EXAM 2 CHAPTER 5-8

Todd is prone to negative self-talk, always putting himself down. Which of the following would be the most helpful line he could say to himself to correct this tendency should something not go his way?

"This was your first attempt; you will do better next time with more practice."

Who is the theorist that developed the hierarchy of needs?

Abraham Maslow

What was the main concept behind Freud's theory of developmental stages?

As the child develops, the libido attaches to different parts of the body.

Which of the following statements regarding socialization is true?

Both cultures and individual families have different standards for socialization.

___________ is the mental experience of the smooth passage of time when you are completely immersed in an activity in the present moment.

Flow

In order to help employees stop smoking, what might an employer do to effectively use behavior modification to reward positive behavior with its employees?

Give employees who demonstrate that they have quit smoking incrementally larger gift cards each week ($15 the first week, $20 the second week, and so on)

__________ is most closely associated with a more extraverted, socially bold, self-centered, egotistical, vain personality.

Grandiose narcissism

Lana loves stickers and is given one every time she does her spelling homework, which has caused her performance to increase. After a month, the teacher stops giving her stickers. How is Lana's motivation to do her spelling homework likely to be affected?

Her motivation will decrease.

Which of the following is a person high in self-efficacy most likely to say?

I can give a great performance if I practice a lot.

How do implicit motives differ from explicit motives?

Implicit motives are unconscious whereas people are aware of their explicit motives.

What is the difference between implicit and explicit self-esteem?

Implicit self-esteem you are not necessarily aware of having; explicit self-esteem you are aware of having.

What does it mean to say Freud's work was generative?

It generated a lot of scientific research.

Chapter 5 Which of the following is an example of a self-concept?

Jill views herself as caring and compassionate.

Object relations theory focused on how our relationships with others affected our personality, whereas __________ questioned psychoanalysis and its emphasis on childhood as a source of neurosis.

Karen Horney

__________ is being aware of your thoughts and perceptions without clinging to them or judging whether they are good or bad.

MINDFULNESS

Which of the following statements is correct about many of the ideas described by Freud?

Many of the ideas described by Freud are pervasive in popular culture.

Naomi continued to text with her friends at the dinner table even after being told numerous times not to do so. Her parents then took her phone away for a week. This is an example of __________.

NEGATIVE punishment

Which of the following statements about narcissism is true?

Narcissism is good for starting relationships.

Which of the following most accurately demonstrates how people tend to be motivated?

Needs drive motives, which influence goals.

What is the main focus of object relations theory?

Object relations theory focuses on understanding individuals by examining how they think about other people

CHAPTER 8 __________ is the general term for shaping behavior through rewards and punishments.

Operant conditioning

What is a primary difference between the psychodynamic theorists and the way personality psychology is conducted today?

Personality psychology today relies far more on empirical research.

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is true?

Self-esteem feels good and leads people to initiate action.

According to Freud, what occurs during the Oedipus complex?

Sons become sexually attracted to their mothers and view their fathers as rivals.

In one study, preschoolers who liked to draw were told they could earn a certificate with a large gold star and a red ribbon. Other children drew a picture but either didn't get an award or got one unexpectedly. A week later, the experimenter returned to observe what activities the children chose to engage in during free-play time and found which of the following?

The children who got their expected award for drawing spent only half as much time drawing as those who did not get an award or who received it unexpectedly.

In one experiment, adults praised one group of children for good performance on difficult problems by saying, "You must be smart at these problems," while telling another set of children, "You must have worked hard at these problems." What happened when the children were given an even more difficult task?

The children who were praised for working hard performed better.

How are needs represented in Maslow's hierarchy?

The fundamental needs are at the base and each higher need builds upon each other.

What was the goal of psychodynamic and neo-analytic thinkers?

The goal was to develop large theoretical models that could explain a wide range of clinical observations

Your friend tells you that Freud's topographical model of the mind consists of the id and the ego. What would you tell your friend to correct this mistake?

The topographical model consists of the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind.

What is the primary difference between the conscious and unconscious mind?

The unconscious mind is the part outside of our usual awareness; the conscious mind is the part we are aware of.

What is the best way to increase your self-control?

Work at it, incrementally, over time.

Self-esteem is __________.

a person's attitude toward himself or herself

In psychodynamic theory, what is a defense mechanism?

a psychological process that keeps us from experiencing some causes of suffering

In Felicia's first-grade class, the children receive buttons every time they behave well. At the end of the week, the children can trade in the buttons for small prizes. This is an example of __________.

a token economy

Kesha works very hard at school and has trouble accepting help from anyone else. This is an example of what motive?

achievement

What is an implicit motive?

an unconscious motivation you are not aware of having

Anticipating rewards for success is called __________.

approach motivation

CHAPTER 7 Zoe is about to compete in the state finals for track. She is looking forward to winning the first place trophy and the recognition that comes with it. This is an example of __________.

approach motivation

Earl just started a job that allows him the freedom to make his own decisions in his work environment. Which of Earl's needs are likely being met by this job?

autonomy

Self-determination theory argues that which three needs can explain much of human behavior?

autonomy, competence, relatedness

Jill works really hard at her job because she is afraid of getting fired. This is an example of __________.

avoidance motivation

Authenticity of the self has four related components. What are they?

awareness, unbiased processing, behavior, and authentic relationships

In object relations theory, the __________ is the lack of connection between the child and mother that can impact adult relationships in the future.

basic fault

According to Jung, the __________ is filled with psychological structures called archetypes that are universal across cultures and time.

