Exam 2 (Chapters 5-8)

When __________ percent or more of an area's residents live below the federal poverty line, it is known as concentrated poverty.

40

In the postmodern mode of thought, identity is

experimental, playful, fluid

Belief in supernatural sources of truth and a commitment to traditional practices is known as

premodern thought

What sociological lessons can be taken away from the story of the survivors of the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 crash?

1. Deviance is defined through interaction and such definitions vary across cultures and throughout history. 2. Acts, attitudes, or appearances become deviant only through social processes like stigmatization, criminalization, and medicalization. 3. Deviance is subject to the principles of symbolic interaction, which means that symbolic meanings and social rules and roles will change along with the circumstances. 4. Even especially deviant behavior can come to seem ordinary (and vice versa).

What are the functions of deviance?

1. Perfect conformity to every social rule would mean that everyone would act exactly alike for all time. 2. Deviant behavior is proof that social rules can be broken, which also means they can go away. 3. A second observed function for deviance was that a certain amount of bad behavior could be good. 4. Deviance plays a unique role in keeping a society healthy.

The sociological writings of Charlotte Perkins Gilman are most relevant to which theory?

Androcentrism

Which term refers to the resources we use to get things we want and need?

Capital

According to the textbook, a wage is __________ given to workers in exchange for their __________.

Cash payments; labor

What is a stratification system found in parts of South Asia, where a person is born into a specific stratified layer of society and remains there until death?

Caste System

Social mobility is a characteristic found in which economic system?

Class Systems

Imagine that an extremely corrupt politician was thrown out of office and brought to justice, and the public reacted by gathering and celebrating in the streets for days. This would be an example of

Collective Effervescence

The public response to Olivia Jade Giannulli's college admissions scandal is an example of

Collective conscience

__________ is characteristic of the premodern era, while __________ is characteristic of the modern era.

Faith and tradition; science and progress

Preeta is born into the lowest stratum of Indian society. At seven years old, she helps her mother wash the linens of a high-end hotel in a nearby river. Preeta will remain in this social stratum for the rest of her life. She will never have access to an education or the chance to become a doctor. Which type of stratification system does Preeta live under?

Feudal System

What is a system of stratification typically found in Europe during the Middle Ages that included peasants who worked land owned by the rich, powerful nobility?

Feudal System

Karl Marx predicted a crisis of capitalism would take place, because capitalism creates a growing class of workers who reap a shrinking share of the benefits and impoverishes the masses to the point that they can't buy products. Under this form of capitalism,

Free market

The process of assigning a deviant identity to an individual is known as

Labeling

Miles would like to study how race and class have shaped drug laws in the United States and the current inequalities in the administration of these laws. Which theory would be MOST relevant for the research on this topic?

Labeling theory

__________ is a term used to describe the process by which more and more parts of life are made efficient, predictable, calculable, and controllable by nonhuman technologies.

McDonaldization

A number that attempts to describe a population by referring to a midpoint is called a

Median

The process of rationalization is MOST closely associated with which type of thought?

Modern thought

Which sociological theory of deviance focuses on how people overcome their reluctance to break rules by coming up with rationales for doing so?

Neutralization Theory

People in which of the which occupations are MOST likely to hold contradictory class locations?

New Middle Class

Some people who experience strain do not engage in deviant behavior. According to differential association theory, this is because

Our networks determine what kind of social influence we're under

Xan does not believe there is one absolute truth. Instead, they think all people have their own versions of the truth because each person experiences reality differently. Xan's mode of thought would be best described as

Postmodern

The difference between primary and secondary deviance is that

Primary deviance is the first instance that attracts the label, while secondary deviance is further instances prompted by the label

Karl Marx noted the emergence of two new social and economic classes: the __________, who were employed by others and worked for a wage, and the __________, who paid the workers and owned the __________.

Proleteriat; Bourgeoise; Wealth

Ankur wants to study the environmental attitudes of farmers in the state of Montana, but it would take too long and cost too much money to gather data on all of them. Instead, he randomly selects 500 farmers to whom he will send his survey. The 500 farmers are a

Sample

What is a patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter?

Social Safety Net

Which sociological theory of deviance focuses on the characteristics of neighborhoods?

