Exam 2

The first American magazine

"American Magazine" by William Bradford (1741) in Philadelphia -Lasted for 3 months -Competitor "General Magazine and Historical Chronicle" by Ben Franklin printed 3 days later and lasted 6 months

1783, the first daily newspaper in the US begun

"Pennsylvania Evening Post and Daily Advertiser" -By 1800, most large cities had at least one daily, but circulations were limited because printing presses were slow and readers had to be literate and relatively wealthy

The first book to be published in the US

"The Bay Psalm Book" by Elizabeth Glover (1640) -She set up the first printing press in the new Massachusetts collage, Harvard

Publishers are increasingly concerned with

"borrowed" images, photos, sections of text, and headlines from printed and online newspapers, magazines, and books

Newspaper worldwide generated about

$180 billion in revenue -More than books, music, or film industries

Circulation revenue outpaced the advertising revenue

$92 billion compared to $87 bullion for the first time

Independent bookstores that survived the Amazon and e-book waves are gaining strength

-1,710 stores in 2,230 locations in 2015 -1,410 stores in 1,660 locations in 2010 E-reader sales dropped to 12 million from 20 million in 5 years -20% of market to consumers is e-book sales

Time Warner

-19 magazines ($3.7 billion revenues) -13% of the companies revenue is from magazines -87% revenue comes from films, cable networks, and other publishing holdings

Idea of electronic distribution of news is not new

-19th Century financial barons had stock tickers on their homes -1930's newspapers experimented with faxing papers to special home radio receivers -1980's: several newspapers invested millions in experiments to transmit news and information digitally over phone lines and by cable

News and talk general area is subdivided into a number of niches

-24-hour news and weather (usually national network news stations, few local) -Many carry nationally syndicated talk shows (Rush Limbaugh, Laura Ingraham, Glenn Beck, etc.)

1948 & 1949, Columbia introduced the large 33 1/3 rpm long-playing record and the RCA introduced the smaller 45 rpm record

-33 1.3 rpm LP albums prevailed for albums -Faster (45 rpm) dominated releases of single songs

In 1900, there were 1,967 English Language dailies

-562 American cities had competing dailies -NYC alone had 29 dailies -Many small towns had more than 1 newspaper, each shedding light on various newspapers to read the different views and opinions about an issue and feel informed

Consumer habits

-8 in 10 newspapers readers they their news from a printed newspaper, by itself or in addition to digital -A little more than half get their news from printed news paper -The other half is using digital or a combination of digital and print -Young people get much of their news and information from social media and online-only sites -Most young people said they feel more informed about current issues when using printed newspaper (67%) and traditional newspaper website (56%) as opposed to using online-only news sites

Concern of publisher monopolies is met by:

-A steady rise of new, small publishing houses that target different audiences, by the number of people who are self-publishing their own through internet and by print-on-demand books -the less expensive and wider distribution of books through e-books, e-book stores, and e-readers (promote spread of different ideas)

Accuracy and objectivity of information has long been a primary consideration of journalists and of their news organizations

-Accuracy: fair and balanced information when gathering, organizing, and presenting the news -Objective: Journalists reporting without favoritism or self-interest. Avoiding stereotypes and unsubstantiated allegations

Newspapers adjusted direction to keep pace with changing times

-African American papers shifted more to an urban focus as their audiences migrated north -immigrant ethnic press overall declined (as readers assimilated into American society and children learned English)

The Us dominates the film world

-American films filled over 80% of theater seats in Europe in 2014 -Overseas sales can more than triple those in the US

The strength of national and local radio has a great deal to do with a revival in national and local music around the globe

-Artists can be heard around the world on many station that appeal to affluent and globalized young people, but other stations are playing music by local artists --> appealing to more middle-class, working-class and poor people

Most often, music development has been left to musicians's initiatiave, market forces, and audience demand

-Audience members are often willing to pay for local and national music, although they also listen to and purchase global music

Some countries are getting creative with financial incentives to promote national film production

-Brazil lettgin natoinal and international companies deduct any losses on Brazilian film investment from their taxes --> film investment and production increased by 100 films a yeay

Rising trend for local versions of popular shows

-Brazilian version of Big Brother in its 15th season in 2015

When AT&T invested in foreign telecommunication companies, it also had competition

-British Telecom (UK) -Telefonica (Spain) T-Mobile (Germany) in the US

The political press that emerged was very important in:

-Building support for the American Revolution (1776-1783) -Defining the role of the American free press

in 2015, music streaming nearly doubled

-CD sales declines 11% (down 82% from their peak in 2001) -Digital downloads of albums declined 3% -Downloads of individual tracks declines 12%

Internet is a revolutionary force in global information flow and a current challenge for many governments

-Can read news about your own country in official sources and foreign newspapers, international newswire servicesm political dissidents, and other sources not approved by government -Government controlling flows into country to limit access to certain content (politically threatening info)

Governments sometimes require that a certain proportion of nationally produced music be played on radio stations

-Canada requires satellite radio Sirius to include Canadian content -May subsidize national music industries to make sure that local music is produced

Largest owners of papers in 1910 Hearsts and the Scripp-Howard chains

-Closed more than 30 papers between them -Chain phenomenon continued into the 1930's (Harry Chandler, Frank Gannett, John Knight, and others joined the chain ownership trend) -By the end of the 1930's, 6 chains controlled about a quarter of news paper circulation

Technology convergence has allowed many news organizations to:

-Combine multiple media into a single story -Use various pieces of the same story for different media platforms -Share their resources with other media

Nations vary considerable and what they can or will do to create media

-Companies based in larger, more prosperous nations can create more media content in those in small, poorer nations -Production companies in the US, UK, Japan, India, South Korea, and other media powers can afford lavish production values

Among the main issues in globalization of communications media are:

-Cultural imperialism -Media and information flows -Free flow of information -Media trade -Hacking and cyber-warfare between nations (and possibly large companies, as well) -The effects of media on national development.

A crucial link between publishers and retailers is magazine wholesalers and distributors

-Distributors: have influence on getting magazines to a particular store or newsstand and placing it in a visible location to reach the public -Publishers: find it more efficient to do their own research and promote themselves directly to stores, bypassing distributors -Retailers: bypass distributions to pick the magazines they think will attract their customer -Other stores: may tale what the wholesaler delivers because they do their own research

In the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) regions (Canada, US, and Mexico), governments have negotiated agreements on ohw to handle such media border crossings

-EU 1989 tried to have "TV without frontiers" within EU, but the attempt to produce programming for a Europe wide TV market proved difficult --> Europeans are still divided by language and culture (don't want to read or watch in another language)

Quite a few films are produced in Asia (primarily India and China)

-Egypt is the film center of the Arab world -Nigeria of West Africa -Mexico and Brazil produce more films than any other Latin American countries Shows that film industries can be maintained, even in some developing countries if the domestic market is large or if the film companies produce for a multicountry audience and market

ITU is one of the few organizations to achieve any real power and change

-Encouraged ICANN to create URLs in all languages to enable global use of internet -Main division of ITU (ITU-T, telecommunications) is involved with technical standards for telecommunications -Controls some of the same regulatory problems individual nations solve within borders -Allocates the space orbits for satellite, since those orbits lie above and across national boundaries

91% of American listen to broadcast radio at least once a week

-FM radio revenues increase in recent years -AM radio has slipped

Social media continues to impact the music industry in new ways

-Facebook Music helps popularize new music by linking tunes from your friends music services and hosting fan clubs and profiles of performers -Aspiring stars launch their careers and push album sales through social media without backing of label or extensive concert tours

Social Media threats

-Facebook: people can share favorite tunes, bypassing CD retailers, iTunes, and local radio stations -YouTube:struck deal with owner, google, and music publishers that allow advertising to run alongside music videos on site

Newspapers increased into post-civil war industrial expansions

-Flourished in cities where industries grew and people flocked to get jobs -As they grew, they more aggressively pursued advertising and newspaper sales

Functions of newspapers for audiences

-Focus on government policy (NYT), with influential readership and shaping policy debates with their articles -Focus on reaching business elite (WSJ) but aims at government policy makers too -Internationally oriented news (The Christian Science Monitor) -Serves film, music, and TV industry (Los Angeles Times) Readers look to these newspapers to tell them what is important in these areas

Options for groups

-Go to independent labels because no big label wanted to sign them or because the typical profit with indies is better than with the majors -Create their own labels or go to a smaller one to keep more control or get a better deal in terms of revenue sharing

Critics worry that Google will have a monopoly on all information and access

-Google could obtain digital versions of all books and make them more available -Google can become a monopoly of information and can choose whether or not to sell its database to university and community libraries

The antecedents of novels about daily life, romances, mysteries, and horror existed well before the advent of printing

-Greek oral poets produced epic works between 700-800 BCE (Odyssey and Iliad by Homer) -Tale of Genji novel of current standards (Japan)

The roots of today's popular music can be traced to earlier musical tradiitons

-Hip hop: roots in African drumming in religious ceremonies -African-American Gospel: root in the 19th century, still performed today (Kingdom Heirs) -White Gospel: spread from church to country-and-western recording ("Rock of Ages") -Appalachian folk songs: still often recorded with many younger artists now recording similar music and calling it Americana ("I'll Fly Away") -Delta Blues dongs turned into hits by 1960's- current blues guitarists, Eric Claptop ("Crossroads") -Cajun: performed by the Cajun all starts Mexican border ranchera, or love songs, and norteno, or border music (By los tigres)

Citizen journalism and citizen news sites have emerged

-If a site has professional journalists writing the news = "citizen journalism" -If those contributing are not professional journalists = "citizen news"

Language provides a strong natural barrier to media improts

-In the US, most of what little imported TV or film comes from UK, Canada, New Zealand, or Australia because they are similar culturally and speak the same language -Many global youth are getting used to listening to music in English --> some have to sing in English to break into US market

Adding online and mobile platforms to readers and advertisers:

-Increased total circulation by 22% from 2013-2014, followed by a decline of 3% in the past year (a lot of information can be obtained online for free) -Total circulation revenue has increased (mostly bc newspaper companies raised their 7-day home rates about 57%

Invention by the Chinese

-Ink made from soot or black soil -Tsai-Lun, the superintendent of weapons-manufacturing factory, created a form of paper by mashing together different plants, rags, and water and drying them on screen of bamboo -Developed printing blocks (carving symbols into wood and inking them, producing books) By 1051: -Put together metal, clay, and wooden press

Global institutions and companies have a major impact

-International Telecommunication Union (ITU) allocate satellite orbits, determine broadcast frequencies, and define the standard for telephones, mobile phones, faxes, and Internet connections -Cable & Wireless of the UK, Telefonica (Spain) run much of the world's communications infrastructure -Rupert Murdoch reached people directly with media and forced domestic competitors to react to them

Editors group similar news stories into several distinct sections that serve different audiences

-International news -National news -Local news -Editorial and commentary -sports -Business -Lifestyles -Entertainment -Comics -Classified ads Sections make it easier for newspaper readers to navigate to these specific interests

Editors look for news that has certain clear characteristics

-Involves many people (magnitude) -is recent -Unusual -Personal (human interest rather than institutional) -Critical of things that need to change (rather than supportive) -Linked to familiar places and cultures (rather than distance, unfamiliar ones) -Often tragiv in the sense of reporting disasters

Public broadcasters sometimes have let political parties control their news and information programs

-Italy, Silvio Berlusconi rose to political power by controlling the dominant three private networks, then maintained power, despite his conviction for tax evasion, by also controlling 3 public TV networks as prime minister

1920s & 1930's popular music:

-Jazz, such as New Orleans Dixieland -Show tunes from talking movies (Al Jolson's songs from "The Jazz Singer" -Blues among African-Americans (but not other audiences)

Where other aspects of culture are shared can help build cross-national markets

-Latin American countries used to import American situation comedies in the 1950's and 1960's --> now tend to import comedy shows from one another -US Spanish speaking audiences who usually prefer Mexican shows to Hollywood since they feel more familiar

Sometimes genre will determine book form

-Leisure reading: paperbacks or hardbacks to be able to be carried -Travel guides: can be digitized to be searched easily while on trip

After the American Revolution, magazines took a while to success economically

-Magazines were given no cost break in postal rates until 1794 -Few magazines were widely read or long-lived until the 1800's

Conventional music store models is dying in most places

-Mass retailers like Walmart lost 16% of their music sales in 2013 -Chain stores like Best buy lost 20% -Nontraditional CD sellers like Starbucks or concert venues rose 2%

By 1910, the newspaper industry had grown larger than its resources of ads and circulation could support

-Mergers and consolidations began to trim the numbers back -Stronger papers acquired small, profitable ones to get their circulation and advertising base -New group owners were buisness people who bought and then clsoed down the competion or consolidated papers to maximize profit

Network radio remained strong through WW2

-Money spent on ads doubles -Was the paramount information medium -Used for propaganda purposes, frightening many people and stimulated research into the power of mass media over their audiences

During the 1800's:

-More people were learning to read via the expanding public education system -Wages were increasing -More people were moving to the cities -Urban middle class was growing

Many students today would not recognize a magazine of the 1800's

-Most were octavo sized with mattee pages -Covers have ornate, illustrated woodcut borders and the table of contents listing titles and authors was centered in the middle -By the late 1800's, the flowing borders and the table of contents gave way to elaborate artistic drawings surrounding the magazine's name

Many public stations get much of their programming from a few key national sources

-National Public Radio (NPR) -Public Radio International (PRI) -American Public Radio -Pacifica Network

National government can help or hinder media growth

-National goals for media, reflected in government policies, are often very different and they significantly affect how media are structured and what they create -Some nations, like China, expect media to cooperate with government political and economic goals -Some like Saudi Arabia or Pakistan, expect media to project a certain set of religious values

Majority of media companies have been structured to serve national markets, even though transnational and global companies are on the rise

-National governments have far more effective control over media through station licensing, economic controls, technology controls, and subsidies than regional or global institutions or treaties

Print and online newspapers vary a great deal in the sections they emphasize, usually depending on the geographic area they cover and their news focus

-National newspapers: report on international news, national news, editorials and commentaries, business news, lifestyles, and entertainment news of a general nature -Metropolitan dailies: focuses more on regional and local news, lifestyles, entertainment, sports, and comics. They have more local ads for businesses (supermarkets, auto dealers, real estate) -Local weekly newspaper: even further to local news, such as hard or soft news or human interest that do not have immediacy, shopping information, and ads, are sometimes the town's number one booster

Streaming on demand is a new trend, complicating film and TV distribution

-Netflix pushing international growth hard --> over 130 countries in 20 languages

Additional station jobs:

-News director -Engineer on duty (someone to keep the station on air) -Sales manager and advertising sales staff for commercial stations (crucial for selling local ads) At network stations, most of these jobs have been consolidated on a regional basis

Retail stores started radio stations to promote their goods

-Newspapers saw news potential -Schools and churches saw educational possibilities

Internet has attracted a wide variety of unexpected new users in a variety of countries

-Nonprofit and governmental organizations (human rights groups, churches, labor unions, etc.) -Tool for dictators who use social media to identity dissidents whom they arrest

Fronteir newspapers were

-Often blunt and antagonistic -Editors were opinionated -Many mocked eastern liberals for sympathizing with the "Indians"

The Penny Press was

-One of the first media to create a truly mass audience -big enough to attract advertisers and justify their investment

Live nation

-Owns over 130 top live music venues, including the House of Blues in 12 cities -Operates more than dozens more -Manages top performers including Madonna, U2, Shakira, and Jay-Z -Dominates ticket sales as a result of a 2010 merger with Ticketmaster (although regulators insisted that the firm license its software and open up competition in concert ticket sales as a condition for approving the deal

Publishing houses make room for new formats of book content

-Physical books: hardcover, softcover, mass-market paperbacks and packaged audio books -Display devices for nonphysical books that have no packaging around the content: e-books, downloaded audio books, paid mobile apps, and internet products -A combination of printed and digital components

Plagiarism, fabrication, and anonymous sources have gotten reporters in trouble

-Plagiarism: inexperienced journalists using quotes and wording from online sources or press releases without attributing the sources -Anonymous sources: place doubt in a reader's mind as to why the person can't stand up for what they are saying

Magazines and books can perform an important set of communication functions for elite audiences

-Political activists -Academic debates

Mobiles have exploded globally so that there is an average 90 mobiles per 100 people in most of the world

-Poorest areas lag behind -Mobile phones are the fastest at diffusing communication services since TV -Most countries have cell service as their primary telephone and increasingly as their major form of access to the internet

Copyright laws serve a dual purpose

-Protect the rights of authors so as to encourage publication of new, creative works -Place reasonable time limits on the rights so that outdated works may be Incorporated into new creative works

The internet exploded out of the US and into the rest of the world

-Proved attractive almost everywhere but computers and telephones that form the backbone of the internet are in much shorter supply in most developing countries

Since 1990, European, Asian, and other countries have increased private commercial broadcasting and reduced government and public ownership

-Publics often push for more broadcasting choices -Advertisers (both local and foreign) push to have commercial stations to put advertising on -Most countries have liberalized competition in broadcasting by permitting new private companies and individuals to enter the market

The Web reaches to everyone

-Publishers can target readers on another continent and consumers enjoy reading international publications -Major industry trends include: corporate consolidation, improvements in magazine circulation and advertising, book and magazine specialization, audience segmentation, and convergence with other digital media

Today's book publishing industry is stretching and growing in new directions

-Publishers have experimented with distributing books directly to the public themselves -Some bookstore chains have tried publishing their own books -Non-traditional publishing companies reprinted books, producing on-demand public domain titles (printed books whose copyright have expired)

Consumers are using social media to get news

-Reporters and friends use Twitter to relay breaking news -Blogs used for opinion on news

The Internet raises a number of new prospects for communication across borders

-Sending emails -WWW -Social networks -Music of video downloading

Other tough regulatory issues on the near horizon for the global Internet:

-Setting and collecting taxes on Internet commerce -Many European and other countries get much of their revenue from sales taxes that are evaded by Internet commerce. -Countries around the world also have very different positions on things like pornography or hate speech

During the Civil War Era magazines began to have a much greater impact on public life

-Several magazines grew to fame for their coverage and illustrations dramatizing scenes of the war -Magazines created an important new form of publication, the illustrated newsweekly

Global media are not a Hollywood monopoly

-Simpsons made by animators in South Korea -Some major US media companies have been recently owned by Japanese (sony) or Canadian (Warne Records) companies -Rupert Murdoch: first based in Australia --> UK --> US

Magazine and trade journals can meet the needs of business audiences by providing information about professional development

-Some are fairly general -Others cover specific professions -Some blur the distinction between newspapers and magazines by publishing both daily and weekly editions

Ways of looking at artists rights to and benefits from their music are developing

-Some artists were very accepting of fans recording and sharing concerts, assuming that people will buy tickets and CDs anyways -Others, saw records companies as something to avoid and see internet file sharing and music blogs with internet downloads as good ways to market and sell their music

Many international producers have started working with Hollywood in financing, distribution, or even broader coproduction

-Some countries (Canada) offer sizable production incentives to have Hollywood companies shoot there -Becoming common to shoot exteriors in one country and sound stage scenes in another, edit in another, and add special effects in another Low-cost shooting locales, but finance and distribution remains centered in Hollywood

The purchase and use of computers and tablets have been spreading worldwide, but unequally

-Some countries: only the rich can afford -Others: government does not allow (Korea and Cuba fear residents will learn inconvenient truths about their living conditions)

A handful of publicly traded firms dominate the most globalized part of the media system

-Some of the largest are Disney, Comcast, Rupert Murdoch's news corporation, Warner-EMI, Sony -other main global firms: Apple, Microsoft, Google, FB, Amazon, Vivendi

Music companies distribute recordings in a variety of ways

-Some stores deal directly with record companies -Big-chain record stores have gone bankrupt so huge retailer stores have grown in importance -Now, they have been topped by iTunes, which is being surpassed by streaming companies like Spotify

Advantages as segmented media

-Somewhat constrained by limited newsstand space, but can continue expanding into more specialized topics and treatments until they no longer find audiences large enough -Their formats and economic base are more flexible

Some of the major recording companies have a number of separate labels, each with a separate image and intended market segment

-Sony Music Entertainment has the Columbia and Epic labels -Warner Music Group has Rhino, Elektra, Warner, Sire, and Atlantic -Universal Music Group has Island, Def Jam, Capital, and Geffen

Narrowing of headings

-Sports: high school or college -Opinions: includes social media (editorials, columnists blogs, letters to editor, readers' blogs, etc.) -Top picks: comments, photos and videos absed on reader's votes

In Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe, governments often have owned and operated broadcasting systems in order to control radio and TV content

-Stated intention: to use radio and TC as powerful tools to develop their societies, but controlling politics is often the hidden agenda

Government controls over private broadcasters has varied among these countries

-Stricter controls in Canada than in the US (gov has tried to restrict the importation of programs from the US) -Many Latin American and Eastern European governments have exerted strong control over private broadcasters to obtain political support, mostly through economic pressures -In most private broadcasting systems, entertainment programming has dominated to meet the demands of advertisers for large audiences

Magazines are defined differently

-Subscriber based- with general based -Free with a group membership fee- specialized interest

Partisan newspapers increased, publishing key documents including:

-The Declaration of Independence (1776) -Debates over the constitution (1787)

Some films must be remade in the home country for audiences to enjoy

-The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009, Australia) did not do as well as the US version (2011)

Chinese inventions were passed along to the Japanese and Koreas

-The Koreas further refined the printing processes by developing movable metal type in 1234

Journalists know

-Their stories are scrutinized by thousands of readers -Their stories need to be accurate (correct spelling of names and place information in appropriate context)

Sports and music, which transcend culture and linguistic barriers have helped pan-European Tv channels grow and find audiences

-They still prefer their own, but are more willing to listen to other nations music

During the American Revolution, magazines became more political

-Thomas Paine "Pennsylvania Magazine" urged revolution

Podcast and app listeners, users, and subscribers to the new cloud music services like Spotify

-Threaten the traditional radio broadcast model -Can subtract music fans from the radio advertising base in local markets

The EU has also pushed against monopoly dominance by U.S. companies

-Threatened to take Apple to court for closing iTunes to competitors -Fined Microsoft for restricting competition with its proprietary technologies like Internet Explorer or Windows Media Player -Investigating Google for similar restriction of competition by forcing companies who license the Google Android cellular operating system who feature Google applications on their home screens

