Exam 101
Identify three organs that are important part if the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the GI tract.
- liver - gallbladder - pancreas
energy
The major role of carbohydrate is to provide the body with
element
type of atom that cannot be divided into a simpler compound
reproductive system
to produce children
enriched grain
- Has riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and folic acid added - Has iron added
refined grain
- Has been milled - Has reduced amounts B of vitamins
- fat 9 kcal - 4kcal carb - protein 4kcal 91 kilocalories
what is the kilocalorie content of a food that provides 7 grams fat, 4 grams carbs, and 3 grams protein?
- alcohol - sugar sweetened soft drinks -pastries
which of the following foods would be considered a provider of empty calories?
The main function of the gastroesophageal sphincter is to ...
Close the opening between the esophagus and the stomach
umami (savory, broth, or meaty taste)
The 5 primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and ___.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans is _______.
- A set of general nutrition related recommendations
AI (adequate intake)
- Nutrient intake recommendation set when research is not sufficient to determine RDA
Diarrhea is most often caused by _____.
- bacterial infections -viral infections
cystic fibrosis
A disease that produces thick mucus that block passageways, particularly in the respiratory and digestive system is called ____.
50 or fifty
About how many nutrients are considered essential?
veins
After blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the _____.
food
Consumer are often unaware that the FDA regulates dietary supplements as
food insecure
Households that include members that worry about running out of food or not having enough money to buy food are considered:
chronic
How is disease classified when a disease takes many years to develop and has complex causes?
infants and the elderly
Prompt treatment for diarrhea is especially important for .....
mens journal
Which of the following journals does not have peer-reviewed articles?
smell
Which of the following senses has the greatest effect on taste?
metabolism
_____ is the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in living cells.
conventional wisdom
a traditional belief
data
facts observed over the course of an experiment
16 kcal
how many kilocalories are provided from a food containing 4 grams of protein?
70 kilocalories
how many kilocalories is provided by 10 grams of pure alcohol?
Linda has a history of peptic ulcers. To prevent having a recurrence of such ulcers, she should take all of the following steps EXCEPT _______.
increase consumption of milk and cream to coat the stomach lining
lleum
minimal absorption occurs here
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up which systems of the body?
nervous system
Are the chemicals in our food necessarily harmful?
no
salivary galnds
produces and secrete salivary amylase
risk factor
A __ __ is a term used when discussing aspects such as hereditary, lifestyle, and nutritional choices that contribute to the development of a disease.
essential
A nutrient that cannot be made by the body and must be supplied by food is considered:
dietary supplement
A product that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake is called:
enzyme
A protein that catalyzes a particular chemical reaction inside the body is called a(n) ____.
research dietician
A registered dietician who works for a university based research group studying the effect of fiber intake on colon cancer risk in newly emigrated populations
17
A serving of food supplies 153 kcal from fat. Based on this information, how many grams of fat are in the serving?
symptoms
Deficiency disease can cause subjective health problems called ____________ , which may include headaches, dizziness, and fatigue.
The world food program and united nations Childrens Fund UNICEF
Finding a solution to the world food crisis is a purpose of ___.
lungs and kidneys
Identify the organs that work together to maintain the acid base balance of the blood.
9 or nine
Lipids contain __ kcal per gram
true
Many popular dietary supplements are not helpful and may even be harmful.
phytochemicals
Many__ are antioxidants that may reduce risks of heart disease and certain cancers
- The basis for developing AIs
Nutritional standards, such as the RDAs, are not _______.
true
Nuts are an example of a food that is energy dense but do not contain empty calories
true
On a food label, a calorie is really a kilocalorie. Hint C in Calorie
heart disease and cancer
Poor eating habits contribute to the leading causes of death to Americans. The top two leading causes of death to American's are:
very little
Under normal circumstances, ____ carbohydrate, protein, and fat escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
- heart disease - obesity - type 2 diabetes
Which of the following are examples of life-threatening and chronic diseases that result from a poor diet and lack of exercise?
nutritional habits heredity & smoking
Which of the following are examples of risk factors?
Lymphatic
_____ vessels empty their contents (including chylomicrons) into the cardiovascular system through a duct near the heart.