Social disorganization theory

__________ is a condition in which wealth, power, and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities.

Social inequality

The shift from foraging to agriculture led to population growth, the emergence of cities, and eventually the rise of

Social organizations

A persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies is known as

Social stratification

__________ is the entire set of interlocking social institutions that provides a relatively stable framework for social life.

Social structure

An economic system based on shared ownership of the resources used to create wealth that is then distributed by governments for the enrichment of all is called

Socialism

_________ is characteristic of the premodern era, while _________ is characteristic of the modern era.

Traditional authority; rational legal authority

Anomie

Widespread normlessness or a weakening of or alienation from rules

In the last 200 years, the redistribution of wealth from the rich to the poor has

allowed the economic system of capitalism to continue.

Surveys are designed to collect what kind of information?

analyzable data

A defining characteristic of social organizations is that they

are carefully designed with the intention of meeting their goals.

Give an example of a social organization.

bureaucracy

Alan works in a furniture factory where he spends most of his day on an assembly line fastening one of four legs to a tabletop. Before working at this factory, Alan learned carpentry from his father and would make beautiful furniture pieces from scratch. Now, reduced to an appendage of the machine and disconnected from the fruits of his labor, Alan experiences

class consciousness.

doctor who commits fraud by billing patients' insurance companies for medical treatments not actually provided is engaging in

criminal deviance

Behaviors and beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions are known as

deviance.

Class systems sort people into

different positions in an economic hierarchy but also allow them to rise or fall.

Economic capital refers to

financial resources that are or can be converted into money, including cash, investments, valuable goods, and valuable property

Gig work is associated with postmodern thought because it is

flexible rather than stable, as is postmodern thought

Give an example of a bureaucracy.

government agencies, large corporations, the military

Income and wealth correlate positively. This means that people with high

incomes tend to have high levels of wealth, and people with low incomes tend to have little wealth, no wealth, or negative wealth. This is because income can produce wealth (for example, high incomes enable saving), and wealth can also produce income (savings can be invested and earn interest).

The provision of health care is considered to be a social institution because it

it socializes us into its ideologies

Devah Pager's field experiment was consistent with labeling theory because she found that job applicants with criminal records were

less likely to receive an interview

Patrice attends a church with about 10,000 members. Every Sunday, these members gather for an entertaining and energizing service involving bright lights and loud music. This service is also broadcast as a livestream on the internet. Which term would best describe Patrice's church?

megachurch

With their efficient operations, predictable products, and use of nonhuman technology, megachurches illustrate the __________ aspects of religion as a social institution.

modern

Ryder is not too worried about the future because he believes that through science and logic, humans will develop advanced technologies to solve problems like climate change and resource scarcity. Ryder is engaging in

modern thought

Labor unions are associations that

organize workers so they can negotiate with their employers as a group instead of as individuals.

The religious experiment that calls itself "Emerging" rejects fixed orthodoxy and instead aims to foster dialogue among spiritual people. This illustrates the __________ aspects of religion as a social institution.

postmodern

Social stratification always

produces institutional discrimination

Which term did Max Weber use to describe the process of embracing reason and using it to increase human activities' efficiency and effectiveness?

rationalization

Give an example of criminal deviance

robbery, theft, rape, murder, and assault

According to Émile Durkheim, it benefits society for the public to have occasional opportunities to express mass disapproval of something its members believe is wrong. This is because occasional instances of mass disapproval help prevent

society's collective conscience from being dangerously destabilized

The social structure differs from social institutions in that

structure refers to the arrangements that organize a group; institutions are based on the basis of social needs

Class consciousness is an understanding

that members of a social class share economic interests.

Under free market capitalism,

the most successful capitalists built monopolies, treated workers inhumanely, and bribed politicians and law enforcement.

In comparative sociology, what is being compared?

two or more cases that can be usefully compared and contrasted.

The Social Security Act of 1935 was a system of financial support that

was written so that it didn't apply to jobs that employed primarily Black Americans.

Karl Marx predicted a crisis of capitalism would take place, because capitalism creates a growing class of workers who reap a shrinking share of the benefits and impoverishes the masses to the point that they can't buy products. Under this form of capitalism,

winners take all, shrinking the the number of people who can be part of the bourgeoisie.winners take all, shrinking the the number of people who can be part of the bourgeoisie.winners take all, shrinking the the number of people who can be part of the bourgeoisie.