In in 1970's "rock" split into

-Top 40 -new wave -Heavy metal -heavy rock -Punk -soul -funk -Disco

The Association of American Publishers identifies 4 publishing divisions

-Trade: general-interest fiction and non-fiction (cookbooks, biographies, self-help books, religion, etc.) for adults and children -Professional and scholarly: aimed at research, new ideas, and innovation in all areas -PreK-12 learning: instructional materials for any level of learning, from toddlers to high schoolers -Higher education: post-secondary learning materials, such as textbooks These divisions can be further grouped according to subject areas, form, publishing house, or age group

Music around the world seems to be both the most globalized and the most localized media

-Travelers to almost any country will hear a great deal of American and European music, but they will also hear a variety of local music -Nearly all cultures have a musical tradition --> usually adapts well to being recorded, played on the radio, streamed online, and sold on CDs

Responsible journalism advanced when Adolph Ochs bought the "New York Times" in 1896

-Turned the nearly dead paper into an exceptional 20th century newspaper of record -Resisted sensationalism in photos, extravagant typefaces, fake stories, and stunts -Stressed impartiality and independence (objectivity) -Made sure advertising was clearly distinguishable from stories

Online newspapers have many features that their print versions lack

-Up-to-the-minute breaking news -Sport scores -Stock prices -Computer searchable classified ads -Interactive forums -Audio and video clips -Automatic news alerts to tablet or phone

Local music can reflect location preferences in local languages and local news and talk tend to cover things that most concern people in daily life

-Wales: radio stations attract people to listening in Welsh in order to get the language alive and sell ads to the locals -A growing global community radio movement, trying to get more community groups on the air, strengthens this this trend

Critics of online personalized news are:

-We would become a fragmented audience -Narrow our fields of interest -Have nothing in common with others

For those accustomed to the layout design of printed news

-Websites may be too different/don't feel comfortable with it -Cannot relax to causally read from a desktop

For democracy to function, ideas must be:

-Widely circulated -Diverse

Two companies that dominate satellite radio:

-XM -Sirius Merged in 2008 with hopes of making exclusive deals with star announcers (Howard Stern) to pull in listeners from conventional broadcasts

Almost 75% of American adults read one or more books in any form

-about 30% read an e-book -12% listen to audio books These numbers have been consistent since 2012

With printed and mobile app newspapers, readers are:

-attracted to headlines -read information they would not seek otherwise -become more informed about what is happening in their communities/around them

The major pop music of the day included

-big band -light classical music -movie and shoe tunes Eventually, radio stimulated a demand for a variety of musical genres: classical to blues, gospel, country, and western

Trials of videotex failed due to:

-high cost to consumers -the idea of putting dense textual information on a TV set, which people used for entertainment

The invention of the first rotary press was significant because it

-improved upon the process of cylinder presses and later used rotating drums in 1864 -Rotary presses used rotating drums of type to print on both sides of large, continuous rolls of paper

Record industry replued on radio as a pormotional device that helped

-make public aware of new music -recording industries sell records

Libraries

-people go there for news, information, and help -90% Americans felt as though libraries are important to their communities and almost as many said it was important to their family -Patrons: look for information in books, computers with internet, magazines, and journals. Purchase certian authors because of ebign introduced to them by libraries

Among the few foreign, non-English speaking genre to be hits in the US are:

-stylish, violent action films from Hong Kong and China -Love dramas form Korea -Sexy, violent, cartoons from japan -Sports are universal appeal -Pop music is globalzied

Language is a crucial divider of media markets

-trade in TV between countries has been shaped by language and language seems to be shaping Internet patterns, as well

Many radio performers came in from:

-vaudeville-style theater, George Burns and Gracie Allie -Comic book heroes, Superman -Pulp-fiction westerns, Riders of the Purple Sage

Barnes & Noble inventory

1 million printed books and 4 million e-book titles -Nook: first color e-reader Also sells: audio books, magazines, DVDs, music, games, toys, and other gifts -Cafe

Nielsen bookscan researchers identified 4 types of book consumers:

1. Disengaged households (not highly interested in media of any kind) 2. Gamers (care more about games than books as media entertainment) 3. Social omnivores (they like all media) 4. Avid readers

Several current reasons why film production, finance, and distribution remain concentrated in the US

1. Film is relatively expensive to produce (Hollywood film over $85 million; Global promotion costs continue to rise) 2. The economic success of a film is never guaranteed so it represents an expensive, risky investment to the producers, investors, and other funding sources, which many countries are unable to sustain 3. the distribution channels to enable a film to make money have been globalized to a greater degree than any other medium, except news services

Editors do several things that require human intuition and creativity

1. Gate keeping- tell you about important issues and events happening the in the world that you ought to know (avoid frustration reading more of what you already know) 2. make intelligent suggestions about new things that you may be interested in beyond what you already know (avoid narrowness of interests)

Most stories are two kinds

1. Hard news- who, what where, when why and how about something happened (an accident) 2. Soft news- a feature or human interest story that does not have time elements (hobbies, history, and how-to's)

Two visions of radio probably determined its future:

1. In 1916, David Sarnoff (then commercial manager of American Marconi) wrote a prophetic memo to his boss proposing to bring music into the house by wireless -His memo was ignored but he anticipated the physical form of the radio would take 10 years -Later, as the head of RCA, he had the chance to help make this vision of radio and a similar vision of TV a reality 2. Entertainment supported by advertising -Came from AR&Ts station WEAF, started in 1922 in NJ -AT&T charged content providers a fee for the use of its radio stations, based on how much airtime they used -Evolved into letting manufacturers sponsor programs to advertise their goods and then into advertisers paying to have their ads carried on programs -WEAF broadcast the first "commercial" which made advertisers respond quickly to the opportunity --> growing commercial broadcasting

Radio programming services available:

1. Satellite-based networks that deliver news, music, and other entertainment are most complete -Easiest option for an owner 2.Format syndicators that provide news or other information services

2 points regarding the split:

1. Several large media companies recently have split their publications and broadcast companies into two groups 2. now all of the newspapers from three large media companies (Gannett, Scripps, and Journal Communications) and all under one room- Gannett This consolidation might have an affect on the type and quality of news read by people across the country

Citizen news and journalism sites emerged for 2 reasons:

1. The cost to being an online news site is relatively cheap 2. Private citizens or professional journalists feel that their town is not being covered as well as it should be by other news sources

Antitrust concerns are raised by 2 other segments of the music industry that have a direct impact on aspiring musicisnas as well as their fans:

1. concert promotion 2. concert ticket sales -Both are dominated by Live Nation Entertainment (spin off of Clear Channel Communications)

Fewer radio stations are

1. local residents of the areas their station services -limits ability to understand local interests 2. Owned by minorities or women 3. Programmed locally -Group owners often supply programming from a central source Local stations are automated and play the prerecorded progrmaming

Technology has evolved so that you no longer have to go to the school bookstore. You have several choices:

1. new print text 2. used print text 3. e-text to keep 4. e-text to rent

Several key reasons why American film have dominated in variety of markets:

1. the enormous size of the US market for movies, which for many years permitted Hollywood to recover most of the costs of films in their domestic release 2. The heterogenous nature of the US audience, which includes diverse groups that demand simple, more entertainment orientated and more universal films

Key points of evolution

1. the evolution of journalists from anyone who could write and had a nose for news in the 19th century to the college-educated professionals of the 20th century -Depended on professional education and the rise of accredited journalism schools 2. the rise of accredited associations with well-structured code of ethics

News values/elements

1. timeliness- did it happen recently or just now 2. magnitude or impact- what size of the population is affected 3. Proximity- news that happens closer to home is often more interesting than what happens a town over 4. Prominence- who is involved 5. unusualness- is it something that is irregular or odd 6. Conflict- is it a person struggling with themselves, nature or another person

Huffington Post has

100,000 unique visitors per month

Half of the 1800's saw more than

130 Spanish-language newspapers started in the southwest

Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, few books other than the Bible and religious or philosophical commentaries were available to read

1300s & 1400s, this changed -Universities were established to train more people as clergy and clerks -The most important books printed and circulated in Europe came from the Hebrew Middle East or the Arab Middle East -Many printed books also came from ancient Greece that influenced European ideas of government

About 40 African American Newspapers were published before the civil war

1st: "Freedom's Journal" (1827) in New York (strong ties to abolitionist press, w/ goal to encourage racial unity and profess of African Americans in the north) Another: the "North Star" (1847) edited by Frederick Douglass (wanted to attack slavery in all of its forms and aspects, advocate for universal emancipation, etc.) -Called "North Star" because slaves escaping at night used it as guide

To share news:

1st: town criers 2nd: newsletters

New magazines are launched at an average

2 a day in the US -many folding by their second year -survival rates have increased (870 new magazines in 2012, with 85% survival rate- 185 had a publication rate of 4+ times a year)

MTV is a an example of a channel that has become global in reach effectively

200 versions worldwide, with localizing what it does to each market, with local music and programs

National Endownment for the Arts (NEA) surveyed since 1985

2008: literacy reading is on the upswing in almost all adult groups -when faced with this problem, families, communities, libraries, and educational institutions rose to the challenge to encourage reading

Nation-states can still be powerful if they are well organized and determined

2014 European Union gave its citizens the "right to delete" links to misleading, defamatory content about themselves

Audiobooks have become especially popular in recent years

2015: 159.2 million 2014: 115.6 million 2013: 93.1 million 2012: 79.9 million 2011: 50.5 million

Self-published books make up about

3% of all books purchased by Americans

Searches on databases

31 million weekly searches at libraries

In 2013, the dominance of online download stores, like iTunes, continued to grow

40% of all sales -While physical store sales dropped to 16% -Worldwide digital and physical sales were equal in 2014, but the trend to digital was moving fast

Librarians are asked

470,000 questions weekly -Librarians in the Brooklyn Public Library system alone answered 3.5 million queries in 2013

North American publishing houses churn out almost

7,400 consumer magazines

Barnes and Noble is the largest bookstore chain in the US

700 physical stores, 635 college bookstores -BAM! next largest with 250 stores

Of the top 12-13 global media firms,

8-9 of them are American -depending on how one defines groups like News Corp -These types of companies are growing and globalizing quickly

In a number of local markets, after the Telecommunications Act of 1996, stations beloning to just 2 or 3 groups controlled

80-90% of radio ad revenue -Peak of concentration raised both policy questions and internal management problems

Nelson bookscan tracks

85% of book sales

Over 53% of Americans over 12 listen to online radio networks

91% still listen to broadcast radio on a weekly basis

National Magazine of Richmond

A formidable anti-federalist magazine published outside the dominant publishing centers of Philadelphia, Boston, and New York

Before the telegraph: speed was the same as carrier pigeons

A generation later: telephone improved the speed of news gatherings -Some late 19th century reporters claimed it to be lazy

Most US cities are served by one newspaper

A local monopoly with political, economic, and social effects -Politically: likely to reflect a single editorial perspective -Economically: options for advertisers and readers are reduced --> higher subscription and advertising rates -Socially: looking for accurate information, sometimes reader won't know what the the paper doesn't report

Important development in musical genres were happening in regional companies and radio networks

A network of southern stations carried the Grand Ole Opry and bluegrass acts, such as the Carter Family featured on recording labels that served largely southern audiences

Films of significant quality and interest have been produced in many countries, but few countries are currently producing many feature films

A number of poor nations have produced only a few full-length films in their histories (others not at all) -Film production has slowed down in many countries, such as most of Latin America and Africa, as many companies or government production institutes have fallen into debt or suffered other economic crisis

Country and Western followed southern migrants north as they looked for jobs in the industrial Midwest

A recording industry for this music grew up in Nashville (where the Grand Ole Opry was broadcast) -National music labels (like Capitol and RCA) began to pick up country stars and project their music far beyond the south and southwest

As FM reaches further into more towns and internet radio carriers more kinds of music

AM has gravitated more towards local news and talk radio

The ethical treatment of a news story is a question of credibility for media organizations and it can affect their success at all levels (economic survival to perceived prestige)

Accuracy and objectivity are professional obligations

Rationalization became a dominant trend

Advertising, the DJ's patter, and even "local" traffic and weather were increasingly broadcast from a distant location using local information

Magazines became general-interest publications to a mass audience as more people could afford them

After competing with TV for mass audiences, magazines targeted specialized audiences and have prospered as a whole

Radio stations were once own by many kinds of individuals and small groups

After the 1996 Telecommunications Act deregulated ownership concentration of station ownership in the hands of new, non local groups increase -Goal of large groups has been to achieve national coverage

Diverse viewpoints are essential to the functioning of the press in a free society

After the American Revolution, the politicization of newspapers continued, representing a wide diversity of political views -Took on more partisan leanings ans were often openly involved in political campaigns (such as abolition of slavery)

Local news and information content lack genuine local input or diversity

Against principle of maximizing localism that has guided FCC licensing since 1934 Communications Act

After 1970, both recording companies and FM radio stations began to diversity into distinct rock and pop formats

Album oriented rock, Top 40, rock oldies, heavy metal, adult contemporary, R&B/ubran, disco, and country and western

Other major aspect of globalization is the increasingly worldwide penetration of media technology

All nations now have quite a few people using the internet and satellite TV -New media can greatly increase global reach and access for many, but new media coexists with a global digital divide

Newspapers chains and media-consolidated companies own news related businesses

Also companies (conglomerates) that own seemingly unrelated businesses -Media critics worry that news might become biased to further an owner's other interests

In radio, the urge for cultural proximity by audience and market segmentations by advertisers often favors the very local

Although, people still want to hear national and global music and news

Internet-based TV is also revolutionizing much of the world

Amateur and professional producers in many places use YouTube, national equivalents to YouTube, and variety of social media networks to reach audiences

In 2008, Apple surpassed Walmart to become number one in all record sales (online or offline)

Amazon and other companies are now offering similar download stores with comparable features and cooperation from the music industry

Television has a much more complicated flow between countries than film

American TV programs are very common and visible globally, but many other producers sell programs to national and transnational cultural linguistic markets, as well

Privacy laws have already required intense negotiation between EU standards, which are very protective of privacy and

American standard, which are much looser and less defined

Quotas or barriers to the import of film and TV lose some of their force when young, tech-savy viewers can download shows in different countries even though its banned form broadcast or local cable

Another major force in TV flow is the existence of global companies that stream TV contents between nations, either legally or illegally

Diversity in newspapers began to disappear with group ownership

Antitrust regulators became concerned about diveristy in content as monopolies or oligopolies emerged (the AP, United Press, and the International News Service) -Concerns increased bc they own weekly newspapers, TV stations, and other media in the US and elsewhere

2003

Apple introduces iTunes and iPod, and legal interest sales of music take off

An emerging business model treats music as a loss-leader as part of a scheme to sell hardware

Apple nets only a few pennies per iTunes song after paying the record label and credit card processing feeds -But, they profit from their iPod, iPhone, and iPad hardware sales, which are driven by iTunes sales -Kindle took a different approach when selling Kindle Fire, for slightly less than it cost in 2011, assuming the tablet would drive Amazon content sales and profits

Google is trying to figure out more ways to make YouTube pay off

Artists already get exposure from YouTube but if the platforms moves in a subscription direction -at least for some channels, then artists or copyright holders might make money as they do from Pandora and perhaps a lot more

In 2000, The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) began to file lawsuits to force "free" music exchanges, like Napster, to shut down and followed with suits against individual users

Artists also went to court -Prince sued The Pirate Bay (a notorious download site in Sweden) to stop free downloads of his music

New forms of TV are doing recognizable TV genres but also redefining genres like documentaries

As more mobile phones can record video and permit viewers to access it, new TV will explode and redefine what the medium means

Newspapers expanded westward with the American population in the years before the civil war

As presses were made lighter with hollow legs and became transportable to the West, newspapers expanded and diversified

Rapid decrease in cost permitted artists in many locales to record their own local music

Austin, Salvador, Shanghai, and many other place have local music markets in which a local artist can record, sell CDs, get on the radio, and promote his/her own concerts -Although musicians based locally would clearly like national or global success, increasingly musicians can get a good start and survive economically on a local base, promoting themselves through social media

Social media on the internet are changing music promotion

Bands, distributors, and independent musicians push music through Youtube, Facebook SoundCloud, Twitter

Rock singers

Beatles, Rolling Stones, Led Zepplin, Jimi Hendrix

Some have hoped that the internet would provide a meaningful counter force to the music industry giants

Beginning to happen, with artists like Lana Del Rey selling music and branded merchandise online on their own, through social media networks, or through new net labels such as those found at www.netlabels.org

To avoid further punishment, James Franklin registered his apprentice brother's name as editor

Benjamin Franklin had a flair for words and writing and moved to Philadelphia to start his successful publishing business to start the "Pennsylvania Gazette"

New artists and established can promote their music through social media and distribute online without the benefit of radio air play

Beyonce: -released her 2013 self-titled album, songs, and videos directly to iTunes -Announced it to her 8 million Instagram followers -Sold 365,000 copies on the first day without resorting to conventional radio promotion strategies

National radio networks features the pop music of the day

Big bands, light classical music, and movie and show tunes

Stations are frequently targeted to some audience groups that are smaller than other but sufficiently attractive to advertiser

Both advertisers and radio programmers prefer to focus on them -Top 40 or pop contemporary hit radio draws the 3rd highest national share of radio listening, it has fewer stations than several other formats (news/talk, country, religious, sports, etc. that have fewer listeners nationwide)

Smartphones and tablets are displacing portable music players like the iPod by accessing free online streaming and cloud based music storage systems

Branded streams through smartphone apps are growing -Pandora offers 1,000,000 songs -Spotify has over 20 million -Both work together with FB so you can see what your friends are listening to

"Little Prince's Rap Against the Wicked Souls" (2000)

Brazilian documentary -Showed local rap group cheering on a vigilante who took on drug gangs when the police didn't act

Most countries produce increasing amounts of their own TV, music, Internet content, and magazines

But if they produce them by drawing on other country's models and genre ideas or format, it becomes a somewhat globalized product

The US, Japan, and others have more than 60 wired telephones and 90-110 mobile phones per 100 people. Also have an internet built on the telephone and cable infrastructure

But some nations have less than one wired telephone line per 100 people and ave moved to a largely cellular based phone and internet system

Time Warner and Disney generated around 15% of their income outside of the US in 2014

By 2014, countries outside the Us represented 70% of the total box office for all films

As a listener, you have a legal dilemma when you turn t the internet and MP3s to look for diversity of music

By looking for new talent on the internet, you can help new bands get around the gate keeping of the music and radio industries -If you only listen to their MP3s and don't buy their CDs or legal downloads or listen to media on Spotify/pandora, that pay royalties, they won't survive

ArtistShare

Bypassing labels, distributors, and retailers -Sells discs over the Web and turns over all the proceeds to the artists

Edward R. Murrow

CBS radio reporter -Broadcast memorable live reports from London during WW2 (covered German bombing of London) -Reports were vivid, realistic, and highly moving word pictures -He emerged as one of the most credible and admired newsmen in the CBS news organizations -Helped networks radio achieve preeminence as a source of news

1982

CDs revolutionized "record" sales

Many others see hip-hop and rap as just another global music genre to be appropriated and localized

Caetano Veloso -Well-known Brazilian samba and pop musician that defended the use of hip-hop in Orfeu as highly appropriate for dramatizing issues in Brazilian slums and good fit for the adaptability for Brazilian culture

The FCC uses "public interest" standard for reviewing and renewing licenses

Can be too broad (can't actually deny licensing)

Several nations have developed their own satellite TV channels aimed at both national audiences and neighbors within the same cultural lingustic market

Can create a region-wide TV news audience

Magazines began to develop in Great Britain in the 1700s.