collective unconscious

According to Adler, some people will __________, or react against, a perceived inferiority by behaving as if they were strong and powerful.

compensate for

Kembra wants to develop new skills and continually learn at work. She is high on what self-determination theory need?

competence

When you exhaust the power to control yourself from resisting a temptation, it is called __________.

ego depletion

he decisions people think about and make every day based on past experiences are called __________.

expectancies

The biggest difference between self-determination theory and Murray's theory is that self-determination theory focuses on __________ and Murray's theory focuses on __________.

explicit motives; implicit motives

Approach-oriented people tend to be higher in which Big Five trait?

extraversion

Financial success, popularity, and physical attractiveness are examples of __________.

extrinsic goals

Where are implicit motives thought to come from?

family environment

Ashley's therapist uses the psychodynamic approach. In her last session, her therapist asked her to simply talk about whatever comes to her mind. This psychodynamic technique is known as which of the following?

free association

Sheila is a narcissist, so she is likely to have a __________ view of herself.

grandiose

For Jung, the anima and animus is __________.

he other sex inside of ourselves

What part of your mind, according to Freud, would be responsible for a "Freudian" slip?

id

People who measure high for grandiose narcissism tend to have __________.

implicit self-esteem similarly high to others

Luke has always loved feeling connected to the people around him and is studying to become a social worker. Luke is being guided by __________.

intrinsic goals

Personal growth, affiliation, and community feeling are examples of what kind of goals?

intrinsic goals

Molly has a dream that she's being chased by a dog. Her therapist tells her that the dogs are a symbol of the fear she has about her upcoming college entrance exams. Being anxious about her entrance exams is, in psychodynamic terms, the dream's __________.

latent content

Freud's version of a life force is the __________.

libido

Which of the following has a strong correlation with low self-esteem?

loneliness

Which of the following is a critical component to having high self-esteem?

maintaining strong relationships

The outward physical appearance our "selves" take on—including our body and clothes—is called the __________ self.

material

Which of the following is a main aspect of self-concept?

material self

The most common way to practice mindfulness is with __________.

meditation

What are explicit motives?

motives that people are aware of having

Self-control, according to the text, is very much like a(n) __________.

muscle

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance model examines the relationships between which three variables?

performance, relevance, and closeness

In Maslow's hierarchy, which needs are most fundamental?

physiological needs

The unconscious mind is typically governed by the __________.

pleasure principle

Daniela does research on what makes our lives better and what makes us happier. She likely works within the research field of __________.

positive psychology

Gerald is given a sticker every time he spells a list of words correctly. This is an example of __________.

positive reinforcement

Which field attempts to find evidence for psychodynamic processes through brain scans?

psychodynamic neuroscience

Jorge has a crush on Julie who is dating his best friend, which makes him feel guilty, so he frequently says mean and insulting things to her. What defense mechanism best describes his behavior?

reaction formation

When Senator Smith first took office, he was vocal in denouncing homosexuality and equal rights for gays and lesbians. Years later, he revealed he was gay. What defense mechanism might Senator Smith have been experiencing initially?

reaction formation

Bandura's theory that a person's behavior causes the environment as well as the environment causing behavior is called __________.

reciprocal determinism

When you live up to your ought self, you are likely to feel __________.

relaxed and at peace

The defense mechanism of __________ involves keeping unconscious impulses or wishes completely out of consciousness, whereas __________ involves not acknowledging the unconscious content at all.

repression; denial

Health, employment, and property are examples of __________ needs.

safety and security

According to the theory about self-control discussed in the text, __________.

self-control can get tired in the short term

The need for love and belonging in the hierarchy of needs is similar to the need for affiliation in what theory?

self-determination theory

Which theory is a model linking the distance between the actual self and the ought and ideal selves to emotion?

self-discrepancy theory

Sheila's soccer coach repeatedly tells her that if she "believes in herself anything is possible." Sheila's coach is engaging in __________.

self-esteem boosting

Treating yourself like a good friend is called __________.

self-kindness

What are the three components of self-compassion?

self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness

Terry is at a formal dinner party and is trying to blend in with the others, so she watches how other women carry themselves and she tries to do the same. Terry has a high level of the trait __________.

self-monitoring

The process of guiding and directing yourself to a desired state is called __________.

self-regulation

Samantha is normally a very reserved person, who studies all of the time and keeps to herself. She went to a party one weekend, however, and danced all night. Jung would say this other side of Samantha is her __________.

shadow

How children slowly learn to become mature members of society and learn their culture's rules is referred to as __________.

socialization

What does a "donut personality" entail?

someone low in implicit self-esteem and high in explicit self-esteem

Which of the following best illustrates vulnerable narcissism?

someone who is more neurotic and anxious

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves turning unconscious unacceptable desires into something constructive?

sublimation

Victor sees himself as a humble, hardworking person who tries to make the world a better place. What two aspects of self are at work here with Victor "seeing" himself?

the "I" and the "me"

Freud saw the ego as the center of the psyche, whereas Jung believed that __________.

the Self was at the core, with the ego orbiting the Self

Psychodynamic approaches focus on the interaction and conflict between which of the following?

the conscious and the unconscious mind

CHAPTER 6 In psychodynamic theory, the unconscious mind is the __________.

thoughts and feelings we are not aware of

Shane met his girlfriend Eloise their freshman year of college. Shane cannot imagine being with anyone else because for the first time in his life he feels completely like himself. When he's around Eloise, he feels like his real self. Shane seems to be getting in touch with this __________ self.

true

Carl Rogers believed that everyone can get closer to self-actualization when they experience __________.

unconditional positive regard