Which value in the set of incomes below is the mode? $25,000 $45,000 $65,000 $65,000 $100,000

$65,000

Which is the median value in the set of incomes below? $83,000 $86,000 $90,000 $92,000 $97,000

$90,000

In the 1950s, sociologist (and jazz pianist) Howard Becker identified three steps to becoming a marijuana smoker, one of which was

1. Socialization: through observation and with the help of existing smokers, new smokers, new smokers learn how to light the plant on fire, and hold one's breath to give their lungs time to ingest the smoke's chemicals. 2. Learn to recognize the drug's effects. People are taught to pinpoint physiological changes and identify them as signs of being high; to differentiate, for instance, between having "the munchies, and merely being hungry. 3. New smokers have to learn to enjoy the experience. Marijuana use can cause dizziness and confusion. Fellow smokers help new smokers interpret these experiences as positive instead of negative.

What experiences serve as a primary risk factor for adult imprisonment?

Being labeled, being suspended

A person lives in a society where couples, families, and friends frequently must separate and spend long periods of time away from each other due to the demands of the economy. According to Émile Durkheim, which type of suicide would this person be most likely to die of?

Egoistic suicide: Social institutions fail to ensure social cohesion and people are left isolated from their social group (in this case, very low integration predicts suicide).

Flint, Michigan, is a city that is 54 percent Black and has experienced a water crisis wherein the water supply was polluted with lead. This water crisis is an example of

Environmental Racism

When institutional discrimination suppresses intellectual potential with poor schooling, produces levels of stress that cause physical and mental illness, and exposes bodies to dangerous environments, it is called

Environmental racism

Under a totalitarian dictatorship, all citizens' movements are closely tracked, and their opportunities to improve their quality of life or to escape are severely restricted. According to Émile Durkheim, which type of suicide would such citizens be most likely to die of?

Fatalistic suicide: A person's opportunities are blocked by rigid and oppressive institutions, leading them to think that death is the only way out (suicide in response to very high regulation).

Early sociologists like Anna Julia Cooper and Charlotte Perkins Gilman focused on __________, while others like Emile Durkheim focused on __________.

Feminism/androcentrism; functionalism and social facts

Christine wants to be able to apply her survey results on parking preferences to her college's entire student body. She makes sure that her sample of students is representative of the entire population. In the language of sociological research methods, Christine is trying to ensure that her data are

Generaliizable

Which group has the highest rate of deportations?

Hispanic

Timothy lives in the United States, where becoming wealthy is a widely valued goal. He was born into a poor family, lacks an education, and is stuck in a low-wage job in a rural community without many economic opportunities. In pursuit of the goal of becoming wealthy, he begins breaking into homes and stealing things to sell. In Robert Merton's terms, Timothy is a(n)

Innovator

Unhoused Americans are more likely to be arrested for breaking laws against loitering and public urination. Poor Black American men are more likely to have insecure or no housing than other groups, making them especially more likely to be subjected to these kinds of laws. This is an example of

Institutional Discrimination

Racial disparities in academic achievement are the result of

Institutional racism

Family, law, health, religion, and education are all examples of

Institutionalized areas

A policy or other long-standing social practice limits employment opportunities for Asian Americans but benefits White Americans who already have greater opportunities. This would be considered an example of

Institutionalized discrimination

In the 1930s, which group dominated the sport of basketball because institutional discrimination limited its other opportunities?

Jews

The New Deal made taxes more __________, meaning that as a person's income rises, the rate at which the person pays taxes increases, instead of __________, which means that as a person's income rises, the rate at which the person pays taxes declines, or __________, meaning all levels of income are taxed equally.

Progressive; regressive; flat

What term refers to a society's production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups?

Racism

Evelyn and her family live in the city of South Gate in Southern California. She and everyone in her household identify as Latinx. The city of South Gate is 95 percent Latinx. This is an example of

Residential Segregation

The closest emergency room to Tonopah, Nevada, is 104 miles away. Tonopah, Nevada, can be described as a __________ desert.

Resource

What best describes meritocracy within education?