Carried fiction and nonfiction in varying degrees, depending on the readership

"Stock Option Abuses"

Caused the WSJ. 130 companies, and 60 top executives to be under federal investigation fro rewarding themselves illegally through stock options

Cumulus Media

Challenging Clear Channel's talk show Rush Limbaugh with new hosts (Geraldo Rivera and Mike Huckabee)

More books read are fiction

Children and young adult fiction books experienced biggest growth due to trend in graphic novels and coloring books

Internet and mobile phone apps revenues rose from 2009-2013

Clear Channel and others have invested in new media -iHeartRadio online radio and app

Group owners are again on a buying spree with the return of advertising dollars

Clear Channel is adding stations again and is challenged by Cumulus Media

Genres blended too

Combination of blue grass, gospel, western and western swing became known as country and western -Led by singers, such as Hank Williams

Most magazines did well even after TV became popular

Common for about 10 magazines to be artistically lined up on the coffee table in living rooms

Facebook is one of the most popular websites in over 130 countries worldwide

Compete with some companies in parts of the world like Renren in China

Music orientated stations carry syndicated programs

Concert specials or Top 40 hit countdowns -May also switch away from music in drive-time hours when a mix of local weather, traffic, and news or talk is most appealing

Rush Limbaugh

Conservative talk radio expert -Developed a network of stations that carried his syndicated program

1790

Copyright Act gives authors and publishers right to their works

The industry accuses music fans of starving the musicians when the industry itself has been bleeding artists dry for years

Courtney Love, rock-and-roll veteran did the math for suits a few years back at a RIAA gathering -After paying for record manufacturing and promotion fees, a band with a hit record gets only a modest middle-class income, not the riches that aspiring musicians imagine Johnny Rotten had to work for 2 decades to pay back what he owed his record company and only succeeding in using income from TV commercials to pay back what he owed

Thomas Paine

Created political pamphlet, "Common Sense," urging readers to support independence from Great Britain (sold 10,000 copies in 10 weeks)

Samuel Morse

Created telegraph in 1844 -lead to marketed improvement in speed and reach in news gathering -By the time of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), telegraph technology enabled newspapers to get news of the war as soon as their reporters returned by ship from Mexico city

Jane Grey Swisshelm, "St. Cloud Visiter"

Criticized the politicians of St. Cloud Minnesota -They retaliated by destroying her press, but built her reputation

The ownership of Hollywood itself became globalized when Sony purchased Columbia and TriStar film groups

Critics scrutinized the results to see whether films produced by Sony reflected Japanese, rather than American sensibilities (no real change found) -Both Bollywood (India) and Nollywood (Nigeria) are challenging Hollywood by turning out thousands of films at lower costs and releasing them for much lower costs too

Journalists protected the reputations of presents and government officials until

Cuban Missile Crisis when JFK gave public/press inaccurate information of the Bay of Pigs

1949

DJ era of radio begins

US productions largely dominate video rental stocks since the same Hollywood firms that dominate theatrical distributions supply them

DVD sales or rentals are more diverse since there are parallel circuits for distributing films and TV programs from local producers to immigrant populations around the world who miss media from home

1906

De Forest invents vacuum tube

The internet has required some new regulatory mechanisms for basic tasks like setting standards and assignment domain names

Debates on: -Assigning domain names that use world languages -shifting power over ICANN from the US to the ITU

2009

Detroit Free Press and Detroit News begins hybrid model of 3-day home delivery while providing news online daily

Jim Schaefer and M.L. Elrick

Detroit Free Press reporters -used the Freedom of Information Act to obtain text messages that led to the downfall of former mayor, Kwame Kilpatrick, who lied about the public spending and spent taxpayers money for personal use

Knight Ridder

Developed a videotex service called Viewtron -Sent digitized news to the home over phone lines for display on TV sets -Times Mirror did a similar experiment "Gatewat" but used cable as the transmission line

The most popular music in the 1930's and 1940's: "big band" sound

Developed from jazz -the pop music of its day -Band leaders (Glenn Miller and Tommy Dorsey) put together orchestras that introduced a number of singers, such as Frank Sinatra, who led pop music into the 1950's

Black music was originally considered "race" music by the recording industry

Did not target it to white audiences for most of the 1930/40/50s

As internet radio takes off, recording companies have demanded that webmasters pay royalties for recorded music they play

Digital Media Associated (DMA) and the RIAA agreed in 2003 to a proposal for royalty fees that internet radio services must pay record companies for webcasting their songs -First administered by the nonprofit SoundExchange, it collected royalties on behalf of recording copyright owners and featured artists for non interactive digital transmission (including satellite and internet radio) -This system was challenged by many lawsuits

1998

Digital Millennium Copyright Term Extension Act ratified

2011

Digital music sales are over half of the US music industry sales

Cable TV has been expanding in most countries of the world

Direct broadcast satellite has also rapidly spread

Some new smartphone and consumer electronics interfere with AM signals

Discussion about reallocating AM radio band to mobile Internet applications -Congress is trying to protect AM radio as audiences dwindle by changing current rules requiring them to reduce their transmitter power after sunset

Amount of books readers bought

Disengaged: 5 Gamers: 4 Social omnivores: 7 Avid readers: 9

The invention of the vacuum tube led to disputes over control of the technology through parents

During WW1, the US Navy accelerated radio technology by intervening in patent disputes between Marconi and other early inventors, standardizing technologies

Yellow journalism is no more than just a result of competition between two men

During the 1880's and 1890's, papers were no longer just read by the elite, but everyone -Shift in the sources of income from circulation to ads and in the story content

1618

Dutch published their corantos to include local news and gossip -Similar to German and Belgian newsletters

Some new distribution groups are springing up

EMusic started online music service that will give independent musicians a new option -Sit will sell music from over 3,000 independent labels, a total of half-million tracks -May help fans locate small, obscure and eccentric music; help musicians find their fans; and grab a chunk of the more than $2 billion in revenues generated annually by independent music labels

Progressive Era

Early 1900's -society wanted reform legislation for politicians, big businesses, and social ills

Production of computers has been limited to a few countries in North America, Europe, Latin America, and East Asia

Efforts in less industrialized countries to develop computer hardware have been frustrating and expensive -The unequal distribution of income would allow fewer people in the developing world to afford computers for these reasons

1641

England's first daily newsletter published, "Diurnal Occurrences in Parliament" -Listed government businesses

R&B initially served a largely African American audience in the early 1950;s but some of its artists were playing music that white audiences saw as part of the rock and roll they liked

Even in 1960s, guitar great Jimi Hendrix started on the black music circuit until he made his breakthrough with a white backup group in Britain

Other companies began to offer complete radio formats on syndication distribution

Ex: "Bob FM" format -Random hits from several decades

Small, independent labels developed new artists and new audiences who had not been served by major record labels or network radio

Ex: Chess Records in Chicago -Carried a number of blues and rhythm-and-blues artists who were played only on "black" stations -Chuck Berry broke the color barrier and introduced black rock to white audiences -Movie "Cadillac Records" tells this story

New music genres reflected the popularity of western music and singing cowboys in movies

Ex: Gene Autry -Began to sell enough records to interest major recording labels

Some well-known court cases have been fought over whether an artist used another's basic melody

Ex: Robin Thicke, "Blurred Lines" -Marvin Gaye sued him for using the tune from his song "Got to Give it up"

Another initiative is to use crowdfunding

Ex: San Francisco Chronicle used crowdfunding to support a multimedia project about immigration policies and high-tech industries -It used Beacon, a journalism crowdfunding site who's investors match reader donations dollar for dollar

Ratings can be crucial for establishing the importance or the commercial attractiveness of a new format or audience group

Example: -is there enough people interested in Latino music to attract advertisers and justify a commercial station focusing on them?

Media landscape is flie

Example: Gannett Company (Est. 1906) -owns 92 US daily local newspapers and connects with 100 million unique US digital news consumers -Its US assets are valued at $9.2 bullion -Owns 160 UK daily local newspapers and about 640 non-daily news products -More than 31,500 employees

Novels

Extended fictional works, usually of book length -flourished with printing because mechanical reproduction allowed quantities of books to be produced less expensively -Concepts and forms that characterized the novel originated much earlier

1960s

FM stations increase, go stereo, target segmented audiences with different formats

2016

Facebook has 1.59 billion members worldwide

In many cultures, rulers did not want their subjects gaining new ideas and questioning government politics

Few people in the early civilizations of Greece, Egypt, China, the Middle East, and Rome were literate or had access to libraries

As elements of telecommunications infrastructure, satellites compete with an extensive set of world and regional fiber-optic networks

Fiber-optic cables carry the same kinds of signals carried by satellites across transoceanic distances, with greater speed and less distortion

"Black Orpheus" (1959)

Film that introduced Brazilian Samba and bossa nova to the rest of the world -Many were shoced when a remake, "Orfue" (1999) featured as much Brazilian hip-hop as samba

During the 1500's

Financial institutions in Europe (Germany's House of Fugger) gathered and published financial and trade news for all interested business people -Italians were charged a gazzetta (~ a penny) to hear the daily newsletter on merchant news read aloud

1789

First Amendment to Constitution enshrines freedom of press

1741

First American magazine published

1690

First American newspaper, "Publick Occurrences" Both Foreign and Domestic, published

US is a role model for a free press in a democratic society

First amendment and other laws allows journalist to request information to enlighten residents about what government officials are doing and if its in the residents best interest

Benjamin Harris's "Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick" (1690)

First colonial newspapers, contained stories that scandalized the British Crown and Puritan authorities -Shut down after 1 issue

1783

First daily newspaper in America, Pennsylvania Evening Post and Daily Advertiser, published

Musical programming formats dominate many stations

Focus on an hourly cycle of music, ads, station promotion, short news items, traffic reports and weather reports

Commercial radio dominates but many stations are licensed for noncommercial formats and purposes

Focus on news, education, classical music, jazz, independent rock, a variety of ethnic immigrant music, and public affairs -Owned by universities or other education groups, foundations, local nonprofits, churches

Publishers shifted formats to keep pace with changing social conditions

Focused on things that preoccupied city dwellers trying to make sense of changing world (divorce, murder, an other crime)

The advent of electronic cash registers and bar codes has transformed the publishing industry

For book publishers: -bar code scanners changed how inventory is tabulated, best-seller lists are compiled -Automating record instead of polling clerks QR codes: -Activate interactive ads and editorial features when scanned

ASCAP and BMI both monitor music play on media, collect royalties from media and distribute them to artists

For songs covered by others, on every album with at least 10 tracks, the music publishers representing the authors of the songs earn 7.5 cents per track -Distribute to the writers with whom they have agreements with

Depending on the station/network, the DJ may play exactly what the music director specifies or picks songs with fairly narrow range

For stations with syndicated program services, music is often centrally decided -Format clock often associated with top 40 radio, but repetitive patterns may be found at country, urban contemporary, and classical stations

The infrastructure for international media and information services has also become more globalized

For transoceanic transmission, there are several worldwide satellite networks, both government and commercial. -Quite a few national satellite systems also offer telephone and Tv transmission services to neighboring countries

High-definition radio

Formerly known as digital audio broadcasting -Transmits audio that has been converted to computer data (CD recording) over the air from earthbound radio transmitters to a special digital receiver -Increases the quality of sound and makes radio signals less susceptible to fading --> Near CD-quality sound, getting "HD" label

1920

Frank Conrad starts KDKA in Pittsburg

1940

Frank Sinatra becomes the first modern teen music and radio idol

Apple initially charged $0.99 a song but downloaded songs could be copied only onto a limited number of devices

Frustration with copy protection standards left to selling songs free of copyright protection

2015

Gannett offers international and national news to local audiences by including a section of USA Today in their community newspapers

Cultural hybridization

Genres of music blends different traditions into a news form -positive interpretation of trends, music "borrowing" -Ex: Eminem

Other services offer unlimited downloads that are packaged together with other services that customers are used to paying for

Google and Apple introduced options to let users store and stream their own music onto commuters, portable players, and smartphones from internet servers in "the cloud" -Some of these have pre-programmed services, like internet radio

Facebook is exploring new technologies from wifi towers to drones or balloons to get basic internet access out to its perspective customers

Google and FB press into developing countries that have unreliable telephone lines or slow internet connections to carry simplified versions of their programs to be able to use

2010

Google violates European Union privacy protections by collecting street-level data

Clear channel boasts that it offer potential advertisers as much national coverage via its radio stations as do TV networks

Groups can no own multiple radio stations in a single market so that they can offer an advertiser exposure on several different formats -Accumulate a large audience

1440

Gutenberg introduces movable type printing press to the West

Until Gutenberg's press, books were a limited medium throughout the world because they had to be hand-copied

Hand written and printed materials were available only to the few best educated people

Novels had political effects

Harriet Beecher Stowe, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852) -Sold 300,000 copies in first eyar and did much to inspire popular opposition to slavery

HD raido has been on the air since 1997 in Europe

Has been slow catching in the US -Radio stations insisted that the new service be transmitted in the same frequency band and on the same channel ("in band, on channel") and their current stations while maintaining the conventional analog service

Myth reflecting the zeal of yellow journalism

Hearst and Pulitzer's spectical coverage of the 1898 explosion of the US battleship, "Maine" in the Havana harbor -"Journal" blamed on the Spanish and many historians credit them for helping to push the US into war with Spain over Cuba and the Philippines (later found out the spontaneous combustion)

People were reminded of the publishers Pulitzer and Hearst rival by

Hearst hiring Pulitzer's staff, including "Yellow Kid"'s artist and then having someone take the artists spot for a while -Two versions of "Yellow Kid" with ridiculous adventures

In the US and internationally, book publishers are redefining themselves

High tech companies (Google, Amazon) challenge conventional print institutions --> publishing, selling books, public libraries

"The New York World"

Hired Elizabeth Cochrane "Nellie Bly" to write -known for pretending to be insane to investigate the Blackwell Island insane asylum (her stories prompted investigation and improvements for the poor conditions and abuse of patients) -Became the paper other imitated because of this success in circulation

There are also thriving national and regional music industries with a variety of genres and audiences, which is also popular in most countries

Historically, audience tastes tend to be multilayered, with many people listening to global music, regional or national music and local music to fit the different needs/interests

Film is the most globalized and most difficult to produce on a sustained basis international media

Hollywood film gained decisive advantage when WW1 and WW2 destroyed the competing film industries -After WW2, US government pressure on both conquered nations and former allies pushed them to open their markets wider to Us film in order to receive postwar aid

HD radio stations are slowly becoming more available and may take off now that HD radios are being offered as original equipment in new cars

Home satellite radio receivers boating hundreds of channels are an options -carry monthly subscription fees and not as portable as terrestrial radio

New digital technologies seem to allow many more new entrants in music recording, music production, and distribution

However, economic and regulatory changes have also encouraged unprecedented concentration of the ownership of most of the major players all across the music industry

Owning more than one media organization within one market was prohibited because it didn't produce a diversity of voices whose opinions could be heard

However, in the 1980's, Reagan administration relaxed restrictions on horizontal integration -The role of the government should be reduced so that competition could thrive

In 1920s, regulators and the radio industry worries that audiences would reject radio if it carried too much advertising

However, people were so enthusiastic about the new medium that they accepted the ads without much objection -A commercial adverting-based model was soon created

Music group ownership was been volatile in the face of declining CD sales and rise of streaming services

However, these companies still dominate distribution in the US and world -Industry figures worry that reducing four ownership groups to 3 may reduce competition in recording, distribution and music publishing in ways that are not good for consumers or artists

1865

ITU (International Telecommunication Union) begins as the International Telegraph Union

2003

ITU hosts World Summit on the Information Society to promote use of the Internet in poorer countries

Satellite orbits, like radio frequencies and telephone/mobile standards, are are regulated by the ITU

ITU was abosrbed into the larger United Nations System when it was started in 1945

A number of counties (UK, Taiwan) established quotes limiting the amount of imported TV programming to be shown

In 1989, the European Economic Community required member nations to carry at least 50% of TV programming produced within Europe -Hollywood and US government officials protested these rules at trade talks in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and in regional treaties like NAFTA

Major newspaper group ownders have steadily acquired more newspapers

In 2008, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) decided to allow companies to own newspapers and broadcast outlets in the same city -As long as the company was able to show that local news coverage would improve as a result -Federal court overturned it because not enough time was given for public comment before ruling was made

Citizen journalism and citizen news sites have taken on a special importance in developing countries or countries that do not have free press

In countries where authorities control the traditional news outlets, people turned to citizen journalism and citizen news sites on the internet for accurate information -People felt they could trust the news that other citizens witnessed and could see what was happening from the photos and videos uploaded from phones

Local radio stations deed their programming onto the Internet through sites like iHeartRadio

In effort to reach out of town listeners and people at work

Major companies that dominate international music import also sell the dominant American and European pop music around the world

In many countries and regions, they also record and sell works by national or cultural-linguistic market artists -gives them a stake at promoting those artists, both at home and abroad when they perceive that there might be an export market

Access to TV is somewhat unequal around the globe still

In some parts of the world (much of Africa) most of the population still doesn't watch TV, particularly outside of the cities -Only 35-40% have a TV in Mozambique -Even the poorest in Latin America and East & South Asia have a TV --> more than any other medium

At first, US film studios and independent producers sold TV programs worldwide with the same economic and cultural advantages that American film producers had enjoyed

In the 1960's & 70's, American film, sitcoms, action-adventures, and cartoons flooded into many other countries -Since then, many countries have begun to create much of their own TV and to buy more from other countries, besides the US

Toward the end of the 1800's, newspapers reached broader audiences

In the largest cities, large circulation papers pursued a mass audiences with sensation stories -Focus on sex, murder, scandal, popularized science, medicine and other human interest events -Accompanied by large headlines and lurid illustrations -As European immigration increased, many immigrants published foreign language newspapers

In many countries, films are now most commonly seen on video or on Tv, rather than cinema houses

In the more affluent parts of most countries, increasing numbers of the middle class and economic elite have DVDs, satellites, or cable TV and Internet downloads or streaming to watch films or TV

Because the print media's reach is limited in many countries by low literacy and purchasing power broadcast media took on increased importance

In the poorest countries, radio is still the main mass medium for many people -In several parts of Africa and South Asia, some people do not even have access to radio because the signal does not reach them, they can't afford a receiver, or they don't have electricity or the means to recharge batteries

Both the US and Britain in the mid-1800's brought forth the penny press because

Innovative publishers responded to the new market by covering local news and selling cheaper newspapers -No longer aimed at an elite class and expensive

Some of the poorest countries where domestic radio stations don't cover the whole country, people in remote area may listen to international broadcasters

International radio commercial radio stations, or foreign government stations are usually on short-wave frequencies that can carry across thousands of miles

Many HD stations are available now on internet radio

Internet appliances that play online radio without compareputer are available -Spread of wifi hotspots makes that another free options

Internet radio is one of the few growth areas in radio advertising sales

Internet radio includes: -Online streaming off existing stations -Their network program sources -Internet only stations and music services (Pandora/Spotify)

In the late 1800's and early 1900's, magazines began to overtake newspapers investigating reporting and crusades for reform

Investigation is known as muckraking -appeared in McClure's and Collier's nationally circulated and inexpensive magazines that reached millions of readers and had a great impact on piublic opinion

Today, the watch dog role has spread from major national national newspapers and websites to smaller local papers and community blogs

Investigative journalism is practiced in all corners of the world

Many monks devoted their lives to copying and creating beautiful illustrations by hand

Irish "Book of Bells" (800 CE) -considered major works of art today

Warner music is experimenting with some relatively unknown acts by signing them to a digital only label

It will release their songs through services like iTunes and Rhapsody, where its digital sales have grown considerably -They hope signing acts with small, but established audiences will earn the company a profit on digital sales alone -Also lets them avoid the costs of the conventional distribution model

Printing did not evolve further until 1455

Johannes Gutenberg of Germany rediscovered movable type and printed the first German Bible. -innovations continued from there

In 1733, the question of editorial independence and criticism of authority was raised

John Peter Zenger published a newspaper openly critical of the British governor of New York and was jailed for criminal libel

1733

John Peter Zenger trial establishes truth as a defense for press against libel charges

1878

Joseph Pulitzer originates the Yellow Journalism movement

Since WW1, most media supported the government out of a sense of patriotic duty

Journalists began to distrust the government's official announcements after the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, and Watergate scandal -Began to see themselves as "watchdogs"

Delivering news to audiences

Journalists gather, present, and disseminate news that is helpful to diverse audiences -They are professionals with critical thinking, news judgement, writing, and visual communication skills and ethics

Nature of news businesses exposes the reporter who is a "bad apple"

Journalists who get it right are rarely named -Those who have become unethical are often publicized

Four evolution to the computer age have had an impact on the traditional publishing industry

Kindle's impact toward society's acceptance of e-books, e-commerce on the internet, books on demand and self publishing, and Google's digitization of printed books

1986

Knight Ridder's and Times-Mirror's experiments with videotex close down

Music genres evolve with their audiences so radio formats change

Late 1990s: alternative rock format called "Jack" (mix of 1970s-90s rock hits) -reached across a number of audiences for earlier, more targeted formats like classic rock -Brought younger and middle age audiences --> large breadth for advertisers

Through their frequency licensing power, almost all governments get involved in planning who gets to own or operate radio/TV stations

Leads many of them to get involved in controlling content -As TV becomes more broadly defined to include a variety of video productions on channels like Youtube, much bigger variety of actors are getting involved

Typesetting remained a slow manual process until

Linotype machines were introduced which cast entire lines of type from molten lead instantly

In the early 1800s, there was a new trend towards

Literary miscellanies -"Saturday Evening Post" (editors moved from reproducing European literature to popularizing American writers) -Covered weekly events, history, politics, art, reviews, travelogues, short stories, and serialized fiction

Another tactic to increasing listeners is to hobble the competition

Lobbying the FCC for rules that prevent satellite radio from transmitting local traffic information and supporting extra copyright fees on Internet radio

Sirius transmits music via satellite to compact receivers via wafer-shaped antennas that can be placed on the roof of a car, bypassing earthbound radio stations entirely

Local repeaters mounted on the tops of buildings and hills operate in the same frequencies as the satellites -Enables Sirius's signals to be available even if the view of the satellite is blocked by buildings or mountains

Non local owners were less likely to feel like they knew the peculiarities of the market and are more likely to reply on the safe, nationally standardized formats

Locally programmed automation systems became cheaper -Fully programmable system that handles up to 300 CDs -Tape machines for commercial and announcement inserts costs under $10,000

1981

MTV music channel appears on cable TV

Widespread "sharing" or "piracy" of MP3s online led to the development of the music industry's secure digital music initiative

Made it possible to encrypt the music so that only paying customers of industry backed online music services can download it -Consumer reaction was poor so companies eliminated copy protection standards and now sell digital music downloads without restrictions

1990's

Magazine-like pages and sites proliterate on the internet

1950's

Magazines experience competition from TV for advertisers and audiences

Film finance is also drifting offshore

Mainland China is beginning to emerge as a financial power in film production -Both private investors and government-backed media funds are backing coproductions with Hollywood Studios

Sounds quality is not as high in AM as in FM

Many AM stations emphasize news, talk, and sports -Mixture of talk and music has proven successful during morning commutes

Family-owned newspapers were once common in the industry and many still exists in local or regional markets

Many family-owned newspapers have been large, publicly traded companies that buy up newspapers in order to obtain a local market monopoly -While pursing national horizontal integration of newspapers across the US

As the reliance on advertisers grew, so did the number of pages devoted to ads

Many magazines charged about $250 for full-page ads -Grouped together front and back of the periodical, separately numbered and often bound together as a pamphlet

The internet grew by 6 million domain names overall in just the first 6 months of 2015

Many news organizations now include the domain name of ".news" to highlight their credibility -With 10,000 registrations of ".news" within the first week of availability, it appears that a lot of people are buying it (not legit news)

Local cross-ownership is now back in court

Many people do not realize they are getting their news from the same parent company -Gannett now owns 88 dailies and 850 non daily publications and 23 TV stations and online and digital properties

New journalistic voices have appeared as community weekly newspapers followed the middle class away from city centers into the suburbs

Many people subscribe to both a community weekly and a daily -Weeklies: loyal, local advertisers and not affected by volatile economy as are metropolitan newspapers, but compete with weekly "shoppers" alternative press publications and city and regional magazines for advertising

Online news and digital developments in news production helped newspapers cut costs during Great Recession

Many print only news outlets (Detroit Free Press and Detroit News) experimented with a hybrid system of delivering newspapers to doorsteps fewer days of the week, but providing online every day

DJs played records aimed at local audiences

Many records became national hits -Local music, such as bluegrass in the south, blues in Chicago, and country and western in rural areas, all helped stations thrive that catered to those local needs