Lite Beer
________ is an example of an food that supplies a lot of empty calories.
vitamins
all of the following are macronutrients except
six major classes of nutrients
carbs, fat, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
constantly evolving
he information we know about the relationship between diet and health is:
gallbladder
release bile into the duodenum
Choose the true statements about the pH scale.
- A solution with a pH of 4.0 has aH+ concentration and is more acidic than a solution with a pH of 12.0 - The scale ranges from 0-14 - Tomatoes have a pH of 4.0, therefore are more acidic than an egg with a pH of 8.0
kilocalorie
- A unit describing the energy content of food
cells in the body...
- Are specialized to perform specific functions
Heartburn can be worsened by _______.
- Being pregnant - Smoking cigarettes - Having excess body fat - Drinking alcohol - Consuming certain foods
skeletal system
- Bones, tendons, and ligaments are the principal organs - Provides supports, movement, and protection for the body
Choose the statements that are true about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Cause unknown - Inflammation and swelling of the intestines - Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two most common forms
A serious consequence of uncontrolled diabetes is kidney damage. When a person's kidneys aren't functioning properly, what would you expect to happen to his or her body?
- Certain wastes accumulate in the bloodstream
whole grain
- Consists of entire grain seed - Is higher in fiber - Contains the germ, endosperm, and bran
Dietary moderation can be achieved by
- Consuming food in reasonable amounts, obtaining nutrients from the food one eats
Not reliable source of nutrition information
- a pop up ad for B vitamins - subscription based product, trying to sell you something that might not work
The digestive system not only processes the foods we eat, but it is also the site of some nutrient production. Which of the following nutrients are produced by bacteria that live in the large intestine? Check all that apply.
- biotin - vitamin k
Which of the following are examples of organ systems?
- digestive system -endocrine system
accessory organs
- salivary glands - liver -gallbladder -pancreas
.org
A nationally recognized health association that is for people with diabetes provides information about choosing healthful foods for diabetes management
desire to gain/lose weight motivated to improve health
A person typically needs strong positivie motivation to get them to change their eating behaviors. What are the circumstances that will motivate a person to improve ingrained food- related behaviors?
240 kilocalories
After a particularly strenuous workout at the gym, Jaime purchased an electrolyte-replacement drink. According to the Nutrition Facts panel on the product's label, each 8-oz serving of the drink supplies 60 kcal. Jaime was so thirsty, he drank the entire contents of the bottle (32 oz). How many kcal of this product did he consume? (32/8)=4 60kcal x 4=240
starch
Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ____.
- Epidemiology
An aspect of ______ involves studying causes of health problems in a population.
proton
Are positively charged particles in the nucleus, the central region of an atom.
electron
Are small negatively charged particles that form a cloud surrounding the nucleus
claims
As a marketing tool directed towards the health conscious consumers, food manufacturers make nutrition __ on food products.
4
Carbohydrates provide __ kcal per gram
What is responsible for the development of most stomach ulcers?
H. pylori
strawberries
Lance is experimenting in the kitchen and decides to make a gelatin salad. In a food science class, he learned that certain fresh and frozen fruits should not be used in gelatin recipes because they contain an enzyme that breaks down gelatin. Which of the following fresh fruits can he use to make the gelatin salad?
- Death of mother and premature births
Potential problems associated with undernutrition during pregnancy include:
data
Researchers analyze data about the number of mosquito bites people in each group receive.
- When a person's diet lacks the chemical, his or her body experiences abnormal functioning
Scientists at a major university have isolated a chemical from grapes. Which of the following features is an indication that this chemical could be a vitamin?
false
T/F Vitamins provide usable calories for the body
genetic modification
The alteration of a plant or animal's hereditary material is called ___ ___.
physiological dose
The amount of a nutrient that allows the body to function optimally is called the __ dose
- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
The amount of a nutrient that should meet the needs of almost all healthy people in a particular group is the _______.
nutrients
The body breaks food down into ___ such as carbohydrates, fat and protein
chemical digestion
The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of ...
hormones
The chemical messengers of the body are called _______.
are not
The majority of health care practices and products such as massage therapy, homeopathy, and chiropractic manipulation ___ accepted by the medical community.
