Exam #2

What is shaping?

Learning tricks in certain steps instead of all at once.

What was the unconditioned stimulus in watson and Rayners? 1. White rat 2. loud noise 3. fear

The loud noise

What is reinforcement?

an increase in behavior that occurs as a result of a consequence

What is positive reinforcement?

an increase in behavior that results from an added stimulus

Negative Punishment

behavior decreases after the removal of a consequence. A driver will speed less often after a month suspension of his license has expired.

John Watsons experiment with Little Albert demonstrated his theory of behaviorism by: A. Proving that all human learning processes are based on classical condition. B. Showing that emotional responses could be continued. C. Showing that unconditioned emotional responses can be extinguished.

c

What was the conditioned response in watson and Rayners? 1. White rat 2. loud noise 3. fear

fear

Conditioned response also known as?

learned response

What is escape learning?

learning to perform a behavior to prevent or terminate a bad event

Robert Rescorla's experiments showed that for classical condition to occur what must happen?

A conditioned stimulus must reliably predict a reinforcement.

What is a cognitive map?

A mental representation or picture of someones environment

Positive reinforcement is adding or subtracting?

Adding

What is the Unconditioned Stimulus and the Unconditioned Response that goes with it: 1. Food. 1. eyeblink response 2. Light Eye. 2. Startle 3. Loud Noise 3. Contraction of pupil 4. Puff of air in eye. 4. Salivation

Food- salivation Loud Noise- Startle Light Eye- Contraction of pupil Puff of air in eye- Eyeblin response

What is the Bandura's Bobo doll experiment

He was interested in how a Childs behavior is after watching a violent TV show vs. a classical TV series. He tested two groups of kids. One group saw a violent movie where the other group saw a classical series. They were placed in the same room as the TV show and saw that the kids that watched the violent movie became more aggressive and would hurt the doll and the other group ignored the doll.

how do positive and negative reinforcement differ?

Positive reinforcement adds a reward, while negative reinforcement removes a punishment

Negative reinforcement is adding or subtracting?

Subtracting

What was the Conditioned Stimulus in Waton's and Rayner's experiment? 1. White Rat 2. loud noise 3. The fear

The white rat

Describe Watson and Rayner's experiment

They used a 11 month old boy to play with a white rat. As he would reach for the white rat Watson struck the steel bar making a loud noise right behind him. This was repeated. A It finally got to the point that the sight of the white rat alone would make Albert cry. A week later the fear had generalized to a while dog, coat Watsons hair, anything white.

When does extinction occur in Opernate learning?

When reinforcers are withheld.

What is classical conditioning

a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with at another.

What is the Law of Effect?

consequence or effect of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond will be the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened.

What is negative reinforcement?

increasing a behavior to make a stimulus go away.

Primary Reinforcer

one that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning EX. Food, water, seep , thirst

What is conditioned stimulus?

previously neutral, that after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus will trigger a conditioned response EX.the sound of a whistle

When a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without an unconditioned stimulus a subject will do what?

show less response until given a break, will then respond again.

What is conditioned response?

the learned response for the previously neutral stimulus. EX. feeling hungry when hearing the whistle.

What is operant Conditiong?

the process through which consequences increase or decrease the frequency of a behavior

An example of a negative reinforcement?

College student studies more (increase behavior) to prevent from getting an F on the next exam (removed consequence) Call your mom more (^ behavior) to prevent mom from nagging (removed consequence)

An example of a positive reinforcement?

College student studies more (increase in behavior) after getting an A on an exam that she studied more than usual (added stimulus)

Condition stimulus also known as?

Learned stimulus

Classical Conditioning is a learning process in which: A. A subject gradually performs increasingly complex steps in a process. B. Everyday applications are found for a subjects natural responses C. Subject associates an existing stimulus with a new stimulus.

Letter C is the answer

What is unconditioned response?

Something that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. EX> when smelling food the unconditioned response would be getting hungry.

What is extinction in Pavlov's experiment?

When no food was presented with the tone the salivation to the tone became weaker and then disappeared.

Positive Punishment?

behavior decreases after the addition to a consequence. EX. Driver chooses a different route, because it has caused them too much traffic jams

what was the unconditioned response? 1. white rat 2. loud noise 3. fear

fear

Secondary Reinforcer

is acquired learned through association with other reinforcers. EX. Praise, good grades, attention, approval, money, smile

What was Watson and Rayner trying to prove?

to show that fear could be classically conditioned.

What did Watson use the term behaviorism for?

to the school of thought that proposed limiting psychology to the study of overtly observable behavior

What is unconditioned stimulus?

when something occurs naturally or automatically and triggers a response. EX. When you smell one of your fav foods, you might get hungry right away (smell of food)