Locally programmed stations are a risky venture for station owners

Many stations buy complete, packaged music services such as "Jack" and "Bob" -Designed by outside experts who look at the prospective audience, consider the format options, and evaluate what has worked in similar markets -DJs that pick their own record is almost extinct (eliminating entry-level jobs in radio)

The format clock is no longer followed as closely as it once was

Many stations have turned rto a menu of talk and humor lightly interspersed with music during morning dire time hours -Focusing on more music later -Others vary music blocks "30 continuous minutes of commercial free music" or "twelve in a row" in hopes of attracting audiences during commercial breaks of others

Because of AM's broader signal reach

Many stations in sparsely populated smaller towns adopt a format that is broad based, middle of the road -Country western -Talk -Religious -Variety -Oldies

1896

Marconi developed the wireless telegraph

World's largest general interest trade book publishers that set up shop int he early 20th century

McGraw-Hill, Prentice Hall, Random House

More countries are competing to sell or transmit media to others

Mexico, Brazil, India, and South Korea compete worldwide -"Gangnam Style" (South Korea) topped billboard charts in the Us and was the first music video to top 1 billion views globally

Cost millions to get out there so labels are often tempted to slow or even stop promoting a group that is not an immediate big hit

Might even cancel the group's contract -With the outsize financial success of some artists in recent years, the music businesses is now as dependent on a few global mega hits as the film industry

American TV programs face increased competition in a number of areas

More nations at virtually all levels of wealth are creating more of their own programming, in new forms of TV (like Youtube)

According to RIAA, the association also began to sue individual down loaders

More than 20,000 by 2008 -Settling suits with 3,900 of them Controversial that RIAA discontinued their policy of prosecuting down loaders

Many musicisans also see rap as an appropriate music of protest to use in their own cicumstances

Moroccans living in France listen to rap from home to feel less culturally isolated -Or, to protest living conditions in France

Many classics continue to be popular for decades and centuries

Most are fiction history or biography -Great stories inspire movies that make people want to read them again

Artists disagree on how to deal with record companies

Most just sign on and hope for the best, but some are exploring their options

Low-power FM licenses now offered by the FCC only to nonprofit and government organiations are increasing the diversity of noncommercial radio through many community groups

Most noncommericla broadcasters are FM stations -Typically at the lower end of the dial

1702

Mrs. Elizabeth Mallet published England's first daily newspaper, the "Daily Courant" -Lasted 33 years -Listed datelines and separated objective news from opinion and advertising

Internet sites, such as those using the BitTorrent protocol, allow users to swap high quality digital files that contain music

Much of the music being swapped between computers is copyrighted -Swapping those songs can be considered piracy

Twice as many AM stations have a news/talk personality format as on FM

Music is not the only thing played on radio -News and news talk is on the rise as stations specialize in news, talk, weather, and sports (a number of audiences are attracted to this)

1995, hobbyists, ad agencies, and regular broadcast stations began to create full-time internet radio stations

NEar CD-qaulity stero can be had if you have a fast enough network connection

Digital radio allows stations to broadcast several different channels within the same frequency space

NPR stations have take the lead in many areas -Broadcasting a classical music channel in addition to their regular programming

1999

Napster introduces interent music file sharing

Radio stations, and soon radio networks discovered a way to make a great deal of money selling advertising

Networks arose to supply stations with the most popular entertainment in a way that spread costs across a number of stations

The bible, prayer books, and hymnals were among the earliest publications

New products were often more entertainment oriented and aimed at broader groups of people with less education -Broadside ballads (single sheets of words for popular songs) -Chapbooks (cheaply bound books or pamphlets of poetry, ballads or prose, aimed at broader audiences)

2014

News organizations develop immersive journalism stories that combine writing with visual communication and new media technologies

Modern journalism evolved due to

Newspapers addressing larger, more diverse, and less clearly partisan audiences

Traditional business model and innovative technologies have caused newspapers to reexamine how they build revenue

Newspapers usually have a business model being supported by ads -Recession made it clear that this business model does not work

Electronic meters have lowered the ratings of stations that target minority groups

Nielsen has a difficult time retaining Africans Americans and Hispanics in their panels

An increasing amount of countries created cable channels that show nationally produced movies almost exclusively

Notable distribution vehicle for national films that many viewers would not see otherwise

New services have begun in hotspot areas

Now try to use medium wave radio, which can be received by more people than short wave

Recording companies used to bring promising acts into the studio, where engineers and arrangers would capture their music on tape for an album or single

Now, studios are relatively cheap to create and can be found in most cities of even a few hundred people

Clear Channel

One of the largest ownership groups -dismissed dozens of local DJs in its stations in small markets -Replaced them with regional or even national voice talent who voice "local" stations to reduce costs

Journalistic ethics standards require very careful checking for accuracy

One of the reasons that websites for well-known newspapers are important news an information sources for internet users is that they continue to offer a high level of accuracy compared with many other sites that are not so careful -Increasingly, blogs provide an important check on the accuracy of mainstream journalism

Other countries used teletext to transmit news to TV set

Online news has substituted for broadcast teletext in several countries and over time these teletext operations have shut down -Digital and other types of teletext are still viable in various countries (Ireland and Netherlands) to transmit news

KDKA in Pittsburg

Opened after department stores in Pittsburgh sold radios to pick up Conrad's broadcasts -Westinghouse realized that regular radio broadcasts could help sell radios

The US and Canadian markets remain the most important to Hollywood, but

Other markets like Europe and Asia Pacific have grown greatly between 2006 and 2015

Some countries (Brazil, France) are aiming to be more self-sufficient in film

Others (China) want to produce for more global markets either alone, with regional partners, or with Hollywood

Aspiring groups can increasingly cut or record a set of digital tracks or CD locally for $500-600 or less

Others can cut and edit their own CDs and online music files on personal computer or iPads -Won't be as good as professional producers, but it can promote recordings on internet to scouts, recording companies, or sell directly to the public

Radio was the first wireless communications medium

Others that followed: -Broadcast TV -Cell phones Follow the same basic principles of electromagnetism

2010

Pandora and other internet radio services take off

Number of US trade books sold by publishers in 2014

Paperbacks: 942 million Hardbacks: 568 million E-Books: 510 million Audio books: 26.8 million

Record companies are similarly structured expect that they have more diverse set of origins and an even more international ownership

Parts of the music Big Three are based outside the US, including Warner-EMI, Sony- BMG Music group, and Vivendi-Universal -Russian company, Access, bought a 2% stake in Warner Music Group in 2011 before acquiring EMI -These companies also have large foreign branches that produce and distribute records within other markets, as well as distribute American and European music

Consumers have many new options on how they obtain, buy, record, store, and mix music

People at home can take elements or tracks of various pieces of music and remix them to create their own versions

1906, Victor Talking Machine Company introduces the home Victrola

People liked listening to recorded music in their homes -Photograph quickly become a widely used medium

Cross-ownership

Permitted by regulations in the 1996 Telecommunications Act -occurs when one firm owns different media outlets in the same area -Cox (cable) and Disney (film and TV) and others acquired radio station groups, too

Advertising rep

Person who is delegated to working with national advertisers who may want to sell national spot ads in a local market -Works on behalf of radio stations to sell ads to national advertisers

Good ratings in one city for a new format may lead to other commercial broadcasters to try that format

Poor ratings may lead to long-standing stations or radio personalities undergoing radical changes Many inside and outside of the industry are frustrated with the power of ratings

An increasing sense of openness and freedom in the press expanded the number of topics acceptable to magazine readers

Popular "pulp" fiction magazines began to push the bounds of social acceptability with sensationalism

1879

Postal Act lowers rates for mailing magazines

Anyone can provide/get information, but

Professionally trained journalists find out more about the issue and events that affect society and put them into a context that is meaningful

Several early rap groups did a number of songs designed as political commentary

Public Enemy challenged the ideas about the relations between black youth and the police

State broadcasters are usually supported from government funds

Public radio and TV networks are often supported by audience licensing fees -In order to maintain independence form both government budget control and commercial pressures by advertisers (In Japan, everyone who owns a radio or Tv pays an annual licensing fee to go directly to public broadcasters to finance production)

James Gordon Bennett St. "New York Herald"

Published 5 years after "The Sun" -first to publish news promptly and give daily coverage to business, sports, and women's news, as well as a personals (classified) section -Required advertiser to change their ads everyday

Copyright issues have become key points of contention for print media

Publishers of magazines and academic journals have cracked down on students who use copyrighted materials

Hearst and Pulitzer contributed to the development of the profession

Pulitzer: created journalism that defined social responsibility for newspaper coverage Hearts: encouraged higher salaries, bylines, and other recognition for journalists Both: helped mentor and create a number of good journalists

1906

Pure Food and Drug Act results from muckraking by Collier's magazine

New radio formats featured

R&B and rock and roll

The young rock radio listening and record buying audience gradually turned to

R&B and soul music -Rise in Motown (the Supremes and the Tempations, 1960's)

1926

RCA starts NBC Radio Network & AT&T pulls out of broadcasting

In most countries, national and local radio become much more important than international radio

Radio can cater to the apparently widespread audience desire for local news, weather, and information and local talk shows and music

Blocks can be commercial free but not promotion free

Radio stations constantly promoting themselves -On air contests -Station identifications -listener call-ins -Dedication lines -concert promotions build customer loyalty

In south and east asian, such communication by print and by movement of teachers has been going on for millenia

Radio, TV, and satellite TV signals also spilled directly from one country to its neighbor -Well over half of the Canadian population can directly receive US radio and TV signals

Radio stations (FM mostly) have continued to change or modify formats to follow the evolution of music genres and audience interest

Rap and hip-hop became prominent in the "urban" radio format -Artists, like Beyonce, have given African-American artists their highest visibility in pop music and Top 40 radio since Motown in the 60's

Songwriters had a more central role and were more widely recognized than performers

Rather than waiting until a performer made the music popular, people flocked to buy the latest sheet music of well known composers or lyricists -Scott Joplin or John Phillip Sousa

The leading magazines distributed through the conventional magazine channels of yearly subscriptions and newsstand sales

Reader's Digest, National Geographic, and People

Consumers get their magazines by subscriptions or retail outlets

Readers often subscribe to a magazine by returning the magazine's inserts -a quarter of subscribers buy their subscriptions online -Others buy from club fundraisers that sell magazine subscriptions

Music recording technology and computer media converged rapidly

Recordable CDs and DVDs were equally at home in the CD bays of personal computers and stereo systems -But files of music data can also be stored on a computers hard drive and many laptops don't even have a CD drive anymore

In the 1918, during the Progressive Era, reform politicians, unions, rural associations, and magazine and newspaper reporters protested the power of big business and the conservative politics of the parties in power

Reformers pushed for more social, economic, and political justices (food and drug purity, child labor laws, a shorter workday, a minimum wage, job safety rules, reduced political corruption, and government regulation of big-business excess)

Most of the major film studios were involved in the music-recording and distribution business

Regulations in effect until the 1980's prevented those studios from owning broadcast stations or networks (vice versa) -

Radiohead

Released "In Rainbows" for digital download on its own website, asking fans to pay what they thought it was worth -Many downloaded it for free, but it garnered so much publicity it doubled sales of their last two albums

"The Gray Album" by DJ Dangermous

Remix of Jay-Z's "The Black Album" and the Beatles "White Album" -Received court order to not distribute, but was already loose on the internet and impossible to recall

By the late 1990's, CDs had pushed vinyl 33 1/3 record albums and cassettes off the record store racks

Retail CD distribution also moved to the interest, in online music stores, and catalog sellers that sold recordings on websites for delivery through the mail

US newspaper continue to remain profitable

Revenue comes from newspaper circulation and advertising -Circulation revenue has grown since the end of the recession -Advertising, much larger portion of revenue has continued to take a hit and is a worry for news executives -$38 bullion revenue for US newspaper industry

Global sales increased and global digital revenues were up by 8%

Revenue from these sources have been increasing, but have not replaced CDs: -music subscriptions services and sales of digital single tracks and albums -managing live performances -licensing music to TV, film, and video games (guitar hero) 46% of all global sales, less in the US

"Rolling Stone" made photographer Annie Leibovitz famous

Richard Avedon gained his fame from photos in fashion magazines

Blues greatly influenced rock and roll

Rock bands of the 1960s did versions of Chicago blues songs -Gradually, blues and gospel songs were blended with elements of pop music into new genres (R&B)

People liek to debate the orignis of rock and roll int he early 1950's and what was the first real rock song

Rock built on a variety of roots (hybridizing them), into a blend that gradually took on an identity that people could call a new genre

The magazine industry is one of the media areas where a new entrant or competitor can be break in by appealing to a new segment of the market that is not yet served by others

Rolling Stones magazine hippie magazine --> rock music and counter-lifestyle magazine --> mainstream music magazine

1846

Rotary press speeds printing for mass publications

1990

Satellite TV begins to compete with national control of TV

Radio networks, such as RCA and CBS refocused their energy on new TV networks

Saw it as more profitable than radio -Radio networks left to struggle to find new niches and function -Promising new radio technologies like FM were left undeveloped for decades as radios focused on TV

Sydnicators produce programming for resale to other media outlets

Sean Hannity started as a talk show host on WABC in 1997 -Syndicated to other stations in other markets in 2001 -Now streaming radio host through Clear Channel's iHeartRadio service

Amanda Hocking, author of vampire romances

Self-published her early works- publicized through social media -sold their work directly to public, cutting out publishers

Dissidents that have been exiled from North Korea are creative with sharing information

Send flash drives to North Korea with South Korean shows and news information to those with limited internet or those who are controlled

Publishers took up political causes

Siding with: -federalists (promoting a strong central government, a federal system) -or their opposition (wanting a state-oriented, decentralized government)

Alien and Sedition Acts

Signed into law by John Adams in 1798, attempt to limit seditious speech -Several writers and editors were charged with sedition at the turn of the 18th century -New president, Thomas Jefferson, allowed the acts to expire in 1800 because a new consensus had grown for freedom of the press

Typesetting

Significant improvement in the 1950's -Stories were set in type by a skilled typesetter employed by a wire service, then punched out onto paper tape by the local newspaper -Automatically fed into the newspaper's own typesetting machines to produce a near-perfect copy. Late 1960/Early 1970s: data contained on paper tapes were stored in computer memory -Paved the way for the computerization of print production. Today: reporters compose and edit their stories and designers lay out the pages of newspapers on computers

Record sales had dipped and some predicted the death of the phonograph but Sinatra's appearance helped revive record sales

Sinatra was pursued by hordes of screaming teenage girls wherever he went

Before 1990, public radio stations tended to depend quite a bit on program support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and financial support from federal and state governments

Since 1990, the funding for those national resources has been steadily cut back -Public stations have come to depend more on their sponsoring institutions, other supportive local institutions, local sponsors, and direct contributions from listeners

In many countries, including most of Western Europe, either governments or not-for-profit public corporations originally operated TV broadcasting

Since the 1990's, a number of these countries have also introduced commercial TV, which became economically and culturally powerful -Goal: for public broadcasters to promote education and culture

The increasingly dominant form of distribution is the purchase and download of music over the internet from online stores

Sold 40.6% of music in 2013

Increasing number of Spanish-language rap format stations are a good example of how music genres grow and subdivide

Some artists start in smaller format then move to more widespread formats -Cypress Hill (Latino --> hip-hop)

In a number of countries where film production had been heavily subsidized, governments have found themselves unable to continue to support

Some countries still continue to subsidize their film industry, but this led to conflicts in trade talks with the US, which considers these subsidies an unfair form of protectionism

In specific local or national advertising markets, the audiences for those other formats may have greater purchasing power and be more attractive to advertisers and programmers

Some formats, like religion, are carried on commercial stations because of the interests of their owners rather than ratings

A number of noncommericla stations also program religious audiences or in languages spoke by too few local resident to support comercial broadcasting

Some large cities have several noncommerical stations

The continuing formation of smaller recording labels gave expression to musical subgenres and the subcultures that enjoyed them

Some musicians turned into producers and label owners -Enabled by technological developments that lowered the price of recording tapes, records, and CDs

As technology becomes more innovative, newspapers can put you in the middle of the story

Some news papers use: -Oculus Rift for animated 3-D experiences -Google Cardboard and a smartphone -Augmented content (scan printed page with their phone to retrieve more information, such as recorded interview with source of story)

45 rpm single had limited pop songs to under 6 minutes

Some producers (Phil Spector) managed to fit entire symphonies of densely layered productions into a 2-3 minute single -In mid 1960's, many found this format to be constraining

Many countries also privatized some pblic or government broadcast stations and netowrks

Sometimes, this was to reduce government political control of the state stations -France, privatizing some of the state TV networks to reduce state political power

Three big companies that dominate music industry

Song, Universal, and Warner Music Group

Recorded music is an international industry

Sony is a Japanese company -Recently bought BMG, Arista, and RCA from the German BMG Vivendi is French -Bought the universal Music Group Foreign owners have not pursued different kinds of musical content from domestic owners -All the major operations in a number of countries where they develop local and promote global artists

Pulp fiction

Stories with sensationalism (police stories, romance, crime mysteries, scandals, science fiction, fantasy) -written on cheap, pulpy paper

Most consumer magazines depends on subscriptions and advertising

Subscriptions account for almost 90% of total magazine circulations -Single copy or newsstand sales accounted for the rest

When newspapers make an error, they correct it immediately online or acknowledge it with a correction in print somewhere near where the error appeared or in a standard correction the next day

Substantial errors, particularly those that may damage reputations or careers of persons covered, are acknowledge in a follow-up story or letter to readers from editor

Other main sources of revenue for the music industry is subscription music services

Supported by combination of advertising and monthly fee services -Now derives 32% of its digital revenues from such services

Many stations now subscribe to national, regional, or state networks for news and sports

Syndicated radio programs most widely listened to now are news and talk -Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, and others

Morning shows on bother AM and FM reflect a more chatty drive-time

Syndicated talk formats gain more of an audiences -FM stations that had focused on music find themselves changing to talk formats because they draw a more lucrative audiences

TV broadcasting in many countries is divided among public, governmental, and private ownership

TV has been very expensive for private media to make it profitable in some poor countries

Now, TV news also flows on the internet

TV news flow s becoming more diverse, although audiences for these channels in the US have been low

1996

Telecommunications Act sets off radio station merger frenzy

Freedom of the press has enabled journalists to take unpopular stands

Tends ton protect journalists in the US from outside pressure to avoid certain stories

Government authorities were in conflict with news media also when

The "New York Times" published secret government documents (Pentagon Papers) proving that the US had been illegally bombing neutral Cambodia during Vietnam War

Books get pulled from library shelves for various reasons

The American Library Association lists the top 10 books annually that receive the most complaints

The RIAA and other trade associations function as the industry lobbying and legal arm

The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers represents more than 550,000 songwriters, lyricists, and music publishers

Debate over slavery and events leading up to the Civil War were well covered by the Penny Press

The Civil War expanded newspaper readership because people wanted immediate news from the battlefield and politician's point of view -Interest fueled reports telegraphed directly from the front -North & South papers saw things differently

Standard industry practice is to have the artists sign over the rights in their first recording contract

The Copyright Term Extension Act further empowers the media giants at the expense of the artists

1994

The Development of the WWW signals a change in the newspaper industry

The Internet is challenging not only global rules but also regional ones, like the privacy rules of the European Union

The EU has successfully pushed large Internet companies like Google to change its policies on privacy and the right to be left alone, or the right to delete old information on the Internet -The EU is also proposing to unite regulation on such issues across the whole EU region

There was concern that the radio networks were abuse their power in one-sided dealings with their affiliated stations and with the on-air talent

The FCC's 1941 chain broadcasting ruling prohibited the networks from forcing programming on affiliates and put the networks out of the talent-booking business -Also forced NBC to sell of its second network, which became ABC

1833

The New York Sun, first Penny Press daily, begins publication

Muckraking often led to a landmark reform legislation in the first decade of the 20th century

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 resulted from an article in Collier's called "The Great American Fraud" by Samuel Hopkins Adams

1997

The Wall Street Journal implements a paywall and gains 200,000 subscribers in the first year

in 1970's, computers replaced typesetting machines by transferring text directly to photographic film that in turn as transferred to metal printing plates

The computerization of the layout and paste-up process further simplified printing -As did the digitizing of photographs so that they could be edited and placed on a page electronically

High costs of US TV programs limits their distribution

The fees charged to foreign stations are set in relation to ratings, which sometimes makes US shows more expensive than domestic ones -Lower local ratings often regulate foreign shows to late-night hours when few are watching

"Rock around the Clock" by Bill Haley (1954)

The first rock record to become a hit and register loudly in the national consciousness -A blend of jump-blues and western swing

Computers entered into business globally at considerable rate along with internet use

The first significant global impact of information services and data communications worldwide was the interconnection of far-flung operations of multinational corporations via data networks. -Today, it is most likely that the customer service representative we are talking to on the phone is based in India, where there is a large industry that trains people to talk to Americans or Australians

Sensational and over the top stories were a product of how journalists were paid

The longer the story, the better the quotes, the more exclusive the interview, the bigger the pay rate -caused journalists to forget ethics -commercialism grew as a threat to the ideal of the press in a free society

Privacy issues revolve around a conflict between the public's right to know something and the right of private citizens to keep it to themselves

The media treats public figures differently than private citizens -Many questions remain about just how closely public figures can be scrutinized before the boundary of ethical behavior is crossed

The earliest experiments with an alphabet are thought to be from the Middle East in 1900-1800 BCE and continues to be developed by the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans

The oldest script still in existence today is from China (also developed brushes, ink, and paper in 105 CE)

Freedom of the press was nonexistent in the early days of the newspapers

The ruling class granted licenses to printers and had their authorities censor every article before it was printed

Magazines must vie with other media

Then, advertsing revenue is split among magazines -Fewer folalrs for both new and established magazinnes

During the war, talented correspondents quickly sketched battle scenes that were sent back home to the magazine for artists to fill in with detail

Then, woodcuts were quartered so that different parts of the scene could be carved by different artists simultaneously and put back together, so the illustration could be published with its news story as soon as possible

Groups form at the local level

There are 10s of thousands of aspiring local groups and singers throughout the US -Sing locally, try to get concert or dance bookings out of town, become better known, and make a recording to circulate to record companies or sell directly through the internet