Together with scores on standardized tests like the ACT and SAT, our GPAs determine whether we deserve degrees, admission to college or graduate school, and access to opportunities like fellowships, scholarships, and study-abroad programs.

As early as elementary school, some students will be labeled "gifted," and others will be labeled "at risk." This is an example of

Tracking

The rise in American incarceration is the result of

War on drugs

The mass incarceration of Black and Latino men is the result of

War on drugs; racism

A capitalistic economic system with some socialist policy aimed at distributing the profits of capitalism more evenly across the population is called

Welfare Capitalism

When White fight failed, White people would leave a neighborhood when minority residents began moving in. This phenomenon is referred to as

White Flight

Albert is a college graduate working as an administrative assistant. He is unsure whether he can make this month's rent and has already missed paying last month's water and power bills. Although he has been dealing with a terrible toothache, he will not be going to the dentist in an effort to minimize additional expenses. Albert is an example of a

Working poor

Sonia grew up in a low-income community where the schools she attended were underfunded. The schools were also quick to punish and had close ties with local police. There were also high levels of policing in her neighborhood. Moreover, her community was a food, transit, green, and health-care desert. This scenario is an example of

institutional discrimination

More than half of Americans believe transfer payments to people in poverty encourages them to stay poor. This belief is connected to the stereotype that poor people

are lazy, untrustworthy, and greedy cheats with too many children.

Restrictive covenants, "sundown towns," and "steering" are laws and practices that

ensure and enforce segregation in communities

Nation-states differ from earlier ways of organizing societies in that they

have the power to grant or deny citizenship rights

Sean and James both identify as Black men. Both hold advanced degrees. Sean has light skin and James has dark skin. Although Sean and James have worked at the same law firm for the same length of time, occupy the same position, and deliver similar results in their work, Sean earns more than James. Based on this information, one factor perpetuating their wage difference could be

institutional racism

Children living in expensive neighborhoods get expensive educations, and children living in poor neighborhoods get poor ones. This is because school funding in the United States comes from __________ taxes.

local property owners'

Spatial analysis puts place front and center and has allowed sociologists to determine that

people of color are more likely to be exposed to environmental toxins

American education functions to

preserve the privileges of the highest-status Americans

Which of the following is a term that refers to a society's production of unjust outcomes form some racial or ethnic groups

racism

Darius, a Black American teenager profiled by sociologist Victor Rios, was caught in a physical fight with a fellow student and consequently was launched into the juvenile detention system, where he received probation. This is an example of

school-to-prison pipeline

If the goal of a society is to motivate people to work for a common goal,

then some economic inequality is necessary.

When Fitch's new friend says she disapproves of Fitch's smoking marijuana because it is illegal, he told her it is a victimless crime, so it is OK for him to do it. In the terms of neutralization theory, this is an example of which type of rationalization?

Denial of Injury: A claim that the rule breaking is allowed because no one is harmed ("no one got hurt").

Echo was pulled over by a police officer for speeding on the highway. To avoid a ticket, she tried to justify her rule breaking by saying that it was not her fault she was speeding; all the other vehicles were driving over the speed limit, so she felt pressured to do so as well because it felt unsafe to have everyone passing her. In the terms of neutralization theory, which type of rationalization is this?

Denial of Responsibility: A claim that rule breaking is outside of a rule breaker's control ("it's not my fault").

Which study is consistent with labeling theory?

Devah Pager's field experiment

__________ are complicated tasks broken down into smaller parts and distributed to individuals who specialize in narrow roles.

Divisions of labor

Which Americans are MOST likely to experience hypersegregation?

Black

Shared ideas about how human life should be organized are known as

Ideologies

What ideas are consistent with neutralization theory?

1. For a rationale to work, it's not enough for it to make sense to the rule breaker; it must also make sense to others. It is, in other words, a shared understanding. 2. We learn these rationales from other rule breakers; we get them from our social ties.

Which group of children are most disproportionately disciplined in school?

