Exam 2

What is the median score for the following set of numbers? (3, 11, 8, 13, 5, 3, 6)

6

A correlation of .00 between two variables indicates

Independence (no association) between the variables

Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the greatest linear relationship?

-.98

What is the mode(s) for the following set of numbers? (5, 10, 4, 1, 4, 5, 12, 8, 9, 4)

4

A null hypothesis is

A statistical hypothesis that assumes that there is no difference among the effects of treatments

The property of a distribution of scores that relates to how peaked or flat the curve is called

Kurtosis

Data such as gender, city of residence, or political party affiliation are what kind of measure?

Nominal

The term that describes the position of the hump in the curve of a distribution is

Skewness

A researcher finds a correlation of .70 between popularity ratings and self-concept scores. What percentage of common association can be inferred between the two variables?

49%

Another term for the mean

Average

If two measures have a high positive correlation, and a person has a low score on one measure, her score on the other measure is most likely to be

Low

Three of the following four things have something in common. Which does not belong with the other three

Mean

Which hypothesis is stated in the null form?

There is no significant difference between the vocabulary scores of average and high ability students.

Reliability of a measure may be established by

A and b only

If a correlation coefficient of 1.15 is found, this would indicate

A computational error

When the purpose of the research is to determine the effects of one independent variable (e.g., four groups) on one dependent variable (e.g., self-concept), the best choice of a statistical analysis is

Analysis of variance

A statistical technique that test for significant differences between observed and expected frequencies of occurrence is

Chi square

Comparing test items with the course objectives (course topic) checks which type of validity?

Content

Prediction studies use which of the following as the basic analysis technique?

Correlation

A measure of meaningfulness that expresses the difference between the experimental and control group in standard deviation units is the

Effect size

For a study with two (or more) independent variables, such as type of instruction and sex, and one dependent variable, such as achievement, the most appropriate analysis technique is

Factorial ANOVA

A threat to the validity of rating scales is that the rater may tend to let her previous knowledge of the student in another capacity influence the rating. This threat is called the...

Halo effect

A teacher wishes to determine the reliability of three trials on a performance test. He uses ANOVA to obtain the reliability coefficient. This technique is called

Intraclass correlation

Which of the following is not affected by the value of every score in the set on which it is calculated?

Median

If there is a correlation of .80 between a test of scholastic aptitude and performance on an achievement test, one can infer that

No causation can be inferred

In multiple regression, one is able to predict

One criterion from two or more predictors

Lining students up according to height without actually measuring height represents what level of measurement

Ordinal

A thermometer measured the temperature in an oven as 400° five days in a row when the temperature was actually 337°, this measuring instrument would be considered

Reliable but not valid

If a researcher finds a small difference in average test scores between large sample (over 700) of experimental participants and a large sample (same size) of control participants, it is very likely that the difference is

Statistically significant but does not have a high degree of meaningfulness

Four skills tests are tried as predictors of success in a tennis class. Each test correlates with later success as follows; test A, R=.27; test B, r= -.90; test c, r= -.40; test D, r= .65. The test that will most accurately predict success is...

Test b

If there is a negative relationship between two physical measure,

The value of one measure increases as the value of the other measure decreases

The correlation between X and Y is .90. What can be said with certainty about y in relation to X?

They are related

Why are standard scores so important?

They permit scores to be compared more appropriately

The sum of the deviation scores from the mean will always be zero

True

If the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when there really is a difference, this is an example of a

Type II error

When a researcher states that a result is significant, this means that:

the result is unlikely to be a chance occurrence

If ANOVA has found a significant different among four treatment groups, a post-hoc analysis is needed to determine

which of the groups differ significantly from the others

Between what limits can the Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation vary?

-1.0 and +1.0

The shape of a scatterplot you would expect between the shoe size and performance in a graduate statistics class would resemble

An orange

A main disadvantage of nonparametric techniques that has frequently been stated (although there is some disagreement)

Are not as powerful (less likely to detect a false null hypothesis) as parametric technique

The accuracy with which a 12-min run estimates maximal oxygen consumption in a group of male high school seniors represents

Concurrent validity

How does one describe a distribution that has many more high scores than low scores?

Negatively skewed

In order to make statements such as 8 units is twice as much as 4 units, what level of measurement is required

Ratio

Oxygen uptake capacity measured in liters per minute is an example of which type of measurement?

Ratio scale measurement

The standard deviation represents the

Spread of scores about the mean

Which of the following is a characteristic of ratio scale measures?

They have a real zero value

A physical education teacher develops a skill test in volleyball. After administering the test to 50 students, she asks the volleyball coach to rate the students on volleyball skills. She then correlates the students' test scores with the coach's rating. This is an example of what type of validity?

criterion validity

To determine whether data are normally distributed, one can test to see whether the curve is shifted to the left or right. This shift is called

Skewness

Which of the following is a characteristic of ordinal scale measures?

They indicate rank order

Validity is determined by finding the correlation between scores on

a test and some independent criterion