Behind the top global firm is a second tier of 30-40 media firms that make between $1-10 billion/year

These firms have national or cultural-linguistic strongholds or specialize in specific global niches -Some are American, but most come from Europe or Canada, some are based in East Asia and Latin America

The 1980's and 90s added formats for alternative, industrial/techno, new age, ska, reggae, rap, and hip-hop

These stations gave expression to music subgenres, the audiences that enjoyed them, and the advertised that coveted those subcultures

Radio stations vary in size and complexity of their staff

They all have to take care of certain basic functions: -Administration (payroll, accounting, purchasing) -Technical (engineering, transmitter operation, maintenance of FCC logs) -Programming (local, news, music playlists, networks, or syndicated programs, promotion of programs) -Sales (local sales, relations with national and regional sales firms) Traditionally done locally with at least a small staff -With growth of ownership groups and the supply of programming by centralized services, most of these functions are done by centralized group staff (covering a number of stations across a state or region or national market) --> reducing jobs available in radio

Satellite radio odders hundred of more channels than terrestrial broadcasters

They are limited to 20-30 FM channels and a dozen AM channels

Al Jazeera (Doha), CCTV 9 (China), and Russia Today have also pushed TV news operations into a number of countries

They became the alternative news sources -Often have a strong national point of view and questionable credibility

Europe and Asia have a 50/50 split of circulation and advertsing revenue percentages

They charge higher prices and depend on newsstand sales

Some media industries have been global since the 1920's

They control many of the companies in other countries that distribute and exhibit the films produced in the US -J. Walter Thompson, RCA, and Motion Pictures Association of America (MPAA)

Web radio networks list thousands of internet radio stations

They cover mainstream pop artists and include many of the familiar formats of commercial radio (country and western or adult contemporary)

By the 1970's, many critics asserted that the major newswire services had too much control over international news flow

They followed standard American and European definitions of what news was: -diasters -sensational or unusual events -political upheaval -Wars or conflicts -famous personalities -current events This often produces negative coverage and images of other countries

By the 20th century, most Americans were literate and could afford small luxuries (such as magazines)

They had more leisure time to read and their interest in civic affairs, the arts, professional matters, and politics boomed

The music industry and video games are ahead of all others in making revenue from digital sources

They have also lost more to unlicensed digital traffic -a 33% decline int he value of the global recorded music industry

Critics also worried that conglomerates have the same effect of narrowing diversity in content

They might own several different types of companies and could discourage the publication of critical news on their other holdings or with only good news about company holdings published

In 1922-1923, the British sent a commission to the US to study radio development

They observed a rush toward a radio industry dominated by musical entertainment and paid for by advertising -They saw that as a waste of the medium's cultural and educational potential -On returning home, they recommended a public radio monopoly oriented towards education and culture, financed by a license fee paid by listeners, and overseen by a board intended to keep it independent of both government and private interests (advertisers)

Multinational firms record Jamaican reggae and dance hall as well as Caribbean salsa and Mexican Norteno

They sell them at home and export them to the US -Willing to risk distributing national music because musical tastes are more diverse and the costs are much lower than film or TV

Government protection of film industries in other countries is not surprising

They want to ensure that national film industries survuve

Information and reporting by a variety of people on Twitter have become both direct news sources for many and sources that professional news reporters use in their own story

This became particularly clear with microblogging in China and Twitter's role in Arab Spring political and social revolutions of 2011 -Many now argue that face-to-face communication, grassroots organizing, and mass media were all more important than Twitter in terms of lasting effects

The latest computer-to-plate processes generate the printing plate directly from computer images using ink-jet and laser printers

This eliminates the expensive step of photographing the layouts and chemically processing them for the press run

Satellite and cable TV after 1990 brough in new forms of competition in much of the world

This forced broadcast TV to change -Has to compete with hundreds of commercial TV channels on satellite or cable TV aimed at nationally and dozen of regional languages

A negotiated settlement forced Marconi to sell his American asset to General Electric (GE)

This set up Radio Corporation America (RCA) with American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) and Westinghouse to develop the radio business in the US -GE, RCA, and AT&T set up a patent pool in 1920 because none of them owned all the parents to make completely functioning radio transmitter and receivers

Blogs have expanded into the investigative role by adding the number of watchdogs

This showed two things about blogs as watchdogs: 1. Many of these blogs are partisan 2. Run by people driven by political passion

1877

Thomas Edison introduces the speaking phonograph

Nielsen hopes to replace paper diaries in all of the 279 markets it tracks nationwide

Through its electronic meters, it examines all manners of radio listening, broadcast, online, and through apps -Considers programs like Pandora and conventional radio stations -Plans to follow listening across many kinds of devices in different spaces and places

1923

Time magazine introduced

The record industry has some self-censorship up through the 1960's

To get on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1964, the Rolling Stones changed the lyrics to a song

Radio came in late 1920's and can offer immediate news updates

To set themselves apart, newspapers pursued deeper news analysis and interpretation -could deal with complex government programs and economic crisis, reporting various points of view in an out of government with in-depth investigation -Abel to display pictures of products on sale (radio could not)

Older great American novelist: Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, James Joyce and T. S. Eliot

Today's great American novelists: J. K. Rowling, Veronica Roth, John Green, Stephen King, John Grisham, James Patterson, Nora Roberts and Danielle Steele

In 1950, there were 250 magazines in publication

Today, there are more than 20,700 magazines (highest # recorded by National Directory of Magazines)

30 eyars ago, people talked about Americanization of media in the world

Today, they talk more about globalization

Reporters Without Borders

Tracks the degree of freedom and censorship of the press (through print or the internet) in different countries

Recent decades have seen a proliferation of more specialized magazines for even narrower audiences

Trend has accelerated -Magazines for almost every hobby, occupation, and interest (page 118)

1945

UN founded, incorporating ITU, starting UNESCO

1976

UNESCO hosts critical discussion for proposals for a New World Information Order

After WW1, Marconi tried to buy US parents to consolidate a US-European communications monopoly

US government opposed this foreign control of a technology so crucial for military purposes

Joseph Pulitzer

US immigrant who joined the US army and turned to journalism after the war -1878: pulled together enough money to merge two struggling St. Louis newspapers into one ("St. Louis Post-Dispatch) -Established himself as a nonpartisan social critic by conducting popular crusades against corruption and complacency -Bought the "New York World," intending to publish a newspaper for the underdogs of NYC

People like to buy books no matter the form (print, digital, or audio)

US sales rose to $28 billion in 2014 (5% increase) with 2.7 billion books sold

1982

USA Today national daily launched

Satellite delivery of copy to remote printing plants also speeds up the news to door/devices

USA Today print edition is put together in Virginia -Sent by satellite to 36 printing plants across the US and 5 printing plants in Europe and Asia -Travels about 45,000 miles at the speed of light to make local same-day delivery possible for 3 million readers

Politics, the internet, and social media

Usage numbers on page 101

John Peter Zenger

Used Andrew Hamilton for a lawyer, arguing that the truth of a published piece was itself a defense against libel -Hamilton won the libel case, establishing the principle that true statements are not libelous, as he appealed to the American jury

Readers show that photos in both articles and ads hold much attraction for magazine readers

Visual magazines serve much more specific, targeted audiences

The concentration of power in top retailers was apparent in 1997

Walmart refused to carry certain recordings that it considered offensive -Including all CDs with parental advisory stickers -It was sued by parents over a CD by Evanescence that contains swear words Some artists now change lyrics in order to ensure that major chains, like walmart, will carry them

RCA and other radio manufactures wanted to sell radio sets

Wanted the most broadly appealing content broadcast to sell more radios

Also in 2012, RIAA worked with the film industry to get legislation passed through the US Congress

Wanted to require internet service provides and search engines to block sights that carried copyright protected materials without permission -Online community rebelled (one day shut down by wikipedia) and forced industry to rethink that plan

1896, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi created a "wireless telegraph" that sued radio waves to carry messages in Morse code

Was the first practical use of radio

1972

Watergate scandal inspires new era of investigative reporting

The number of people recording music using low-cost digital equipment skyrocketed as music-recording equipment costs go down

Wgat used to require specialzied mixing and effects can now be done on computers, including shooting music videos -Led to Youtube fame

Reuse of copyrighted music has been a major issue for the recording industry

When artists record a piece of music written by someone else, whether for direct sale or for broadcast, they have to obtain permission and pay a royalty fee

Radio had an immediate impact on recorded music

When people could first hear live music at no cost on the radio, the bought fewer records

US legal policy balances libel concerns against the watch dog role of the press -To expose corruption or incompetence on the part of official or public figures

When people take a public positions and seek publicity for their views, then libel against them is harder to prove

Text messaging and internet access messaging sites are widespread over cellphones, more so than phone or cable wires

Wifi in phones is also spreading -Increasing numbers of global calls are made via computers on internet for very low costs or free

Most people who want news and information about their community or the world continues to prefer the classic editing and gate keeping functions that good newspapers provide (digital or print)

With so many people on the internet writing their thought and opinions, it is hard to separate fact from fiction -Professional journalists determine what audiences would want to know, fact check, and provide comprehensive story (help audiences understand what's going on in the world)

The Postal Act of 1879 clarified that magazines were second-class mail and were given a special, lower rate for distribution

Within 40 years, the number of magazines grew almost seven fold to 1,800 -Today's mail classifications have changed and magazines are now grouped under the periodicals class of mail

Most publishing houses established during

World War 2 -Young people away at war read more -As they returned home, they read textbooks in college and mass-marketed paperbacks

1914-1945

World Wars I & II permit Hollywood to outplace competitors

John Milton, "Areopagitica" (1644)

Written after the Church's refusal to allow publication of his essay on divorce -Entreated Parliament to cease licensing and censorship -Advocated that free press would allow a diverse set of voices and that the marketplace of ideas would allow truth to emerge and rise above

Some online newspapers personalize your news

You select the coverage, topics, and formats that fit your personal lifestyle -Software program then develops profile of your interests to gather those stories for you

Social media can threaten conventional broadcast model

Young people embed links to music on YouTube and Spotify in social media posts -Music file-sharing craze was a social media phenomenon that predated the rise of social networking services like FB and continues today

direct broadcast satellite (DBS)

a TV or radio satellite service that transmits signals from satellites to compact home receivers

O&O

a TV or radio station that is owned and operated by a network

Frank Conrad

a Westinghouse engineer -began the first regularly scheduled radio broadcasts in the US in 1920, attracting interest and newspaper coverage

Intellectual property

a creative work of art, writing, film, or software that belongs to a legally protected owner

AT&T's recent acquisition of satellite TV giant DirecTV was motivated by

a desire to expand into South American markets, where DirecTV had millions of subscribers

The challenge for magazines now is to be an interactive app for mobile device, computer tablet, or e-reader

a digital magazine has more to offer than simply replicating the printed magazine

Royalty fee

a fee charged for use of the writer's intellectual property

A number achieve regional status as traveling acts that circu;ate in a state or region

a few are discovered and make it big, but ost break up -more talent musicians form new groups an dmove on

1999, Shawn Fanning started Napster

a file server that let people exchange songs as MP3 digital music files via the internet

EMI

a former major -declines and was broken up in 2011 with parts sold to universal and Sony -Warner was sold to a new conglomerate (Access Industries)

Most people find out about a book from

a friend or relative or looking at best sellers lists -Often buy books they see while out shopping or from searching websites of a familiar author

Licensing formats like Wheel of Fortune or Survivor are now rapidly increasing global buisness

a great deal of "local" or "global" programming is now based on such international formats and models

NPR

a growing source of news and news talk radio to more than 27 million Americans -Provides an afternoon news program called "All things considered" -Morning news "Morning edition" -Other programs to large group of affiliated public stations Government funding and listener support provide the majority of NPR funding -Some foundations and corporations offer funding for the certain kids of programming and news that interest them

Another initiative is to implement paywall models for digital news

a hard paywall allows no access to information without a paid subscription -more than 450 American newspapers and an additional others across the globe have a paywall model (Wall Street Journal and NY Times)

Hertz (Hz)

a measure of the frequency of a radio wave in cycles per second

Electromagnetic recording

a method of storing information as magnetized areas on a tape or disk

After the Cherokees were removed from their lands, 10 years later

a new Cherokee Nation newspaper were firmly established -Several other NA groups published newspapers and suffered same discrimination

To meet the demand for interesting music, news, and talk programs on dozens of FM and AM stations

a number of outlets began to produce programs for syndication

Nickelodean

a photograph or player piano operated by inserting a coin, originally a nickel

"Horatio Alger hero"

a popular term for anyone who gained social mobility and success through hard work and honest living -Created through Horatio Alger's 100 books who's hero was usually a poor boy who managed to rise out of poverty

Top 40

a radio format that replays the top 40 songs heavily -dominant radio form in 1950's until early 1970s -played mix of rock and roll, pop, Motown, soul, and R&B

Disc jockey (DJ)

a radio station announcer who plays records and often emphasizes delivery and personality

Some of the earliest printed materials were song lyrics and musical notions

a sheet music industry dates back to the late 19th century

Telecommunications act of 1996 eliminated the national limits regarding ownership

a single owner can own up to 8 radio stations in a market with 45+ commercial radio stations

MP3

a sound digitization and compression standard, short for MPEG-2 layer 3

Acoustic

a sound that is not electronically amplified

Affiliate

a station that contracts with networks to distribute their programming

The King Features Syndicate

a subsidiarity of the Hearst Corporation -largest syndicator (employ cartoonists and the editorial writes or make distribution arrangement with writer home newspapers- then resell content to other newspapers on a contractual basis)

Internet streaming technologies make it possible to listen to programming in real time instead of downloading and saving recorded files

a variety of radio stations now broadcast on the internet -Through websites, apps, and tablets

Some labels see file sharing as an ally

a way to hear about new groups on their labels, who then often buy CD or a legal download

Print still attracts 93% of all revenue even though digital is increasing

about 2.7 billion people read printed newspapers compared to 770 million who access it on their desktop

about 150 print maagzines have flourished in more than 50 years

about 47 magazines have prospered for more than a centry

Newspapers during the post-civil war era added appeal by

added new visual elements, the news photograph

The magazine industry migrated to the web and then tablets and smartphones

adding multimedia (video, photos, slideshows, audio, and animation) attracts readers to articles they might not have read otherwise

AAC

advanced audio coding

To increase the size of the audience for their adws

advertisers steered stations toward entertainment programs -More lucrative than news or education

Magazine revenue comes from

advertising (60%), subscriptions (30%), and single-copy sales (10%) -The mix of revenue from these sources varies among different kinds of magazines

Radio is third in local advertising revenue

after direct mail and local TV -Slightly ahead of local newspapers

Public broadcasters

aim to serve public interest with information, culture, and news -Roughly 1/3 of all noncommercial stations compared to a larger number of religious stations -Most depend on mix of government, institutional, and listener support -Tend to focus on news and public affairs program -Some program music that is not commercial profitable, depending on the market -Over 1/3 program a great deal of classical music -Others, program jazz or on many college stations folk, indie rock, noncommercial rap, etc

Seditious speech

aimed at overthrowing the government

Potential readers explore a new magazine by buying a single issues

all those insert cards with subscription offers are included in magazines to encouraged you to subscribe

joint operating agreement (JOA)

allow competing newspapers to share resources while maintaining editorial independence -Solution to the problem of excessive concentration -When not doing well, can negotiate agreement with one another to share -7 citites maintain 2 newspapers through JOA

Teletext

an early way to transmit digital news by cable or broadcast signals for display on TVs

Videotex

an early way to transmit digital news by phone lines for display on TVs or early desktop computers -A modern and special software were needed to transmit the analog signals to digital ones and vice versa

In the mid-1800's improving social conditions fostered a mass audience for books and magazines

an expanding public education system taught more people to read -Wages increases, young people moved to the city to work in industrial economy and urban middle class grew -Prices fell, improving printing technology, and more demand for print media

Format Clock

an hourly radio programming schedule -Shows the DJ when to play certain kinds of music, when to read a news item, when to play a prerecorded ad spots or promo, when to read ad copy, when to bring another announcer for news, weather, sports, or traffic

James Franklin, the "New-England Courant"

an independent newspapers without "by authority" approval -Jailed and forbidden to publish because of unapproved

Music blogs let listeners find new music

and musicians promote theirs

By examining government databases, reporters write stories about crime and poverty

and objectively compare areas or groups of people without relying on self-serving handouts from politicians or lobbying groups

Alternative press

another form of weekly paper -usually in tabloid form -covers topics that the mainstream press can't/won't cover -Opinions, weeklies, fashion, or entertainment oriented weeklies given away at music stores, bookstores, and other locations -Supported by ads and cover dining out, movies, live concerns, and local events -Some cities have political weeklies (focus on news/events within communities, add to diversity of news coverage)

Number if listeners can be boosted by having radio stations offer internet streams

any who tunes in from outside the station's local broadcast market do not support the prevailing broadcast radio business model that depends on local ad sales

Datelines

appear at the beginning of a story and note the locations where a story happens

Book readers

are younger, have higher incomes, and are more educated than those who don't read

Joint sales arrangements

arrangements for selling advertising on multiple stations

The most visible to musicians are

artists and repertoire (A&R) executives -search for, spot, recruit, and nurture talent

Creative Commons

artists make their music available, not only for simple download and listening but also for sampling and mashing up -Idea is that music is to be shared, sampled, and reworked to spur creativity -Sell music directly through net labels that often use Creative Commons licenses

Covers

artists performances of others' songs

The problem of song plagiarism has been accentuated with the rise of sampling in hip-hop and rap music, music mash-ups, and multimedia

artists record and reuse bit, or samples of existing works -Court decided in 2004 that any sampling requires getting permission and paying royalties

As the new technology gained momentum, printing and reading became a cyclical process that reinforced itself

as more people had sufficient money and interest to buy books, book production increased and benefitted from economies of scale, which made individual books cheaper -Permitted more people to buy books

One copy costs

as much as a pint of whiskey, about 5 cents

True potential of digital recording was unleashed

as users began: -Plating and recording music on personal computers -Sending and receiving music over the internet

Currently, the Library of Congress collects fees from statutory internet radio licenses

at rates decided by three judges on the Copyright Royalty Board

Daily newspapers helped shaped events of the late 19th and early 20th century

attempts were made to make the press behave more responsibly in times of national crisis

Magazine niches might experience shake-outs when

audience circulation and economic support by advertisers are divided among too many magazines

Urban adult contemporary has the 8th highest share but fewer stations than most other formats

audience is ocncentrated in larger markets served by fewer stations

Harper's New Monthly Magazine cost 35 cents

average factory worker's wage was 5-20 cents and hour

Many US groups are now coproducing with Chinese groups to

avoid quotes or make the films more attractive to Chinese audiences

In the past, journlaists did almost all of their news gathering

away fromt he office and hurried back to type up stories

Entrepreneurs try to fill niche community topics through a news website

because it is easier to start an online people than a print one -Some are filled through social media (citizen journalism or citizen news) that also compete for advertisers

Broadcasting has mostly been privately owned in Canada, Central America, and South America

because of the strong influence of US media and corporations and advertisers, who promoted commercial approaches in the 1930's & 40's

Music downloaded from the internet has "near" CD quality

because this format uses digital compression that does not make perfect reproductions but sounds almost as good to the listener and takes up only a 10th of the space to store

Soundtracks to TV shows can

become hits -Empire's soundtrack is number 1 on R&B and hip-hop charts

Franklin started the first subscription library in the US

began a tradition that greatly helped popularize book reading

Major player in global regulation is the European Union

begun to set de facto global standards on antitrust and privacy issues

Conventional literacy

being able to read and understand printed work -A concern- 15% of adults int he US had less than basic literacy skills (could sign but not know what they are signing) -6% of college students were unable to understand documents as "complex" as TV program guides -56% were unable to synthesize information, such as comparing viewpoints between newspaper editorials

Reading a newspapers with a printed or digital layout is

beneficial

Apple acquired Beats Music and recongifured it and iTunes to be Apple Music

betting heavily o its new streaming services and "radio" stations like Beats One

Printed papers peaked as a mass medium

between 1890 and 1920

Conglomerates

big businesses or corporations that own seemingly unrelated holdings -Made up of diverse parts from across several media industries -Involved in multiple areas of business activity

Conglomerates

big businesses or corporations that own seemingly unrelated holdings. They are made up of diverse parts from across several media industries and are involved in multiple areas of business activity -geared to be profitable and can create synergies with their holdings

Some suppliers of syndicated shows and automated formats also sell streaming access plans

blurring the business of supplying formats to stations and music "channels" to individual subscribers

E-Books

book content that appear in digital text format. Can be read on mobile devices, computer, tablets, and e-readers

Alamanacs

book-length collections of useful facts, calendars, and advice -Among the most popular books in the colonies -Oldest regularly published periodical in North America, "The Old Farmer's Almanac" started by Robert B. Thomas in 1792 (new issue each September)

There was a low "book rate" for mailing books which made

both mail order book clubs worry published but ultimately benefited them by popularizing book reading and buying

E.W Scripps

bought Journal Communications -placed the newspapers in one basket (renamed Journal Media Group) and broadcasting entities (keeping E.W. Scripps name)

Less established artists see downloading as a way to

break through the creative stranglehold that the industry has on new acts and reach the public on their own terms

Some companies consolidate their newspapers with other types of media outlets

broadcast, digital, mobile, and other publishing properties -Some mergers put newspapers into vertically integrated groups to share content with their radio, TV, website, and mobile holdings

By the 1840's, magazines shifted their attention toward

broader and more sustainable mass audiences

Cultural-linguistic markets

build on common languages and common cultures that span borders -Smaller than global, but larger than national

People who were strapped financially considered magazines as a luxury and circulations fell

businesses cut advertising budgets and ad ages decreased -5 years later, downward trend leveled off and subscriptions increased as economy got better

Youtube is seen as the most effective place to promote new music

but Facebook users can link to groups, promote lists of what they like, and let their friends know what they are listening to -Spotify works through Facebook to do the same

Subcultures, like pinks, skaters, or hip-hop not only listened to different music

but also consumed very different clothes and shoes -Marketers could more easily target them via specific radio formats