metric gram liter
The metric prefixes micro-, milli, centi, deci, centi, and kilo indicate whether a measurement is a fraction or a multiple of a
true
The movement of substances into and out of the cell occurs through the plasma membrane.
pancreas
The small intestine and the ___ produce most of the digestive enzymes.
epidemiology
The study of the occurrence, distribution and causes of disease patterns among various populations is known as ____.
metabolism
The sum of all the chemical processes that provide energy for the body to perform work is termed:
calcium rich foods
The traditional Asian dietary pattern is lacking in ___.
more
The typical American today consumes __ fat, sugar, and total k calories than in 1970.
diet
The usual pattern of foods that you choose to eat is referred to as your ______
- Hepatic portal vein
Water - Soluble nutrients are absorbed via ___ vein.
peristalsis
Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called ___.
- Consuming reduced portion sizes - The elimination of empty calorie foods
Ways to reduce your calorie intake and maintain nutritional adequacy include:
skin
What is the largest organ in the body?
smoking
What is the leading cause (risk factor) of preventable death in North America
nucleus
What is the name for the cellular structure that stores the genetic material that directs protein synthesis in the cell?
lungs
What is the primary organ of the respiratory system?
malnutrition
What is the state of health when the body us Improperly nourished, including under- and over nutrition?
phytochemical
What is the substance found in many plants that is not considered a nutrient but has many healthful benefits?
avocado
Which of the following foods is a good source of protein and contains a lot of saturated fat?
grape jelly
Which of the following foods would be classified as a source of empty calories by MyPlate?
smoking
Which of the following is the number 1 cause of preventable death?
acid substances have a higher pH
Which of the following statements about the pH is false?
muscular system
Which system of the body produces heat to help maintain normal body temperature?
homeostasis
____ is the relatively constant internal environment in the body that is critical for good health and survival.
pancreas
produce and secrete the majority of the digestive enzymes
liver
produce and secretes bile
testimonial
- Personal endorsement of a product ex: actor endorsing weight loss supplement
Which definition best describes absorption?
- Substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph
Which of the following are true facts about the percentages of Daily Values when applied to the Nutrition Facts food label?
- The 2000 kcalorie diet allows easy comparison among similar foods - They are based on a 2000 k calorie diet - People requiring more or less than 2000 k calories must make the necessary adjustment
anatomy
- The scientific study of cells and other body structures
Chemists measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in a watery solution by using the pH scale. Put the items on the left in order of most acidic (1) to least acidic/most basic (4).
- lemon juice -tomatoes -milk -baking soda
Identify the basic goals of the dietary guidelines for Americans
- limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake - shift to healthier food and beverage choices - follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan - focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount of food
Which of the following are considered accessory organs to digestion?
-pancreas -liver -gallbladder
List the organs in the order they occur in the GI tract (5)
1) esophagus 2)stomach 3) small intestine 4) Large intestine 5) rectum
- Water provides the most food energy - Carbs provides the least food energy - Protein provides about 25% of total calories
A serving of food supplies 20 g carbohydrate, 10 g fat, 25 g protein, and 100 g water. Which of the following statements is true about a serving of the food?
salt
A(n) ___ forms when an acid reacts with a base.
hypothesis
A(n) ___ is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research.
cell
A(n) ___ is the smallest living functional unit in an organism
essential nutrients
A(n) ____________ is one that must be provided by the diet because it cannot be produced by the body in the amount that is needed.
digestive system
Breakdown large food molecules into smaller components (nutrients)
- It is sanitary, nutritionally adequate, provides immunity
Breast milk is considered the best food for young infants because
-observation -hypothesis
Researchers make a(an) observation that people who like to camp take megadoses of thiamin to repel mosquitoes. Researchers develop the following hypothesis: "Taking megadoses of thiamin is an effective way to prevent mosquito bites."
Mixes chime through a back and forth movement
Segmentation differs from peristalsis in that segmentation ______.
tissues
Self-contained, living structures that have similar characteristics and functions, join together to form _____.
Lymphatic
The circulatory and the _____ system are responsible for circulating fluids throughout the body.
