validity

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found her results, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations?

Discussion

Before using the measure (the donel scale) in her study (measuring narcissism), dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the sem. She compares the scores between the 2 time points. This is a test of what?

Test-retest reliability

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits of taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report?

The principle of beneficence

Which of the following is true of operational definitions?

The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process