Full service automation started with formats like "Classic gold" and "Great American country" in the 1970s

but became much more popular when a wave of mergers swept the radio industry in 1990's

Many people consider TVs to be their immediate news source

but better-educated audiences tend to rely more one newspapers and the interenet -They use the radio and TV to hear about and event or issue -Turn to newspapers for more in-depth information

Rocks deepest roots were in blues

but country, western swing, and rockabilly all fed in too

1999, the music industry sales peaked at $23.7 billion

but dropped to $15 billion in 2014

India's state TV (Doordarshan) intiallay tried to use TV to reach better health and agricultural practices to villagers

but in the 1970's & 80's, then-prime minister discovered it to be a very powerful political tool -Urban and middle-class viewers rebelled, demanding more entertainment -After that, Doorarshan had to be content to insert subtle pro-development themes (child health care and family planning) into soap operas that people like to watch

Printed illustrations had been a staple of magainzes since Civil War

but only a few publications could afford them because they required painstaking ahnd carvings or engraving of wood or metal master playes

US government propaganda was more restrained during WW2

but still presented itself as newspapers, magazines, movie reels, and cartoons to the public

Censorship was abolished with the end of hostilities in 1945

but the give-and-take between the government and the press over the preceding decades of crises helped to entrench the social responsibility model -The press assumed a rather uncritical stance towards national policy

For most consumer magazines, ads are a far more important source of revenue than subscriptions

but the magazine must reach the right audience for the advertiser

Single-copy or newsstand sales do not make a lot of money for publsiuhers

but they increase the paid circulation rate that they can sell to advertisers

Labels, performaing artists and writers get a very small payment each time a song is played on pandora or sproitfy

but those small sums add up quickly -listen for free in return for an ad or nominal subscription fees

Fm came to dominate the radio industry

by 1979, FM stations drew over half of the audiences and their share was growing steadily

Some reporters use social science methods

by analyzing trends in voter behavior, finding correlations between crime and poverty rates and their possible causes, and producing detailed maps of poverty and crime in a region

USA Today is widely accredited

by providing something for everybody and increasing target audiences for ads

Increasingly, both musicians and music consumers record music in digital forms

by the 1990s, some artists did professional performance and recording on their own computers

Social responsibility model

calls on journalists to monitor the ethics of their own news-gathering and reporting

Eather than going with majors, many groups increasingly go with independent labels

came back strongly in the 1990's

Blues

came from music by black slaves in the south which was characterized by specific chord progressions and moods

Bluegrass

came from white music in the South and Appalachia, building on Irish and Scottish instruments and traditions

Audiobooks

can be heard on a CD, the radio, or downloaded onto a mobile device

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

carries information in the height or amplitude of the radio waves

Frequency Modulation (FM)

carries information in variations in the frequency of the radio wave

Music now sells in many forms

cassette, CDs, MP3 and streaming online -Piracy is prevalent in most places that music groups earn a living, mostly from live performances

Sicne the turn of the 20th century, most books in the US have been exempt from

cennsorship

Libraries also fight censorship issues in an effort to

champion free speech

Many papers were critical of the status quo as "watchdogs" covered stories of

civil rights and emergence of advocacy movements championing the rights of ethnic minorities, women, and alternative lifestyles

MegaUpload

closed in 2012 when government officials in several cities arrested its managers -10s of millions are still downloading music through file-sharing sites

In the US, print media began with copies of religious books because

colonists came to the Us to pursue religious freedom

Mash-up

combines several audio and/or video segments or tracks into a new creation

Other news syndicates supple subscribing news organization with

comics, crossword puzzles, and editorials by national columnists -all populat staples of newspapers

Newspapers have always wrestled with

commercial interests and political powers -The history of them reflects the evolution of a free press from European and American Revolution models

Publishing houses might be

commercial, independents, universities, religious groups, trade associations, and vanity presses that will publish anything as long as the author provides money

Most weeklies cover

communities or rural areas that are too small to support a daily -About 1/3 of weekly papers also cover the suburbs

Considerable growing audience for

community newspapers covering local and entertainment news

Independent distributors had 35% of the US market for album sales in 2015

compared to 28% for Universal; 15% for Warner; 21% for Sony

Talent scouts from record companies are always looking around college towns, festivals, and concert circuits for new acts

competition is fierce, so many groups who don't get or even seek record contracts also sell or distribute their own music at concerts and over the internet

Radio waves

composed of electromagnetic energy and rise and fall in regular cycles

The International Federation of Journlaists

composed of journlaists from more than 100 countries -Works to defend press freedom and social justice

Now, companies produce magazines with

computer to plate technology

Moore's Law

computing power will steadily double in power while it costs drop by half -It seems that digital audio and video recording similarly drops in price and grows in power

Segmented audiences

consumers that can be grouped together because of specific demographics or special interests such as hobbies or politics

Where we are today with technological advances is a result of

continual cycle of technological innovations and social acceptances, competition between forms and uses of media, consumer demands, growing literacy, and changes in society wrought by media

Amazon has become the nation's largest online retailer

continues to increase sales -Kindle (new one for $50)

Wire services

contribute to newspaper content -International and national stories taken directly from the news services or are combined with local reporting to put a unique local angle on international or national news

Plagarism

copying someone elses work and pasting it into a class assignment or research article -should be attributed and cited

Popular topics for print launches

crafts/games/hobbies/models and special interest/lifestyle

New York Associated Press News

created in 1848 by several New York newspapers to share the cost of covering stories -AP member newspapers sold their reporters' stories to all the papers so each newspaper could provide more news to its readers -The service expanded with the ability to send stories over the telegraph (first wire service)

Combination of diverse audiences and the penny press

created the modern daily newspaper

There can be a contradictory tug-of-war between

cultural proximity and imported production values or, the cosmopolitan appela of sophisticated imported programs

Broadcasters loist their compaign to limite extremely local low-power radio stations

currently about 800 on the air in the US

Recent trend is for private owners to buy newspaper companies when prices have lowered

decide that newspapers were a good investment and wanted to improve journalism in their communities

With the advent of faster rotary presses in the early 19th century,

decreased costs even further

Book

defined traditionally and narrowly as a set of papers bound together between covers

In the late 1990's the barriers to entry into the magazine business were lowered by

desktop publishing, inexpensive photo copying, high-speed printing, and the publication of magazines in virtual form -anyone with a computer can produce books, magazines, flyers, and posters

Music revenues have dropped almost half from 1999-2014

despite new sources, such as concerts, live performances, internet and mobile phone services, global markets, and publishing -The music industry is separate to find new or increased revenues from services like YouTube

The first half of the 20th century was a boom era for

detective stories, science fiction, and westerns

Thomas Edison

developed the first acoustic recording and playback technology in 1877 -"Phono-graph"

E-readers

devices that are used to display digital content found in books, magazines, and newspapers

Genres

distinctive styles of creative works -Term also used to represent different types of formats of media content

Members of low-income households may have limited access to the interest

diverse viewpoints are available, but not everyone can easily access them -libraries are important to our democracy

International films, even when produced at national expense

do not break through the largely Hollywood-based control of international distribution -Most national markets, with the exception of larger nations are not big enough to make money with films that have little chance of international distribution

Benjamin Franklin, 1754

drew the first American editorial cartoon, showing a snake chopped into 8 pieces and the caption "join or die" -Represents the colonies as a united stand, protesting France's power in America. Used again to urge colonies to unite against the Britisj

As magazine websites decrease

e-readers, tablets, and smartphones are increasing the popularity of magazines and many publications are creating mobile apps for readers on the go

Books tended to build on

earlier oral traditions

E-Readers and large mobile device screens are

easier to read than computer monitors -people find they are enjoying the act of reading and read more

Newspaper was the first mass medium to carry news

encounters competition from every new mass medium that has come along -has survived each one as they have squared off, stretched, and grew into its niche -Its content has changed with other media

As the US postal system improved methods of transportation became reliable and as more people appreciated literature as an important form of knowledge

entertainment, magazines grew into a major mass medium in the 1800's

Guglielmo Marconi

established the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company -Setting up a series of shore-based radio stations to receive and retransmit telegraph signals to oceangoing ships, where telegraphs could not reach -His company manufactured and operated the radio equipment and dominated radio in Europe and the US in an early example of global vertical integration

News organizations have a social responsibility to the public to present accurate news

ethical lapses are bad business -Numerous retractions are bad for business because readers will go elsewhere for news and then there are fewer audience member to sell to advertisers

Production technology costs are going down, groups od experinced tehcnicians and artists have been trained in most countries, new stars/producers emerge on Youtube, and a number of low-cost program forms or genres have been devloped

even more expensive shows, like soap operas, are increasingly produced nationally

As news organizations moved towards online news

executives realized the importance of providing news and information content for the developing media technologies and audiences use (computers, tablets, and apps)

Harriet Beecher Stowe, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852)

exposed the evils of slavery -Published in serial form in the "National Era" (most popular abolitionist paper of the time) -Story was published in book form and sold more than a million copies in 2 years

Economics of radio programming changed since 1990s

favors centralized, syndicated or networked programming

Latino artists have created a strong rap and hip-hop tradition of their own

fed into new musical genres and radio formats -Reggaeton (hip-hop and reggae mix)

The Telecommunications Act of 1996

federal legislation that deregulated radio ownership rules and the communications media -Opened in the US telecommunication industry to competition -Lifted national caps on how many stations a group could own but limited ownership within local radio markets (depending on size) --> thousands of stations changed hands in few short years and ownership consolidated

Trade books

fiction, non-fiction, and religion for all ages

Reporters use campaign finance databases to find

financial connections between the way politicans vote and business that support them

After the 1840's, newswire services, based on the then-now technology of the telegraph, the US Associated Press (AP), British Reuters, and Agence France Presse (AFP) were the:

first electronic news services, anticipating the increase in speed and volume of information of the internet

Radio Act of 1912

first licensed radio transmitters

"Cherokee Phoenix"

first native american newspaper, established by the Cherokee Nation in 1828

American producers used the cartel monopoly power to

fix prices, allocate and dominate markets, undercut and destroy other nation's film industries, and control global distributions in favor of Hollywood films over all others

9/10 US residents

follow news closely

Format sales give countries a sort of "program in a box" to produce locally

foreign format shows are invading TV in the US and else where in big ways

Journalism helps us to

form opinions about the world around us and gives us the kind of information that helps us lead better lives

Newspapers were one of the forces that drew people into thinking about themselves

forming a community of people who had access to the same information and identified with each other -However, real differences existed among Americans and not everyone was welcomed into the larger community -In addition to the "mainstream" press, other newspapers were published to address the needs of diverse audiences

Objectivity

fosters news stories free of biases and opinions

Shoppers

free to readers and are supported by advertisers -Content sometimes include news stories, but advertising is the main objective

Today, journalists gather their news

from the newsrooms -monitor other news organizations, police communication frequencies, and use social medias to get tips, track down rumors, and confirm stories

Passage of the Copyright Act of 1790

gave significant economic boost to the fledgling American publishing industry -The legislation gave authors and their publishers exclusive rights to their publications for a period of 14 years -Anyone who wished to reproduce the work would have to pay a royalty fee to the copyright holder

Patent

gives an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for 20 years

Nielsen yearly ratings overview

goes beyond the conventional demographics of age and gender -Still dominate programming decisions to focus on age groups and minority audiences

Privatizing

government assets refers to selling them to private owners -done to take broadcasting out of the public budget and make it privately supported through advertising -Many public broadcasters are feeling budget pressures, so many public and state channels now carry advertising

Publishers and editors would hard to battle

government censorship and commercialism

Korea has a much higher proportion of broadband users than the US does

government programs push this infrastructure and make it affordable -The US is barely in the top 20 globally in terms of speed, quality, and access to broadband internet

Regulation

government restrictions or supervision of privately owned activity

Licenses

grant legal permission to operate a radio transmitter

Mobile devices

handheld computers or cellphones with display screens. They access and send information using cell phone or WiFi connections to the internet

The blues followed African-American migrants from the South to Chicago and New York

harder, electric blues developed there in the 1940s/50's

Libel

harmful and untruthful written criticism from the media that intends to damage someone

Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI)

has more creative artists and publishers -With over 700,000 affiliates

Elements of news have been observed in a study of Norwegian papers in the 1960's

have been confirmed in many studies and in several countries

Newspapers have been far more protected in freedom of speech than have electronic media (radio/TV)

have been few attempts in the US to limit freedom of speech or of the press

Low power stations

have more limited transmission power and cover smaller areas than regular FM stations

Labels also often have to pay an independent promoter to get a song on the radio

have to pay producers, directors, and crews to do a music video that will make it onto cable music channels or be a hit on YouTube

Benjamin Franklin was successful because

he was a clever writer and designer of advertising copy

Online music streaming and storage services are

helping tablets and smartphones make personal digital stereo players obsolete

Broadcasters are banking on innovative new digital offering of their own HD radio

here are over 2,200 HD radio stations already in operation -15% of all radio

Much of the audience was also interested in improved sound quality because

high-fidelity stereo systems were becoming much more popular -Had a decisive appeal for discerning listeners

A controversial and expensive part of music promotion to radio stations is independent promoters

hired by recorded companies to convince radio stations to play new records -Several scandals involving payola (bribes) from promoters to station managers or program directors to play songs, which led to calls for reform of the business of promoting music to radio stations

The music industry seems large and diverse with dozens of recording labesl

however, how large and diverse is the group of people making content decision -How is that changing with technology, industry, and other changes?

Most news stories originate from traditional news organizations employing professional journlaists

however, technology has also brought about news aggregates -People reading news but not from original source

Most of the major film studios were once involved in the music recording and distribution business

however, the music business is now seen as less profitable than some other media businesses -A number of sales and mergers have taken place, resulting in three giant companies

Magazine content can be characterized as

humor, fiction; essays about politics, literature, music, theater and famous people

Digitals players were first introduced in 1998, but soon Apple's iPod product line dominated

iPods store "near" CD quality music downloaded from the Internet, bought from stores like Amazon or copied from CDs using the digital recording and storage formats (MP3 and AAC)

2003, Apple created a pay download service

iTunes Music Store -Followed with iPod players

A soft or metered pay model allows some free articles

if readers want more then they must become a subscriber

William Randolph Hearst

imitated "The New York World" -inherited his family's fortune and came to NYC to buy the ailing "New York Morning Journal" -Drama between Hearst and Pulitzer -Best instance of "Yellow journalism": when he sent his best reported and best artist to cover the Cuban unrest- after a week, they told Hearst that there was no revolt and that they were coming home

Hard news

immediate coverage of recent events, such as accidents and crime

1947, magnetic tape

improved sound fidelity, reduced costs, and made editing easier -Enabled the recorded music industry to produce the music of more artists less expensively and with better quality

in 1829, the Georgia legislature took away all the legal rights of Native Americans, including freedom of speech

in 1832, the editor of Cherokee Phoenix resigned in protest -its publication became sporadic and eventually ended

The Associated Press

in 1892, regional wires services joined together -Wire services helped newspapers lower their costs, add more general-interest material, and appeal to a wider audience -Side effect: news becoming more objective and less partisan coverage

One threat to global and local music is piracy

in many countries, local and national musicians cannot make any money selling records since nearly all copies sold are pirated illegally -Artists support themselves by touring and giving concerts --> deterring people from becoming professional musicians

Regionalization of media is growing, as well

in several regions of the world, magazines, newspapers, and books have been transported easily across borders for centuries, serving regions of common language or culture

Nielsen Audio

in the 50 of the largest radios, it uses electronic meters that radio listeners carry with them (portable people meters) -Automatically record stations they come in contact with during the day while working, playing, or driving

Penny Press

included daily newspapers that sold for 1 cent and had content that interested in the average person

Diversity

includes all points of view from people of different races, cultures, political leanings, gender, age, and life experiences

High-speed wireless networks offer the capacity for speedy downloaded and smooth streaming

including music stored on the new cloud services, as well as streaming services such as Spotify

The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998

increased the 50 year limit established by the 1976 Copyright Act -Set the life-plus 70 years standard

there is an increasing synergy between

indie labels and music producers

Dime novels

inexpensive paperback novels of the 19th century -popularized reading even more in the 19th century -colorful humor that involved a broader audience, including working class people

Digital signals includes

information about the music so that listeners may set their radios to the stations they desire and see the name of the station and the tune they are listening to on their displays -Can also pack additional channels of information (news updates and alerts)

Fabrication

information that is amde up instead of emerging from facts

News is

information we did not know before (It is "new" to us)

As studios acquire TV networks, they also get involved in the radio buisness

integrating broadcast distributions with their existing music production (vertical integration) -Some ownership groups are based primarily in radio (reflects horizontal integration)

Current digital trend

internet radio apps for smarthones and table computers -Offered by Clear Channel, Pandora, Sptofy, Apple, and others

Todd Storz

invented Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR), or Top 40, in 1949 -Wondered why radio would not be more like a jukebox (playing songs you wanted to hear over and over again)

During the late 1800's and 1900's in an attempt to reproduce music for the public

inventors created mechanical devices (music boxes and nickelodeons)

Muckraking

investigative journalism that "rakes off the muck" - dirt and filth- to expose corruption and scandal -Magazine journalism looked for crusading reporters who could report and write controversial, striking stories that could draw in a mass audience

Muckracking

investigative journalism that "rakes off the muck" to expose corruption and scandal -most exposes were published int he national magazines, but many of the journalists who exposed corruption and helped achieve reform also wrote for newspapers

New genres that appeared in the 20th century

investigative magazines, digests, news magazines, and pictorial magazines

New Journalism

investigative reporting of the 19th century -lively, brash, self-conscious, impetuous, and sensational -Concentrated more on news, defined as latest events of the day (less on editorials and essay columns)

Stereo

is splitting recorded sound into two separate channels

Radio was crucial to saving many passengers on the Titanic

it became central to reporting about disaster, riveting people on both sides of the Atlantic -This attracted people to the new technology -Caused the US congress to place radio licensing under supervision of the Department of Commerce in the Radio Act of 1912, beginning regulation of the airwaves

Digital news makes sense for publishers because

it cuts the cost of expensive ink, paper, and delivery methods

Technology influences what formats are possible for media, but

it does not define their content

Rap itself is a hybrid with many roots, particularly from Africa

it fits well with the ongoing diaspora of African musical traditions across the globe, which previously nourished rock and samba, among many others

If a new group on an independent label does well

it may be picked up for distribution by one of the big three -Either striking a deal with the indie label -Or by buying out its contract

The invention of the vacuum tube in 1906 by De Forest came about as a result of Marconi's company

it permitted continuous sound wave transmission and reception, beyond the on/off transmission of the wireless telegraph

The Navy still held temporary control over radio technology and assets

it proposed making radio a government operation

Music is much cheaper to produce than film or TV

it serves a wide variety of subcultures and market niches within and across nations because of this

AT&T became the first broadcast network,

it used phone lines to link several of its stations -the US government and major electronic companies opposed AT&Ts domination of both broadcasting and telephony

By the mid-to-late 1960's many popular groups were recording songs much longer than the 2-3 min cuts of typical top 40 AM radio

it was fine for new formats on FM

Some consider "AARP The Magazine" a mass circulation because

its stories touch on all topics -Money matters -weight loss -affordable cities -celebroty news

Besides language, other aspects of culture are important in defining audiences

jokes, slang, historical references, political references, the familiarity of landscape and city spaces, gossip about stars, and remarks about current people and events are often culture or nation specific

News Judgement

journalists consider news values or elements when deciding to cover a story

The Committee to Protect Journatlists

keeps tally of the number of journalists detained or killed in Iraw and other countries

The Great Recession combined with free information on the interest took a bite out of the magazine industry

lack of advertising, no lack of readers, is generally why magazines close

Although geographical closeness or proximity helps media cross borders

language and culture seem more important than geography

Mass audiences

large, broad audience interested in a variety of general topics

American Idol has

launched several hit singers, such as Carrie Underwood and Kelly Clarkson, and strengthened the careers of others

Broadcasters worried that satellite radio would

lead to a decline in both numbers and variety of local radio stations -However, satellite is just now growing in the number of listeners and in revenue

"The Jungle" Upton Sinclair

lead to the Meat Inspection Act

Meters show that listeners tend to tune out DJ chatter between songs

leading to efforts to cut back on talking between records -Including announcements of the songs that they just played

Media literacy

learning how to create, access, analyze, and evaluate news and infromation from different media -builds an understanding of the role of media in society as well as essential skills of inquiry and self-expression necessary for citizens of a democracy

Subscription library

lent books to the public for a fee

Google Play, Apple's iCloud, and Amazon Cloud Drive

let users store music they purchase online plus music they upload from their own collections into a cloud locker -a music archive on a remote server that lets you play your own music through a variety of devices

Pandora

lets you create your own channels by suggesting music based on what you've already liked -Computer algorithms examine patterns among users to see that people who like things also like similar music to make suggestions for you

Publication of libel, defamation, and the invasion of privacy are not protected by the First Amendment

libel is handled differently for private and public individuals -Ex: tweeting about partner vs the president

Many readers like the look of the traditional newspapers on their iPad/tablet

like the feel of being able to "turn" the page

Paywall model

limits the number of free articles that a reader can access

Networking

linking stations together to share programming costs -made each station cheaper to operate by realizing economies of scale

Regionalization

links nations together based on geographic culture, linguistic, and historical commonalities

Most of Sirius's success comes from

listeners in cars -Threatened by current push of internet connectivity in cars

Magazines contained similar content to newspapers

literary stories, long narratives about news events, woodcut illustrations -but, were expensive and published quarterly or monthly -newspapers were cheaper and got news out quicker

BMI and ASCAP both help artists collect royalties from:

live performances by others, radio plays of recorded music, internet radio, elevator music, use in commercial sound channels for stores, and other ways in which music gets played

As many towns grow in economic importance

local dailies and weeklies have risen in importance and gained in numbers and circulation -Many metropolitan dailies added suburban sections and publish regional editions

Weeklies

local papers -Not as affected as national and metro dailies by the ups and downs of national economy because they serve a local market (less dependent on national advertising)

Glocal

local people borrowing or adapting global ideas -national soap opera reflects local culture, it can still help other countries if sponsored by a company in another country