-obesity - cardiovascular disease
The dietary guidelines for American's were designed to meet nutrients needs while reducing the risk for:
nutrient
The dietary guidelines for Americans were designed to promote good health while reducing the risk of ___ diseases.
- stomach - pyloric sphincter -duodenum -jejunum - ileum
The digestive system relies on many organs and organ components to digest food and absorb nutrients from food. Arrange the digestive organs and organ components in the order that they function for digestion and absorption.
bile
The main function of _____ is to emulsify fat, thus assisting in fat digestion.
- sustainable agricultural methods - profit margins
When used properly, sustainable agricultural methods do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment. However, farmers and ranchers are not likely to switch to this method of food production if it reduces their profit margins
- Adequate intake (AI)
Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is set when there is not enough research to determine the human requirements for a nutrient?
Anorexia nervosa, chronic alcoholism, living in poverty
Which circumstances increase a person's chance of undernutrition in the United States?
Which of the following cell component Is an organelle?
mitochondrion
false
most foods are predominantly one nutrient
Which system of the body produces red cells and stores several minerals?
skeletal system
water
the nutrient that compromises the largest percentage of the body of a healthy man or woman is __
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges indicate ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. For a person who is following a 2,500-kilocalorie per day diet, determine the approximate number of grams of each macronutrient to be consumed using the AMDR as a guideline. Choose the correct answer for each macronutrient from the dropdown menus below.
- Carbohydrate: 281-406 grams per day - Protein: 63-219 grams per day - Fat: 56-97 grams per day
Daily Values are _______.
- Dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes
Sustainable agriculture involves farming methods that:
- Do not harm the environment and do not deplete natural resources
EER (estimated energy requirement)
- Estimation of calorie needs based on gender, age, height, weight, and physical activity level
The FDA permits manufacturers to include claims on labels that describe levels of nutrients in packaged foods. Each nutrient content claim has a legal definition. For each content claim below, choose the nutrient level required by the legal definition.
- Fat-free foods provide less than 0.5 g of fat per serving. - Low-fat foods contain 3 g fat or less per serving. - Reduced fat foods provide at least 25% less fat per serving than the reference food. - Extra lean describes meat or poultry that provides less than 5 g of fat, 2 g of saturated fat, and 95 mg of cholesterol per serving.
Which of the following best describes the passage of feces from the body?
- Feces remain in the rectum until moved into the anal canal and out the anus
Some ways to solve problems created by conventional farming methods include:
- Find ways to improve crop yields, rely more on non-chemical pest management
Identify symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease).
- Frequent heartburn - Nausea, gagging Coughing or hoarseness
Promoters of dietary supplements often make claims that may or may not be supported by scientific evidence of health benefits or risks. Match the dietary supplement with its known health effect.
- Ginger: Can safely treat morning sickness and some other forms of nausea Correct - Flaxseed oil: Generally safe but may cause diarrhea Correct - St. John's wort: May interact with oral contraceptives Correct - Bitter orange: May increase blood pressure and cause stroke Correct
In order to reduce hunger, families and small farmers in underdeveloped countries can learn more efficient ways to
- Grow food, process food, and distribute food
community dietician
- In public health settings or as dietary counselors in private practice or wellness programs - Help receive government assistance to help them purchase healthy foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding and for their children under 5 years of age
Conventional farming practices that can harm the environment include:
- Irrigation that removes water from rivers, use of pesticides, cutting down trees to create cropland
The Daily Value....
- Is based on a 2000 kcal diet - Is used on the nutrition facts food label - Is a generic standard
Visit the USDA's Food Composition Database (https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list) and search for "asparagus, cooked, boiled, drained." Change the serving size to 1 cup, and explore the information provided. Using your asparagus results as a reference, match the amount on the left with the nutrients listed on the right.
- Kcal: 40 - Vitamin C: 13.9 mg - Protein: 4.3 g - Fiber: 3.6 g Iron: 1.6 mg
molecule
- Matter that forms when two or more atoms interact and are held together by a chemical bond.
The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to
- Metabolize undigested food - Make vitamin k and biotin
What are causes of diarrhea?