Black and Brown

__________ is what Émile Durkheim called a society's shared understanding of right and wrong.

Collective conscience

Jenn is a sociologist working on a study comparing Japan, Norway, and the United States to see how national culture shapes family dynamics. She plans to live in each country for six months and collect data through interviews and observation. Her study would best be described as

Comparative sociology

Talib got caught stealing a candy bar from the corner store, and the owner decided to press charges against him for shoplifting. Now, Talib will have a criminal record. In addition, the whole neighborhood thinks he is a thief. The act of stealing the candy bar is an example of

Criminal Deviance

Leo immigrated to the United States from Guatemala on his own when he was nineteen. Only able to secure a minimum-wage job, he earned enough to rent a small apartment where he split the cost of rent and utilities with a roommate. His earnings covered only his living costs, making it nearly impossible to save money. He was struck by a car while walking to work, which landed him in the hospital for a week. The medical bills he accrued coupled with the lost income for a week's worth of work left him unable to pay his bills, leading to a drop in his credit score. This is an example of

Cross-institutional disadvantage

Evan grew up in a safe and healthy neighborhood with strong services and amenities. The neighborhood public schools he attended were well regarded and highly ranked. These resources helped him secure a good job, which provided health benefits so he could access adequate health care. This scenario describes

Cumulative advantage

Which of the following is an example of criminal deviance? A. eating out at a restaurant and not tipping your server B. instead of walking, dancing everywhere you go C. attending a professional baseball game and not standing for the national anthem D. stealing money out of your roommate's girlfriend's purse when she visits

D. stealing money out of your roommate's girlfriend's purse when she visits

The degree to which Hispanic groups are segregated from White Americans correlates strongly with skin color. __________-skinned people of Latin American descent experience __________ isolation.

Darker; stronger

Jem conducted a study for their honors thesis about the social and cultural factors that shaped the development patterns of Dallas, Texas, in the early 1900s. To do so, they used newspapers, public records, and the diaries of some influential people at the time. Jem's study would be best characterized as

Historical sociology

Greg, a Black American, lives in a Chicago neighborhood that is more than 80 percent Black. Greg's daily life involves little or no contact with people of other races. This is because Greg and the other two-thirds of Black Chicagoans are

Hyper segregated

Smith, a White boy, threw a wadded ball of paper at one of his classmates. His teacher saw this happen and asked Smith to apologize to the classmate, reminding him to practice kindness. The teacher brushed the behavior off as harmless. Shaun, a Black boy, also threw a wadded ball of paper at one of his classmates. The teacher, witnessing this behavior, referred Shaun to the principal's office. Rather than thinking of Shaun's behavior as harmless, the teacher viewed it as malicious. This is an example of

Inequality

Nearly a year after the Covid-19 pandemic hit the United States, wealth inequality widened. This was in part because

Many companies were shut down, and many people lost their jobs.

The year was 1955, and Bill worked as a real estate agent. Although Bill was a White anti-racist advocating for integration, he had to practice racist policies in his work. This was because the

National Association of Real Estate boards required him to show houses in White neighborhoods only to White people.

Ruben and their family live in a neighborhood that is over 80 percent Latinx. This neighborhood is also home to factories that pumped toxins into the ground for decades. This is an example of how environmental racism is enabled by

Residential Segregation

What are the processes by which acts, attitudes, or appearances come to be collectively defined as deviant?

Stigmatization, criminalization, and medicalization

_________ theory is the idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people's ability to attain them.

Strain

__________ theory is the idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people's ability to attain them.

Strain (Robert Merton)

Which type of authority is characteristic of bureaucracies?

Strict hierarchies

Which theory argues that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability?

Structural functionalism

__________ refers to the features of our lives that determine our mix of opportunities and constraints.

Structural position

Karl Marx's crisis of capitalism did not foresee the

The New Deal spreading the wealth just enough to create a large middle class, which changed the dynamics of the country, saving capitalism, welfare capitalism

Which country imprisons more of its population than any other country in the world?

The United States

Some people have achieved upward social mobility through education. As a social institution, education

generally advantages White and wealthy students and disadvantages non-White and poor ones.

Social institutions are composed of

ideas and practices

Achievement gaps are disparities

in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students.

Ronald Reagan's War on Drugs

the United States imprisons more of its population than any other country in the world; Mass incarceration: An extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective. The ballooning of the prison population was not a reaction to an increase in crime. The evidence shows that the enemy in the War on Drugs is Black and Hispanic men.

Labor union contracts locked out

women and people of color