A number of countries are producing their own rap or hip-hop

local versions tend to do much better on the local charts than the imports

To remain competitive,

magazines must accommodate the needs and wants of audiences and the times

Trade magaiznes

magazines that are targeted towards a particular profession -specialized magazines, often published by professional associations -usually feature highly targeted advertising

Consumer magazines

magazines that contain general interest topics

Miscellanies

magazines with a wide variety of content

Magazines want to report a large audience to advertsiers

magazines with large audiences can charge more for advertising because more people will see it

Companies would refocus the market where they traditionally had influence and knew how to operate

major companies also suffered setbacks speculating in licenses for emerging wireless technology like third generation wireless

Computerized publishing technologies make publication of smaller, more specialized projects possible

major mass-marketed books continue to be expensive to produce due to marketing and other costs have increased -many publishers feel that they have to concentrate on selling more copies of fewer books

Conventional distribution model

making a music video, paying music promoters to push the song to radio stations, and advertising

The "Chicago Tribune"

making headway as a serious newspaper -invested in color technologies that would print art on the front page for public -Published comic strips in color in early 1900's and was the first newspapers that printed 4 color illustrations

Popularization of book content was most important

many american novelists eanred loyal fans by addressing the uniquely American national experiences and interest

Music industry's role as gatekeepers over who gets to recording diminished greatly

many bands make money by touring and selling their own CDs and merchandise at concerts or by over the interst

New has flowed across borders for hundreds of years

many early newspaper and newsletters installed correspondents in other countries so that they could publish foreign news for themselves

Even in the late 1960's FCC rules against obscenity and indecency restrained many radio stations from playing songs with obscentiy

many major rock groups carried by big labels began to use graphic language and explicit themes -Spread from rock to rap and hip-hop so that quite a bit of the most popular music by the 1980s had some explicit lyrics -Many songs over the years have had a word or two changed, blurred, or dropped in versions for radio, airplay, MTV and other music video channels, in TV or film soundtracks

Congressional hearings in 1989 resulted in warning labels on record and CD covers, but their effectiveness has been quesitonable

many music sellers noted that music labeled with warning stickers sells faster and sells at a higher volume, to both children and adults

In the early 1600's, British citizens were leaving the country in droves

many of them coming to America in hopes of freedom to practice their religion and with the freedom to talk and write about their beliefs

Challenge to providing digital information

many people do not like reading a lot of text from a computer monitor -Computer text is harder (about 60% slower) -Read more thoroughly in print than on computer

Metropolitan newspapers have experienced some difficulties because

many readers have moved to the subscribers and shifted to national or local dailies or weeklies -suburban areas have an increase with industry, business, and entertainment

American TV exports represent a steadily increasing share of TV producers' profits

many shows made more money overseas than in the US, a number of American producers began to shape their programs to anticipate and maximize overseas sales in the 1980's and 1990's

A number of national telecommunication companies are going international or regional

many telephone companies brought telephone, cellular telephone, and data communications companies to Latin America, Africa, and Asia in the 1990's -As global telecommunications capacity busted in early 2000's, many firms sold off their international interests as profitability declined

Truly globalized markets are emerging as

many youths are exposed to the internet and shop online

Ratings study

measure the proportion of television households that watch a specific show or how many people are listening to a radio station -Break down the audience by key demographics that are important to advertisers to identify who is listening

American media still play a prominent role in the global scene, but

media industries from a number of other countries are also heavily involved across the world -There are also media whose goal is to cover a region -Some media, like FB, now explicitly target the world even if they started in a very specific place

Most national dailies are

metropolitian newspapers -dsitributed by satellite to multiple locations

Many magazines were political in the 1700s but most were

miscellanies and appealed to a small, far-flung and diverse audience

Lyrics that might be considered problematic were very pervasice

more challenging artists, like Rick Ross, who sing about using molly as a date rape drug, are now widely distributed and played on the radio -Lyrics received widespread criticism on social media and by the National Organization of Women, leading Rocko to drop the lyric and Reebok to drop Rick Ross from an endorsement deal

The Beatles, Bob Dylan, and others steadily pushed towards longer songs that allowed

more complex ideas and arrangements

As music production becomes cheaper all over the world

more groups are recording at all levels: local, national, and regional

Almost all of the top 10 digital only news websites experience

more visitors using mobile devices than desktops

Gospel

music derived from white and black southern churches

Pandora and last.fm

music discovery services that suggest new music to you based on what you want -Offers suggestions -includes friends' playlists

Because early recording technoligy had not achieved very high fiedelity (because radio fees for recording artists had not yet been worked out)

music was primarily boradcast live

Early network radio programming in the 1920's and 30's was focused on

music, but also incorporated news, comedy, variety shows, soap operas, detective dramas, sports, suspense, and action adventures

Advertising revenue is NOT

needed to support the newspaper industry -Moving away from a business-to-business model to a business-to-consumer model

As TV popularity increase and became the main source of mass entertainment nationwide

network radio began to slip -Audience attnetion, espeically during prime evening hours moved to TV -Ads followed programs and audiences to TV -Stations began to leave the networks and network revenue dropped

Radio was characterized by local operations in the 1970's and 80's

new forms of network radio began to emerge in the 1990's -Some stations bought into centrally produced program formats distributed via satellite -Large radio ownership groups began to act like the radio network of old, looking for economies of scale from centralized program productions

Because publishers and authors are determined to collect royalties from such reproduction and use,

new intellectual property rules have changed as electronic distribution increases

Internet radio

new means to promote music to very specialized interests

As radio and TV became the dominant news media in many countries, the wire services developed material for them and later so did satellite channels (CNN)

news agencies now have to compete with the many news sources now available to everyone online

What stories cover is often a

news judgement call -so many issues and events happen in a community, state, and the world

Corantos

news sheets that appeared around 1600

Hyperlocal news

news unique to their community

As a number of consumers who get their news from a mobile device increases

newspaper redesign their news for diverse platforms (tablets, e-readers, phones) -Newspaper encourage readers to return to a news story to read others' responses to their comment or to add information -Encourage readers to share news stories with their friends on social media

During the first half of the 1900

newspapers crusaded both for and against government politics, such as entering WW1

Tabloids

newspapers focused on popular, sensational events -Questionable methods and stories -Known to pay their sources for information -Sources will often falsify information or exaggerate in order to be useful

Television ate into the national advertising base in the 1950's

newspapers no longer dominated this field

Dailies

newspapers published at least 5 days a week -can be national, metropolitan, or suburban -Top-tier daily newspapers expereinced a 22% increase in weekday and Sunday circulation from 2012-2013 but then it fell overall about 3% in 2014

Partisan press

newspapers sponsored by a person or groups that support particular ideas, causes, politics, or individuals

Gatekeepers must make choices about the issues and events covered

not all the infinite number of things happening can be reported -Some social media provide a check on the gatekeepers (Trayvon Martin case outcry on Facebook caused news organizations to be itnerested)

USA today began with the intent of covering the country

now has a global combined print and digital readership of 7 million and combined circulation of 4 million

Radio has become less central to music promotion

now that YouTube, the playlists on our mobile phones, or recommended playlists on Spotify are more important than those on local radio stations

Reporters used to rarely hear from their readers

now, they enjoy readers immediate feedback on their stories and comments that add to the story, offer a follow up story idea, or correct inaccuracies immediately

Audience

number of readers of a magazine -made up of the circulation number multiplied by the number of people who have seen a copy of the magazine

Local market monopoly

occurs when one company owns (controls) the media in that community

Payola

occurs when record companies give bribes to DJs to get their records played

Concentration of ownership

occurs when several kinds of media or many outlets of the same kind of media are owned by a single owner -FCC created this rule along with others about ownership, cross-ownership and indecency in radio content and the role of networks and affiliates

Cultural imperialism

occurs when some countries dominate others through the media Media products made in the United States dominate popular culture worldwide -The Simpsons (in over 200 countries in 2015) -Rupert Murdoch's companies reach about 3/4 of the globe with satellite Tv signals and even more countries with movies and Tv programs

Local buisnesses run ads in the local paper because

of the focu on consumer and shoppers who are more liekly to visit their stores and buisnesses in town

270 magazines launched in first four months of 2016

of those, 61 plan to be published regularly and the rest are "Specials" with one issue

Book publishers

off an array of services from editing to promoting to selling a book

Conservative bloggers

often turn up material that then appears on conservative radio talk shows, then cable talk shows, then Fox news, and perhaps national news -Similar patterns for liberal side

The spread of the internet was initially slower, but growing rapidly

often uses cellular infrastructure to make up for the lack of wireless phone of cable TV

Backlisted books

older books that are not actively promoted but are still in print

Orphaned books

older books, perhaps still under copyright, whose authors are unknown

Sun Records

one of the first labels that produced blues, country and rock records -Launched Elvis and Johnny Cash

Benjamin Frankline

one of the more influential publishing figures in the American colonies -innovator in printing, science, politics, and practical inventions -as a printer, would experiment to see what kinds of publications would attract and audience -Published "Poor Richards Almanac" in 1732 containing moral advice, farming times, amusements, and maxims for American Colonists (one of America's first successful nonreligious books) -Published political pamphlets

Rolling Stones

one of the most famous rock groups of the 1960's -only made much money after starting their own label in the 1970s

2015

online streaming dominates music listneing

An increasing number of firms (like Fox and Sony) do actively look for international films to distribute to the US and abroad as well as,

opportunities to coproduce films with foreign companies

Fewer firms are making key decisions, which might raise concerns about monopoly

other companies, based on new technologies, represent new giants in the businesses that challenges the centrality of the main labels

Although American-made films, TV shows, and music remain attractive to world audiences,

other global, regional, national, and local media industries, audiences, and regulatory bodies are emerging, with a wide variety of ideas, genres, and agendas

TV flow from news sources increased dramatically

other satellite-based news operations began to offer entire newscasts and even all-day news coverage across border, primarily to satellite TV receivers and cable TV operations

Many experts fear that relatively limited access to computers will keep businesses and professionals in the poorest developing countries from competing in a globalized market

others now hope that smartphones and tablets may make up some of the gap in receiving and creating information

Watchdogs

outside critics with a primary responsibility to keep an eye on government mistakes and public deception

Independent label

owned by someone outside of the three majors and can vary in size from tiny (3-4 employees) to medium size (50+) -Some work on very low promotion and profit margins so that they and a group can make money after selling as few as 25,000 copies, compared to the millions required for a major label hit -Most tend to see the promotion of a band as a long-term project

Group ownership

owns a number of broadcast stations

Challenged/banned books of the 21st century

page 72

Many people still could not read or afford newspapers

particularly among the waves of immigrants who arrived in the US from the 1840's and so on

Although cultural proximity is a strong factor, audiences in many countries still respond ver well to some kinds of important programs

particularly those whose emphasis is on action, sex, and violence, where dialogue or cultural nuances are minimized -Many of the most popular US films now focus on action and are explicitly aimed at foreign markets since it brings up to 3x more revenue

Anonymous sourcesd

people who give reporters information but do not allow the publication of their name -When a person speaks to a report anonymously, journalists can use that as a lead to find someone who is willing to be named

Changes in ownership limits establish in the Telecommunications Act of 1996

permitted radio station groups to acquire many more stations and grow much larger

Mathew Brady

photographer during Civil War that popularized photographic images -They could not be reproduced in newspapers or magazines

Paparazzi

photographers who intentionally invade the privacy of celebrities, in effort to snap a photo to sell to a magazine

In an independent station, the manager oversees

planning, audience development, ratings, and sales

A music director

plans the playlists

Many internet only channels cannot be found on the air

playing things too specific or offbeat to get on air

Google recently won a case to digitize and make searchable the collections of several large research libraries

portions of books are available to the public and if the book is out of copyright and in the public domain, then it is viewable or downloadable to the public

Julius Caesar's "Acta Diurna" (59 BCE)

posted daily for 200 years in public places -Announces news concerning the Roman senate, merchant business, weather, disasters, individuals and gossip

Rating and audience research over the years tend to show that, given a choice, people tend to

prefer to see national content in media

Some audiences contested the model of focusing on popular entertainment, music, supported by commercials

preferring a more populist form of radio -The network model won out in gaining station affiliated and listeners -Allowed more people in the US to be aware of how those in other parts of the country lived -Also, increase awareness of national issues --> inspiring a feeling of being more of a nation

During 1950's, the anti-communist campaign of Senator Joseph McCarthy resulted in many authors being blacklisted

prevented them form publishing books or writing for Hollywood films and TV -McCarthy steered away from directly attacking newspapers, including how they covered communism

about 71% of US residents get their news from

printed or digital newspapers -60% from printed -93% of young people online are reading digital newspapers

By 1927, the US radio had attained a distinct shape

privately own stations were linked into networks that determined most of the programs choices, focused on popular entertainment -Heavily tilted towards music -Supported by commercial advertising

Rock and pop's diverse roots fed further into diversification into a number of branches/sub-genres

produced new radio formats -By 1990's, dozens of subgenres descended from 1960's rock, pop, and soul roots

Appeals to local listeners have often been very successful

producing as much as 90% of some affiliates revenue -NPR is more fiscally solvent an independent of national government program support than is PBS TV

The Mann Act

prohibited transportation of women across state lines for immoral purposes, resulted from an article in McClure's "Daughters of the Poor" by Burton J Hendricks

To make the best profit, publishers tend to

promote a handful of potential sellers, rather than a broad catalog of fiction and nonfiction

Laws against libel are supposed to

protect the reputations, welfare, and dignity of private citizens -Public figures (media professionals, celebrities, and public officials) are not generally protected against libel on the theory that they have chosen to act in the public sphere and not remain private citizens

Magazines started out as

publications for the elite -those who had money to buy it, education to understand it, and time to read it

John Campbell, the "Boston News-Letter" (1704)

published "by authority" of the royal governor -Known for being boring -Lasted 72 years

Global Voices

published news stories that happen in 167 countries and translates them into 30 language -Nonprofit organization with more than 800 writers, analysts, media experts, and translators

As educational institutions and the public demanded more text books

publishers of serious literature and nonfiction introduced larger-format trade paperbacks to complement "pocket sized" paperbacks

As magazine publsihers compete with an ever-explanding array of media that may provide many options for readers,

publishign executives must reflect on what they do best in comparisont o other media

After rebounding from the Great Recession in 2010

radio advertising sales have stabilized at about $17 billion per year

Formats

radio label content aimed at a specific audience

National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC)

radio network set up by RCA in 1926 -Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) put together a network to rival NBC causing competition -Both had own stations that were owned-and-operated and began to attract a number of affiliated stations (do not own them, but carried their network programs)

After 1948, TV exploded across the US

radio was quickly and adversely affected -many non musical broadcast programming genres moved to TV

Networks introduced the most popular demand for a variety of musical genres

ranging from classical to country and western -made big stars out of singers (Bing Crosby and Hank Williams)

Telecommunication networks and the Internet permit outsourcing

ranging from computer programming to telephone call centers -Standardizes technologies into a single network that was much cheaper to use (small businesses could upgrade to faster technology) -Lack of information communication technology still hampers poorer countries

Rap and hip-hop have also spread internationally

raperos and reggaeton singers in Mexico now create music that flows back into the US -"Spanish Contemporary" includes salsa and other Caribbean music, Mexican nortenos, and Latino alternative

Facebook could be a dominant force in global media if it achieves its plan to

reach most of the world's mobile phones

About 90% of college students

read a magazine in the past month

About 2.5 billion people worldwide

read a print newspaper -In the US, print news is still most common way to read newspaper -Newspaper digital audiences reached a new high of almost 180 million

As the more sophisticated cultures were destroyed by barbarians

reading and writing were carried on by monks, who passed along all sorts of information about farming and irrigation to peasants

Podcasting

recorded messages or audio programs distributed through download to computers, iPods, or other portable digital music players -Threat because it lets any individual create audio programs that can be downloaded onto digital devices -First breakout hit with "Serial" in 2014

Globalization

reducing differences that existed between nations in time, space, and culture

Localized

refers to a global company adapting its programs to local markets to make them more attractive

Netowkrs introduced the most popular groups and orchestras to the entire country

reinforced their appeal and power

Social media are helping musicians and audiences find each other through or around labels

related new forms of distribution are growing -Like net or digital labels -Help musicians sell music by download or CDs, accepting payment via PayPal or credit card

Radio advertising shifted from a national to local focus

relied on cheaper, more localized formats -Recorded music, news, and talk

Magazines offer high-quality imagery for artwork, photos, and ads

remains key for many industries and readers -can offer greater depth than radio, TV or newspapers -Many people rely on magazines for this reason

Backpack journlaism

reporters who carry a digital video camera, tape recorder, notebook, telephone, and computer, often in a backpack -combine different forms of the story into multiple versions for different media

Metered pay models

require readers to pay a price to read more than a few articles

Producers

required for talk shows and drive-time shows

Most AM licenses were granted before the FCC started

reserving a few licenses in each market for educational and noncommercial groups

A popular movie can

resurge book sales and put new and old books on the best-seller list

The number of books continues to

rise, no matter the form or platform

As innovations in printing presses continued to evolve, developments such as

rotary press, Linotype, and phototypesetting greatly increased the number of pages printed in an hour's time -Changed the industry by: increasing newspaper pages, dropping prices, and increasing ciruclation

Key programmer in hourly schedule is the music director

selects the music that fits into the various parts of the hourly schedule to capture and hold audiences attention -Creates a playlist of songs, organized by categories (usually contemporary hit radio, CHR, with a few top hits that may be repeatedly hourly at vairous points on clock and rising pop songs, and fading pop songs)

The journalistic style used to increase audiences emphasized

sensational photos and story selections, large headlines, an abundance of personality and human-interest stories, and sometimes even hoaxes and fake interviews

Top reasons for objections are:

sexually explicit material, offensive language, material unsiutable for an age group, violence, homosexuality, religiou viewpoints, being antifamily

Turkey, Egypt, and Lebanon dominate a regional market in the Middle East characterized by

shared geography, language, and/or culture -Similar to the regional market for Mexican TV that includes US Hispanics

Clear channel fired dozens of local DJs

sharing popular shows across radio stations instead -even "local" weather is often remotely announced by someone hundreds of miles away

The popularity of magazine apps might be

shifting the economic landscape for the print version of magazines

Blogs

short for Web log, a commentary addressed to the Web audience -Similar to an online opinion journal -Morphed from electronic bulletin board systems to newsgroups to weblogs -About 160 million blogs on the Web -Written by anyone about anything -Some are predominately text, but others incorporate digital photos, links to other sites, audio download links, or podcasts

Radios preferred

shorter songs

"Spotlight" (movie_

showed the power of the press to expose and right a wrong who the food of individuals and society -Portrays Boston Globe reporters in 2002 who investigated the allegations of the sexual abuse of 80 boys by a former priest and cover up of sexual abuse within Roman Catholic Church

A significant exception to the localization of TV in many places is TV news

since the 1970's, TV news flow began to increase steadily from wire services, such as the Associated Press and news film sources from UK -They offered filmed footage for various national TV operations to use in their newscasts

Imported Tv formats are often replacing imported TV programs

since they have some advantaged of cultural proximity while retaining the value of using formulas that are proven rating successes elsewhere

Recording industry used the word "stolen" instead of "shared"

since they saw music sales decling

The term social media was not widely used in 1999, but Napster and other file-sharing sites to follow were

since they shared content uploaded by users -Problem: they were nearly all illegally "shared" that were not the users own making

Some critics insist that hip-hop and rap reflect a specific urban African-American culture and history

so other cultures' appropriations of them would be a new form of cultural imperialism, homogenization, or Americanization

With so many rushing into radio, the Commerce Department was asked to combat frequency interference

so, it issued hundreds of licenses in 1923

Recording technology had not achieved very high fidelity

so, music was primarily broadcast live

Reader group that holds the most potential for buying more books

social omnivores -could respond to the right type of marketing by purchasing more than they usually do

There is an evolution of _______ in the history of newspapers

social responsibility (development of better journalism practices and ethics)

As more power and speed were packed into desktop computers

software enabled users to lay out pages on a personal computer and scanning became cheaper

Clear Channel never became as profitable as anticipated

sold off over 400 stations from a peak of 1,100

To keep its telephone monopoly, AT&T

sold out to RCA in 1926 and agreed to act as a transmission medium for all radio networks on an equal basis

More than 90% of adults read a print of digital print

some are shedding the print for digital only -This group grew almost 85% from 2012-2013

To keep sales high

some artists refuse to put their new music on services like Spotify (Taylor Swift and Adele)

Radio businesses see their advertisers as real customers

some state that their role is to sell audiences to advertisers -Persuade advertisers by utilizing audience research to show how large it is and who it is

Elvis's cover of "That's All Right, Mama" by Arthyr Crudup

some think it was the most important song in getting widespread acceptance of rock

Although most newspapers have a print and digital version

some very successful national dailies are digital only -Not connected to a legacy news organization

1982, a new round in the recording format wars began with the introduction of compact disc recording

some were not very impressed with the shiny new discs at first (thought they sounded rather harsh and brittle) -But the recordings were more compact and relatively immune to dust and scratches compared to LP phonograph records

Books are very important in national intellectual and political life

some writers and publishers fear that it will be hard for manuscripts other than probable blockbuster best sellers to find a publisher if the number of publishing houses were to decline

There is a truly global music industry based primarily in the Us and Europe

speaking to a globalized youth culture

Special miscellanies focused on

specific topics and audiences -Sarah Josepha Hale's "Ladies Magazine" of Boston (first successful American magazine targeted toward women and was soon followed by "Godey's Lady's Book")

Lithography

speeded the printing of illustrated pafes by replacng engraving with a type of chemical etching

Gannett Company

split into 2 companies in 2014 -Gannett: published and related digital assets -Tegna: broadcasting products Recently bought the Journal Media Group -will add about 15 daily newspapers, 18 weeklies, and several other types of publications

In an age of fewer blockbuster hits,

stars who can still sell lots of CDs or downloads have more power than stars used to

UNESCO

started in 1946, not with a regulatory focus, but with a mandate to increase exchanges of knowledge, education, and media between countries, hoping to reduce war and conflict in the long run

Sir Thomas Bodley

started the first modern lending library of printed books in 1602 in Oxford, England -Years later, as printing and binding costs declined, publishers began to distribute books directly to the public by selling them through bookstalls in railway stations (book publishing accelerated to 2 million titles in 1700 and 8 million in 1800)