- More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract - The GI tract absorbs less water than normal
True statements about genetic modification
- Most of the soybeans, cotton, and corn grown in the united states is from seeds of genetically modified organisms. - Genetic modification of organisms is an example of a biotechnological advancement.
The scientific method can be applied to many situations, even your personal life. Organize the components of Luisa's self-experiment as they pertain to the order of the scientific method.
- Observing a condition or event that needs an explanation is the first step in the scientific method. - - - Next, a hypothesis is developed that is a possible explanation for the condition or event. - Scientists then perform experiments to test their hypotheses. During the experiment, scientists collect data that may or may not support the hypothesis. - At the end of the study, data are analyzed and a conclusion is drawn based on the results. - Scientists share their findings with peers and, if necessary, conduct more research, the results of which may confirm or refute the previous findings.
Ted's diet includes a variety of foods. One of his favorite snacks is a handful of nacho chips with a sandwich made with peanut butter, grape jelly, and enriched, whole-grain bread. To accompany these foods, he drinks a glass of fat-free milk. Consider each of the following statements, and mark the statements that are true. More than one statement may be marked.
- Peanut butter is high in empty calories - Peanut butter is a nutrient dense food Grape jelly is an energy dense, nutrient dense food
True statements about pH
- Pure water has equal concentrations of H+ and OH- - The pH scale ranges 0-14 - The higher concentration of H+ the more acidic the solution
Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. These include which of the following
- Recommendations that promise a quick fix - Recommendations based on a single study - Claims that sound too good to be true
False statements about genetic modification
- The FDA in the united states has not approved any genetically engineered foods for human consumption. - Genetic modification involves changing the genetic makeup (DNA) of soil where seeds are grown.
physiology
- The study of how cells and other body structures function
Reliable source of nutrition information
- a nutrition blog - a scientific review off a .gov site
experiment
- systematic testing of a hypothesis
heart disease and cancer
Many of the top ten leading causes of death in the United States are associated with certain dietary practices. What are the top two leading causes of death in the United States?
- experiment - treatment
Researchers design a(an) experiment to test whether taking a high dose of thiamin repels mosquitoe Researchers randomly divide 100 people into two groups, each of which have 50 subjects. The treatment group is given pills that contain a very high amount of thiamin. The control group is given similar tasting and appearing pills that do not contain thiamin.
liver
The ___ uses cholesterol to make bile.
absorptive
The ____ cells complete digestion and remove nutrients from chime and transfer them into capillaries or lymph vessels
large
The ____ intestine does not have villi.
cardiovascular
The ____ system is an example of an organ system.
FDA
The _______ is the federal agency that tries to ensure the safety and effectiveness of health-related products.
- Move nutrients from chime into intestinal blood - Move nutrients from chime into lacteals
The absorptive cells of the villus _____.
nutrient dense
What term describes a food or beverage that has more vitamins and minerals in relation to its energy value?
water soluble compounds
What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation?
inverse
When a populations intake of fruit consumption increases and the same population's percentage of people with hypertension decreases, this is an example of a(n) ____ correlation.
drinking green tea to lose weight
Which of the following activities is an alternative health care practice?
- red and white blood cells -nutrients -plasma
Which of the following are components of blood?
Lipids, water, carbohydrates
Which of the following are the major classes of nutrients?
- delayed physical development -blindness -stunted growth
Which of the following can occur as a result of nutritional deficiencies in Children?
Which of the following questions should be asked when evaluating nutrition information?
- Is the information from an article in a peer reviewed journal? - Who sponsored the research? - Are the authors trying to sell me something?
Nutrition misinformation, or nutrition fiction, ____.
- Is widespread in our culture - Promotes purchase of special products - Uses personal testimonials
Health-related conditions that affect the digestive system can cause problems for the rest of the body. Match each of the possible outcomes on the right with the condition that is most likely to be the cause of the outcome.
Gallstone formation - Poor fat digestion Lack of hydrochloric acid production - Overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the stomach tract Liver cancer - Inability to store many nutrients Loss of teeth - Frequent choking on food
tissues
What is a collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function?
5 kcal
What is the kilocalorie difference between one gram of fat and one gram of carbohydrate?
phytochemical
What is the term for a compound made by plants but not considered a nutrient?
Tuberculosis
Which of the following conditions is not a leading cause of death in the United States?
melatonin
Which of the following substances would be classified as a dietary supplement according to the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994?
-lymphatic and immune system -cardiovascular
Which of the following systems are responsible for circulating fluids through the body?
Identify the functions of the urinary system
- Includes kidney and bladder - Filtering unneeded substances from blood and maintaining proper fluid balance
- Deliver a baby who has breathing difficulties
Hannah is in her 5th month of pregnancy. Her diet is poor because she rarely pays attention to her food choices, and she eats a limited variety of foods that she likes. Hannah was described as "undernourished" by her physician. Based on this information, Hannah is likely to ________.
a) conventional b) pesticides c) pollute
In the United States, ____________ agricultural methods are the primary system of food production. Such methods use amounts of ____________ that can harm the environment, especially when they ____________ waterway
- heart -blood -blood vessels
The cardiovascular system is made up of which of the following components?
nutrients
The foods that you eat contain ____________ , chemicals that are necessary for proper body functioning.
- Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the _______.
-gastric -chyme - pyloric sphincter - hydrochloric acid
The term _______ refers to the stomach. In the stomach, food becomes a watery mixture that is called _______. The ______ ___________ controls the rate at which the watery food mixture leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine. The stomach also produces ________________ ______, which is important for the digestion of protein.
-consuming fruits and vegetables -exercising regularly
Which of the following would be effective in decreasing a person's risk for premature death?
Irritable bowel syndrome can be characterized by
- Sensation of incomplete elimination - Constipation - Loose stools
lumen
The hollow space in an organ that is surrounded by walls is called the ___.
epiglottis
When swallowing a bite of food, the ____ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.
Which of the following are functions of the liver?
Makes cholesterol and lipid to make bile
Rate the intake of Americans aged 2 years or older in comparison to intake guidelines for each of the food groups or substances on the left.
Americans do not reach intake recommendations: o Fruit intake o Vegetable intake o Fat free or low fat milk intake - Americans exceed intake recommendations: o Meat intake o Solid fat intake o Added sugar intake o Sodium intake
case control study
Comparing individuals with type 2 diabetes to individuals who have very similar characteristics but are healthy would be an example of _______.
Integumentary System
- Hair, nails, and skin, the largest organ of the body Protects against invading disease causing agents
Melanie has chronic constipation. Which of the following recommendations is NOT an effective way of alleviating constipation?
- Ignoring normal urges to defecate, which "trains" the bowel to eliminate feces when it is most convenient
RDA (recommendation dietary allowance)
- Nutrient intake recommendation set to meet the needs of nearly all individuals of a given age and gender
- heart disease - cancer -stroke - type 2 diabetes
2 of 10 leading causes of death that are diet related
.edu
A nationally accredited university publishes highlights of a recent study about the effects of beef intake on risk of heart disease.
- liver -gallbladder - fat -stomach - pancreas -small intestine
Bile is necessary for some nutrient digestion and absorption; bile is produced in the ____. Bile is stored in the _________. The primary nutrient that bile helps digest is ___. The churning movements of the _________ help mix food with gastric juice. Bicarbonate, which is secreted by the ___________, is a base that neutralizes the acidity of chyme in the_________ ___________.
a) greenhouse gases b) natural habitats
Certain farming methods release ____________ that contribute to global warming. Converting forests to new farmland causes losses of ____________ , which is harmful to wildlife.
- tongue -teeth -pancreas -hepatic portal vein -liver -liver
Complete the sentences by dragging the correct organs or structures into the blanks. Organs or structures may be used more than once. The tongue is involved in the taste of food and facilitates swallowing. The teeth mechanically break food into small pieces. The pancreas produces and secretes digestive enzymes. After being absorbed, many nutrients enter the hepatic portal vein and travel to the liver. The liver has many functions, including the storage of several nutrients and detoxification of many harmful substances.
protein
Fruit is generally a good source of all of the following substances, except _______.