The labels' first copy costs for new CDs or digital tracks are often high

starting with recording, mixing, and producers' costs -As well as the huge salaries they pay "the suits"

After the Zenger case and other events following, the British colonial authorities

still tried to control the inexperienced American press, particularly as calls for revolution increased -British domination convinced colonists that freedom of speech and press was essential (even allowed announcing overthrowing an unjust government as permitted)

Soft news

stories can be covered or published at almost anytime

Storing music on a "cloud"

storing legally purchased music on the internet so that it can be downloaded or streamed to any device you wish, whenever you want

Investigative reporting became a hallmark of the newspaper profession in the 1960's and 1970's with Vietnam and Watergate

students flooded into journalism schools

New music genres built on the main regional music traditions of American music

such as gospel, blues, and bluegrass

Many locals move to larger, more competitive locales more frequented by record company scouts

such as: LA, Nashville, and New York

The program director

supervises air sound, playlists, DJs and annoucers

YouTube has

supplanted MTV as the main place people see music videos

Wire Services

supply news to multiple news organizations; originally named for their use of telegraph wires -Modern wire services are digital and are called "news services"

Chain broadcasting

synonymous with a broadcasting network

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

system highly regarded for news, cultural, and education broadcasting -Some find it to be elitist, dry, and stuffy -Globally, represented one major alternative to the model chosen by the US in the 1920s (in Europe and Japan) -Within the US, it created an alternative idea of radio that eventually turned into NPR

News aggregates

take stories from the original news sources for display on their own sites, hoping to attract audiences -Most do not pay the originators, who should be paid and referenced

Success depended on:

talent of each stations own announcers ability to find the right music mix or their local markets -Programming strategies organized around a playlist of music and focused on a particular genre or audience

The key elements of the recording industry are the

talent, producers, recording studios, the recording companies, and their various labels, distributors, independent retailers, and promoters

Lower cost papers aimed at broader audiences was a result of

technical innovations in the field of printing in the 1800's -Social conditions were also favorable for the creation of mass audiences and mass newspapers

Technology changes, like global flow of music files over the internet can increase access to US music, but

technologies, like internet radio, digital downloads or streaming, and videos on YouTube are all increasingly used for regional and national music

Print-on-demand

technology prints books only when they are ordered by customers

Computer-to-plate

technology transfers page images composed inside a computer directly to printing plates

Each market could have 15 FM stations

tendency to focus on segmented audiences with more specific formulas and formats

News content appears as

text, audio, or visuals (photos, videos, design, information graphics, animation, and virtual reality)

News organizations now demand and receive payment for their articles

that are found elsewhere online

As radio took off in the late 1920s, record and phonogrpah sales dropped by almost half

that produced panci in the record industry -similar to its reaction to internet downloadds

Blogs are part of a partisan media system

that serves as both watchdog and agenda setter for the less partisan press

The combined effect of the competing forms of distribution and continued growth of illegal file sharing has been a decrease in CD sales

the 10-12 track albums as the dominant mode of music sales is declining -the digital album sale is increase -small uptick in vinyl record sales -the 45rpm records are now selling in digital form from the 1950/60's

First magazine

the British Gentleman's Magazine of 1731 -Focused on elegant and amusing writing about literature, politics, history, biography, and criticism

Technology aids the music industry in trade association RIAA as it tracks music piracy online

the RIAA uses a library of digital fingerprints that it says can uniquely identify music files thta have been traded online as far back as 2000

Freedom of the press was formally established in

the US at the Constitutional Convention -Resulted in the First Amendment to the Constitution

e-commerce

the ability to buy and sell online

Literacy

the ability to read and understand a variety of information

Attempts to market CDs with superior sound quality (Super Audio and DVD Audio) were failures

the average listener couldn't detect an improvement over conventional CDs

Recording studios now emphasize volume over fidelity

the better blast the ears of iPod, iPhone, and iPad users and drown out background noise -Beats headphones with strong bass now have prestige that very good stereo speakers once hand

As 1700s drew to a close, American magazines were aimed at

the better-educated and wealthy elite and a small but growing middle class

The growth of literacy in Europe and writing of books in the everyday language spoken by most people in a particular region were key for

the development of print media -Before 1100, written communication was nearly always in latin so people had to learn a different language -by 1200s, written versions of daily languages were more frequent -1300s, literacy became more commonplace -1400s, among the political elite, the commercial and trading class and such professionals as the sea captain Christopher Columbus (outside this group, people remained illiterate)

Evolution of journalistic profession from a free press to social responsibility model was sparked by

the excesses of yellow journalism and rising tide of commercialism in newspaper operations

Mass production had kept record prices down around a dollar, making them fairly affordable

the fans began asking stores fro the latest Sinatra record -The idea of music stars and fans echoes the movies and built a powerful industry force that still exists today

Benjamin Day "The Sun" (1833)

the first low-cost daily newspaper in New York -Sold for a penny because Day relied on advertising and sales and reached out farther to the urban audience, using newsboys to sell papers in greater volume

Scoop

the first one to get the story and publish is -Ones that beat rival newspapers to press become more important

In 1880, a process for integrating photos and text on the same page was developed

the first real newspaper photo appeared

Steve Jobs

the first to present a convincing package of technology and price and persuaded the music industry majors to go along

Quick shaping of radio by commercial interests laid down a pattern that other media followed, both in the US and aborad

the global shape of broadcasting today reflects the then-unique arrangement of the radio in the US

After WW2, offset printing was introduced so and entire page of print, complete with illustrations could be photographed

the image could then be transferred to a smooth metal plate with chemically etched images that could be inked and printed

Fingerprints can separate those who copied their own CD into MP3 on their computer from those who downloaded a fingerprinted version of a file that has been identified as in circulation on file-sharing internet services

the industry hopes to use these fingerprints to promote new laws that will make it possible to automatically block the transmission of pirated recordings over the internet

File sharing is beginning to decline in favor of other forms of free online music

the industry was concerned enought about continueing piracy issue to press in 2011 for new laws, which were opposed by internet industry groups and users -To the point where the proposed laws were withdrawn in Congtess

Convergence

the integration of mass media, computers, and telecommunications -Occurs when news organizations share different formats of information for multimedia news

Copyright

the legal right to control intellectual property -With it comes the legal privilege to use, sell, or license creative works

Even as global and cultural linguistic markets for media are all increasingly important

the main point at which media are paid for through advertising fees, created, regulated, and consumed remains the nation

Unique visitors per month

the measure of how many different people visit the site within a month -A visitor can make many visits to the site, but is counted once (the computer origination that is counted and not the person)

Music that is part of our culture has been largely controlled by "the suits"

the men and women in business suits who runt he record industry -Some former outsiders have forced their way into the inside becoming successful producers and managers (Dr. Dre and Timbaland)

As digital sales of both tracks and albums level off and decline

the music industry is pinning more of its hopes for revenue on streaming services

Some targeted FM radio formats (classical, jazz, or album-oriented rock) took advantage of

the musical quality of FM's higher fidelity and new stereo capability

The home Victrola introduced more people to new kinds of music and more rapidly than ever before

the notion of popular music caught on as writers and composers began to discover what kinds of music appealed to mass audiences

Circulation

the number of copies distributed to the public for a price or free

Frequency

the number of cycles the radio waves complete in a second

In some maagzines, ad pages almost equal

the number of editorial pages

Pass-along rate

the number of people who see a single copy of a magazine

Access to books increased as

the number of public libraries tripled in the first half of the 19th century

Publishing houses

the organizations that acquire manuscripts and supervise overall production of books in print, e-books, and audio versions -Housed in a building or online -acquiring and investing in new ideas, developing, producing, curating, editing, marketing, protecting copyright, and delivering books in every form and platform

Port Folio

the political organ of the Federalist movement- first magazine to achieve substantial national circulation and contained essays such as Hamilton's "Federalist Papers" (promoting passage of the constitution)

Printed books sell more than any other book form

the popularity of e-books continues to increase -especially around Christmas when everyone is trying out their new e-readers and buying e-books with bookstore gift cards -during this time, more e-books than printed books sell the 10 most popular book titles -Amazon's annual sales for e-books now surpass printed books

Visibility on the news stand rack confirms

the popularity of the magazine and may entice new subscribers who bought a single copy on impulse

Cultural proximity

the preference of audiences for media in their own language and culture

Books had survived only in hand-copied form for centuries

the printing of these classic works gave a greater number of people access to ideas about life and work -Columbus learned geography from Arab book and was able to get to India and Southeast Asia from it

Desktop publishign

the process of editing, laying out, and inserting photos to design and display a page using a desktop computer

Reporters argue that watchdog journalism is in fact what sells news

the public wants to know what their local government is doing and how any wrongdoing affects them and how the situation can be improved

Listeners gradually bought their own recording music they had heard

the recording industry began to rely on radio to promote recording artists -The performers they heard on the radio began to be more important than the composers of music

Syndication

the rental or licensing of media products

The Gutenberg Bible was published in 1455

the result of Johannes Gutenberg's development of movable type and mechanical printing 5 years earlier -This German press was a technology breakthrough that made new forms of mass production possible (many prints at low costs)

Most musicians still hope to get a contract from a record company to make money

the road to riches, however, is lined with traps set by the suits who charge the bands for marketing and concert promotion and retain the rights to music -More and more singers and groups try to make it on their own

Yellow journalism

the sensationalistic reporting of the nineteenth century -product of new journalism -grew from the rivalry of two late 19th century media moguls (Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst) and changing newspaper economics -Term was an outgrowth of the first newspaper cartoon strip called the "Yellow Kid" (about clueless NY kid wearing yellow nightshirt

1912, the wireless telegraph played a pivotal role in the Titanic disaster

the ship struck an iceberg and sank suddenly in North Atlantic -it sent radio distress calls, tapped out in Morse Code over the Marconi wireless system, relayed to radio operators in New York

Computer-assisted-reporting (CAR)

the skill of analyzing large amount of information or mine "big data" -due to advances in technology

Playlists

the songs picked for air play

The fight for freedom of the press came about by

the struggle of the early American newspapers with the question of control by colonial authorities

Satellite footprint

the surface area covered by the satellite's signal -Almost automatically cover multiple countries , requiring international agreements on coverage and standards

Victrola

the trade name for an early phonograph

Marketplace of ideas

the truth and the best ideas will win out in competition

The globalization of media is probably the most pervasive at the level of technology and media industry models ways of organizing and creating media

the world is becoming a more integrated market based in capitalist or market place economics -This exerts pressures to make media more commercial, supported by ads aimed at consumers, and to privatize or commercializes telecommunications or other media that were once government owned

Individual authors and photographers have rights to their intellectual property during their life time

their heirs have rights for 70 years after the creator's death -any publication less than 125 years old has to be checked for copyright status

Important to musicians success are

their managers and arrangers

Many producers have discovered that making too many references to current politics, use too much slang, or otherwise focus too narrowly on current local issues

their program are less well received form around the world -Seinfeld is too specific to the US -Sex and the City and The Simpsons does better abroad

In many countries, journalists face outright pressures

their stories are censored, they are fire, or they are threatened or even killed

The recording industry has turned to a system of monitoring BitTorrent and other sites of copyright violation

then issuing warnings through the Center for Copyright Information

Similar small revenue streams come each time someone plays music that they have played on a cloud based music service,s like iCloud, Google music, or Amazon Cloud

there systems are promoted heavily now by the three of the strongest technology firms, their use and importance to musicians and labels is likely to grow a lot -

Despite the strong stand for freedom of the press,

there was soon an attempt to limit seditious speech

Newspapers sold their ads and subscriptions at the greatest profit

these sales depended on the size of the paper's audience

Women read more books

they average 14 books a year, while men average 9

Single copy sales are important because

they bring more revenue per magazine because subscription prices are typically at least 50% less

Readers like news on the internet or their phone because

they can check the news quickly

Frequency and orbit allocations are routinely recorded by the ITU's B (boradcastig) division and overseen by periodic World Administrative Radio Conferences

they deice which country gets which orbit and frequencies -Poor countries complained this favors the larger ones

Celebrity blogs (Perez Hilton) and paparazzi are not considered journalists

they do not follow code of ethics

As news organizations compete for audiences and advertisers

they have added online and mobile platforms to readers and advertisers -had an affect on circulation and advertising revenue

Hollywood studios, organized under the MPAA, have worked together to promote exports and control overseas distribution networks

they have done so with cooperation and collusion -Can be considered an anticompetitive violation of antitrust laws if were done domestically (permitted under Webb-Pomerene Act 1918)

With mobile apps, people are spending more time with the news

they have more choices as to how they want to get their news -Some read more bc they prefer to read on tablet -Some are utilizing several mainstream emdia places to get news

Streaming services were fairly marginal part of overall music consumption until 2011

they have now began to be the industry's hopes for substantial new revenue stream

Many publishing houses have been moved around since the early 1800's

they may have changed hands and been renamed -Harper's Publishing: brothers started business in 1817 and two more brothers joined in 1830, changed name to Harper & Brothers --> 130 years later, merged again with name change; current owner acquired it in 1987 and merged with new company and is one of largest publishing companies "HarperCollins

Usually when a daily newspaper dominates a city, it tends to be sustainably profitable

they share content and management costs with other newspapers within their newspaper chain -Profits might go to a fledgling newspaper in another town also owned by the chain, instead of reinvesting into the local newspaper

People find international soap interesting because

they speak deeply to key issues for almost everyone: -the need to get ahead -the need to keep your family together -the ups and downs of romance -complex emotions that family life stirs up

Recording companies are important gatekeepers

they still decide who gets distributed and promoted nationally on the radio, in social media, in concerts, in record stores

Analyzing this musical hybridity, it seems cultures have never been status

they take new forms and ideas

News organizations are hoping if audiences are accustomed to paying for satellite TV and radio

they will be willing to pay for newspaper content

Computers were put to work assisting typesetters at first

they would automatically hyphentate and space the type on each line

In order for American firms to do Internet business in Europe, they have to negotiate an adjustment to those European rules

this is an area in which European standards may well push the United States toward stricter rules on privacy than would otherwise have been the case

Most news organizations have a code ethics

this sets them apart from other news and infromation sources/sites

Rap and hip-hop flowed quickly and widely out into the rest of the world

this type of music is popular in a wide variety of countries -China, Mozambique

Some people are worried about musical homogenization as hip-hop and rap replace earlier imports, like US rock and local music

this wave has sunk in -People sing/hum hip-hop in Brail, Denmark, France, Mexico, and Taiwan -US hip-hop dominates among imported music in many countries

As smartphones become primary means of accessing the internet

those networks are finally being built and becoming profitable -particularly in developing areas where cable never existed -Middle income nations are pushing to complete national 3G coverage -Advanced markets have 4G or LTE

Independent labels

those not owned by the big conglomerates are growing -although many get bought up by major labels -Most are actually distributed by major recording companies, but not all

Global corporations have to meet EU rules to operate in the large part of the global economy

those rules may become their working global standard

Magazines target either segmented or mass audiences

to be profitable, they strive for the largest possible audience they can reach within their potential target and they will follow economic rules such as economies of scale

A favorite tactic of the RIAA in their struggle agaisnt file sharing has been

to call attention to the plight of poor, starving artists whose livelihoods have been ruined by illegal downloading

Another option to grow revenue (no dependent on ads)

to charge subscribers separate or combined fees for print, tablet, smartphone, or online editions

The government created the Office of War Information

to ensure that official government decisions would be covered and publicized

in 2015, Universal decided to release the Beatles catalog on Spotify

to ensure young listeners were still hearing their music

Journalists argue that their "watchdog" role is to be critical

to hold people and instiutions responsible for their actions -Especially while other people (politicans, companies, adn their PR staff) are pushing only "good news" about their politices or institutions

One initiative to improve revenue has been to raise the csot of news content

to increase a single copy sales and circulation rates and no longer offer credits to subscribers on vacation -In the past 5 years, newspapers have increased their home delivery rate of print and digital by almost 60%

All newspaper stories have one of three purposes

to inform, educate, or entertain

Readers use the information from news outlets

to make good decisions that lead to productive lives -Paying taxes, voting, making real estate purchases -Journalists need to get it right

Government closed German-language newspapers and censored news during WW1

to make sure no military secrets leaked out through the newspapers

ITU created a third major dividion, development

to work with developing countries to accelerate their adoption of new telecomminications and broadcast-related technologies -Created WSIS in 2003 to focus on needs to promote greater internet access in developing countries. Also challenged US control voer Internet standards via ICANN

Publishers tried to popularize other short-lived magazines, but were all limited

too few readers with leisure time, high costs of publishing, and expensive distribution by horse-drawn coaches

Both recording artists and record companies are grappling with the internet

toppled established techniques for promoting talent and marketing music sales

News industry business model

totally dependent on advertising revenues -Revenues fluctuate with the advertising whims and budgets of the other businesses

Professional journalists

trained to research information, verfiy source,s and resport stories in ways emanginful and hepful to their audiences

Photoengraving

transformed illustrated publications by chemically etching images onto the surface of metal plates through a photographic process

International law

treaties between countries, multi-country agreements, and rules established by international organizations

Satellite radio

turned a profit with over 24 million subscribers in 2013 -Increased 7% by 2015

Advertisers saw a way to create a mass consumer public

turning people into consumers by promoting their goods on the airwaves -This changed the way Americans thought about money, careers, credit, and even where they wanted to live (country, small town, city)

Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward

two junior investigative reporters during Vietnam Scandal working for Washington Post -broke the story of Watergate scandal by exposing the foul play and cover-up of Nixon

The Association of Magazine Media and Mr. Magazines

two online sources that keep track of the magazine industry's number and type of new magazines audiences

Both FM and 33 1/3 rpm record moved into stereo sounds

two separate, coordinated channels of music

Recording artists and companies were unwilling to let radio play their recorded and copyrighted music

until royalty system was devised to compensate them

For years, news has been defined as

unusual, striking, and sensational

Exporting books abroad

up 7.3% to $833.4 million

Latino rappers

use internet radio to reach people who aren't necessarily concentrated into large, easily identified geographic areas for conventional radio coverage

Successful consumer online services followed suit

used early desktop computer -CompuServe and America Online

The cheapest book is a

used paper book

Woodcuts

used to make illustrations by carving a picture in a block of wood, inking it, and pressing it onto paper

FM

used to revive radio in 1960's -has high fidelity sound but short range -Allowed for more stations in each market by reducing interference with station in nearby markets that use the same frequency

World War 2 helped popularize reading by

ushering in the paperback era

Plagarism

using someone else's ideas and work without citation

International media and telecommunication systems are regulated differently from national media systems

usually no direct enforcement power and regulation requires a consensus among nations that the proposed regulations or changes serve their various interests

Softcover books

usually printed and distributed in a manner similar to that of hardcover books. They are larger, exhibit more intricate artworks on the cover, and are more expensive than mass-market paperbacks

Recording companies decide which songs to promote

via social media, Web promotions, radio, billboards, and print ads

Distribution of music over the internet raises another copyright and intellectual property problem

virtually flawless digital recording can be transmitted over the internet for recording on a cellphone, harddrive, digital tape, disc, or recordable CD

Power patron

visit library about once a week and are an active voter

Adolitionist

want to abolish slavery

Artists are trying to use the "termination right" clause of the DMCA

want to recover ownership rights to their own compositions -Other artists are unwilling to risk that and have lined up behind RIAA's efforts to restrain file sharing

People use the internet to find information and many have similar questions

webpages can be translated into 40 different languages instead of developing a separate webpage for each country. -Controversy over global campaigns and some firms find it better to go local in marketing strategies

News magazines

weekly periodicals with coverage (text and visual) on current news events

Those who prefer and imported program are also more likely to be

well-off, better-educated, and urban

Technical solutions

were sought to prevent illegal copying and transmission -while permitting the legal sale of music over the internet, but most copy protection was dropped in 2008

An important part of the promotion of the most promising groups with national potential used to be making a music video for MTV

when MTV came out in 1981, it had a great influence on which records became popular and even what gets played on radio stations

Vertical integration

when a company with the same owner handles different aspects of a business, within the same industry, such as film production and distribution

Censorship

when authorities or perhaps others in positions of power suppress types of information or news to audiences

Increased competition for audience segments has also increased the importance of research

when deciding which music format to adopt, stations rely on consultants who try to determine which new format is likely to draw the biggest audience -Large ownership groups are doing this the most to avoid overlap in the audiences that the reach and to ensure that they reach the audience segments that are the most attractive to their advertisers

Untrained citizens repeat what someone has said (gossip) with out verifying tweets or quotes and then call it "news"

when news sites are run by non journalists, there is danger that the credibility of the news will be undermined by these amateur efforts

Concentrated ownership may provide more format diversity

when one group owns 6-8 stations, it will target each on eat a different interest group

New magazine titles appear digitally and in print every year to share the total "pie" of advertising revenues

when the economy turns upward, the size of the total pie usually grows, making room more more publications

Some journalists disregard the adulterous affairs of a public officer

whereas other critics reason that if a marital promise is broken, then it points to personal character and potentially broken promises to constituents

The music industry also claims it is losing a great deal of licensing revenue to video sources, such as Youtube

which offer a great deal of music while using copyright loopholes to pay low royalties

E-book purchases tend to find out about a book

while online -reading an excerpt, seeing an ad, browsing online bookstores

Twenty years ago, both the rich and poor's experiences relied on TV, but this is now changed

while over 90% of South Koreans have broadband internet access, less than 2% of Mozambicans have any kind of internet access

Newspaper circulation increased 20-fold

while the US population tripled between 1850 and 1900

Most important issues to understand in order to media savvy or literate is

who makes the decisions on music -who to record, distribute, and promote

Another new direction that expanded rock's horizons came from singer-songwriters like Bob Dylan

who scandalized folk purists by using an electric guitar and doing rock albums

United states has been generally 30/70 split

with a low cost to the reader and high reliance on advertsing

News-gathering and producing equipment

writing, recording audio, shooting visuals -can be received in the field and sent to an editors to review and place in news lineup

Jame Fenimore Cooper

wrote compelling stoties about the struggles of both white settlers and indigenous people on the frontier -"The Last of Mohicans" (1862), dramatized the attraction of the west --> immigrants sometimes cited his works as to why they migrated west

Without ads,

your magazine might cost more