UL (tolerable upper intake level)
Highest amount of daily nutrient intakes unlikely to cause adverse health effects
bacteria
In fermentation, ____________ break down certain nutrients producing acids, gases, and alcohol.
prevent
It is more practical and less expensive to ___ a disease than to treat it
- stop diluting the babies' formula with local well water
Most of the people living in a small South African village have access to nutritious foods. Soon after their birth, 10 infants in the village developed severe diarrhea, which resulted in dehydration. After questioning the infants' parents, local public health officials were able to determine the cause of the diarrhea. Based on the officials' findings, the parents were advised to ________.
childhood pregnancy infancy
The effects of malnutrition can be devastating on the following stages of rapid growth:
making observations
The first step of the scientific method usually involves _______.
taking a megadose
The most likely time for the possibility of nutrient toxicity to become a concern would be when:
alkaline
The normal pH of blood is slightly ______.
vary
The nutritional needs of healthy people __ during different life stages
metric
The standard measurement used in nutrition is the __ system
duodenum
§ Acidic stomach contents mix with alkaline fluids secreted by the pancreas & gallbladder
jejunum
§ Most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the upper part of the small intestine
When should a physician be consulted for vomiting?
- Combined with fever and diarrhea - Presence of blood (coffee ground looking) in the vomit
- A food with 19% of DV for Vitamin A
A health claim could be included on:
diet
A physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to......
phytochemical
A plant chemical that is not considered a nutrient but may provide health benefits is called a :
- Forestall the development of certain diseases, lessen the severity of a disease
By making certain dietary changes (such as decreasing fat intake) a person may:
- is an energy- and nutrient-dense paste made from a mixture of peanuts, powdered milk, oil, sugar, vitamins, and minerals.
Choose the contents of "Plumpy,nut" a nutrient-dense paste made for undernourished children in developing countries.
- Reduce the proportion of obese children and adolescents - Increase the proportion of adults who have a healthy weight - Increase the variety and intake of vegetables among people who are 2 years of age and older
Choose the objectives that are set by Healthy people 2020 for nutrition and Weight status
lymph
Chylomicrons are transported by ____ and eventually enter the bloodstream via a vein near the heart.
negative
Molecules can contain the same or different elements.
-ase
The names of most enzymes end with ___.
everyday
To obtain health benefits, you should engage in moderate or vigorous physical activity
essential nutrients
Vitamins, minerals, water, amino acids are all examples of:
water
What is considered the most essential nutrient?
Vitamin A deficiency
Impoverished children who live in developing countries have a high risk of dying from ________.
clinical dietician
- A registered dietician who works in an outpatient hospital setting helping people who have recently had heart attacks develop more heart healthy eating habits.
Which of the following is a true statement about the digestive system?
- The human digestive system can digest and absorb foods from plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
The endocrine system includes:
- The thyroid gland and fat cells - Regulation of metabolism - The workings of hormones
In 2016, the national Academy of Sciences reported
- There is no scientific evidence that indicates genetically engineered crops are unsafe for humans or harmful to the environment
Raphael Farmer wants to convert from using conventional farming methods to more sustainable ones. He would like to follow recommendations developed by an international team to reduce the problems created by conventional farming methods. The actions below are possible steps that Raphael can take. Click to select the steps that comply with the international team's recommendations.
- To spend less money on pesticides, Raphael will release beetles on his crops that kill insect pests - Raphael will work with agricultural extension agents to find new seeds that offer greater yields than his current seeds.
Components of saliva include:
- lingual lipase - salivary amylase
nutrition
----- is the scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them
all of
No specific food contains __ the nutrients needed by the body
biotechnology
What has the ability to develop crops that supply higher yields, resist pests, or are tolerant to drought conditions and could help solve the world food shortage.
- Average daily intakes for nutrients meet RDA or AI values
A diet is likely to be safe and nutritionally adequate if _______.
Placebo
A fake treatment is a(n) _______.
dying prematurely
A poor diet and physical inactivity will increase your risk of?
Cheese
According to the MyPlate plan, which of the following foods is grouped with dairy products?
Tobacco
According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which of the following substances can not be classified as a dietary supplement?
false
Expending more calories than consumed will result in weight gain.
-fruit and vegetables -whole grains
To achieve nutritional adequacy one should consume a variety of foods from the following food groups:
2.2 kg
To convert kilograms to pounds, you will divide a persons weight in pounds by - 2.2 kg 1 kilocalorie=1000 calories 1 kilocalorie=1 calorie
water
To increase the volume of infant formula, parents of children in poor countries will give their children formula diluted with :
2.54 cm
What constant is used to convert inches to centimeters?
vitamins and minerals
When compared to a whole product, a refined product will typically have less
cabbages
Kimchi is a Korean food that is often made with ____________ , cucumbers, or radishes.
yogurt
Kimchi is one of many foods made by fermentation, including ____________ and beer.
chemical
Molecules are formed when 2 or more atoms interact and are held together by a ____ bond.
true
Molecules can contain the same or different elements.
prebiotics
What are forms of dietary fiber that are poorly digested by humans but support and promote the growth of probiotics in the colon?
Food systems management dietician
- A registered dietician who works for a school district and is in charge of developing the school lunch menus, ordering food, and overseeing the distribution to the districts school aged children.
Match the phytochemical description and food source with its phytochemical category. Each food source can be used only once.
- Carotenoids= orange, red, and yellow fruits and veggies - Alkaloids: Caffeine= stimulant effect found in cocoa, coffee, and tea - Capasaicinoids= pain relieving properties found in chili peppers - Fructooligosaccharides= compounds in foods such as onions, bananas, asparagus, and wheat that may stimulate growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines - Phenolics: = wine, antioxidant activity
The digestive system relies on many organs to digest food, absorb nutrients from food, and eliminate solid wastes. Arrange the primary organs of the digestive system in the order that they function for digestion, absorption, and elimination.
- Mouth and salivary glands - Stomach - Small intestine - Colon - Rectum
anecdote
- Report of personal experience o Friend at the gym recommends a post workout because his muscle mass has increased significantly o An aunt tells that you should start a low carb diet since it helped her lose weight
.com
A commercial website contains ads for gluten-free food products and supplements that are targeted for people who have intestinal problems.
- According to MyPlate, the five food groups are fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy, and protein foods.
Which of the following statements is true?
micronutrient
a __ is a nutrient needed in milligram or microgram quantities in the diet.
How much of a nutrient needs to be consumed for it to be considered a megadose?
- The amount of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount of the nutrient
excessive emotional stress
All of the following are thought to be primary causes of peptic ulcers EXCEPT _______.
small
Almost all of the macronutrients are digested and absorbed in the _____ intestine.
nucleus
Identify the part of the cell responsible for genetically controlling the actions that occur in the cell.
positively charged ion
If one molecule of ammonia (NH3) gains a hydrogen ion (H+), it becomes a _______.
- Cannot determine cause and effect relationships
Generally, epidemiological studies _______.
.gov
A government health agency promotes its campaign to increase calcium consumption among pre-teen girls.
In developing countries, exclusive breastfeeding is the optimal form of infant nutrition for the first six months of life. However, if prepared properly, infant formula can be a nutritious substitute for breast milk. Which of the following is a true statement about safe and nutritious formula feeding for young infants?
- When preparing infant formula, caregivers should only use water that has been properly sanitized.
Risk factor
Eating a high-salt diet increases people's chances of developing high blood pressure. Thus, a diet that supplies excessive amounts of salt is a ________ for high blood pressure.
signs
Failure to consume adequate amounts of nutrients can lead to noticeable and measurable physical changes that are ____________ of deficiency disease.
Food are classified into the major food groups according to their natural origins and key nutrients. Match the foods and appropriate serving sizes on the left with the food group classifications on the right.
Fruit group: - 1/2 cup dried fruit Protein group: - 1 egg - 1 tablespoon peanut butter - 1/4 cup tofu Dairy group: - 1 cup plain yogurt -1.5 ounces natural cheese Grain group: - 1 slice of bread - 1/2 cup cooked pasta Vegetable group: - 1 cup of raw vegetables -2 cups uncooked leafy greens
probiotics
Live, beneficial intestinal microbes (primarily bacteria or yeast) that have been grown under laboratory conditions are called ____.
