Exam 2 Cognitive Psychology ch5

Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory?

the phonological loop

In the absence of rehearsal, short-term memory tends to:

last about 20 seconds

The calling to mind of previously stored information is known as:

retrieval

The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on:

the emphasis on static structure vs active processing

The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be:

7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information

Brain surgery patient "H.M." suffered after surgery from:

an inability to form new memories of new events

Currently, cognitive psychologists are more likely to believe that:

both decay and interference play a role in short-term memory forgetting, and some decay is actually essential to avoid catastrophic interference.

The primacy and recency effects in memory:

can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of:

directing the flow of information

In Waugh and Norman's probe digit task:

presentation rate had no effect on performance

Unattended information is stored briefly in:

sensory memory

If the search of short-term memory is self-terminating, then we would expect that:

unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average.

Experiments indicate that storing a string of six digits in short-term memory interferes with the ability to:

verify letter sequences, read and comprehend text, and recall recently learned material.

Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory modalities?

vision and hearing

Partial reports of visually presented matrices of letters can be successfully cued by all of the following EXCEPT:

which letters rhyme with B

The concept of fluid intelligence is highly related to:

working memory capacity

You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the

10th word

Studies of coding in short-term memory suggest that which of the following would be most DIFFICULT to recall correctly?

C- D - P - V -T

One basic physiological mechanism for learning is the ____ rule, which states that if a synapse between two neurons is repeatedly activated at about the same time the postsynaptic neuron fires, the chemistry of the synapse changes.

Hebb

Which of the following seems to be true of both echoes and icons?

They are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information.

The results of the Brown-Peterson short-term memory task can be explained by:

both decay and interference.

Sternberg's classic work on searching for information from short-term memory indicated that the search process is:

both serial and exhaustive.

Disrupting the process of long-term potentiation leads to:

disruption of learning and remembering

When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that _______ has occurred.

encoding

The suffix effect relates to which type of memory?

echoic

The recency effect is through to result from participants' use of:

either sensory or short term memory

The _____ component of working memory is thought to be a temporary storage system that interacts with long-term memory and the other components of working memory to facilitate the transfer of information to long-term memory.

episodic buffer

When we cannot retrieve information from memory, we say that _____ has occurred.

forgetting

The surgery performed on patient "H.M." involved removal of most of the:

hippocampus

Encoding occurs when:

information is translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use

Higher working memory capacity means that an individual:

is better able to control his/her cognitive focus

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

it lasts about 20 seconds

In the Brown-Peterson short-term memory task, recall performance was hurt most by:

large number of interfering items.

PET scans show that verbal working memory tasks tend to activate areas in the:

left frontal lobe

Information is stored in iconic memory for:

less than 1 second

Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in the fifth grade is stored in:

long term memory

Echoic memory is thought to last:

longer than the icon, perhaps up to 20 seconds.

The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to:

loss of ability to form new memories

Words from the beginning of a list are more likely to be recalled than words from the middle of the list. This phenomenon is known as the _____ effect.

primacy

The fact that the size of the memory set does affect search time in short-term memory suggests that:

search is a serial process.

Information is held in _____ for 20 to 30 seconds.

short term memory

Baddeley's research indicated that storing a string of digits in short-term memory:

slowed down reasoning only at large memory loads (that is, storing six digits in short-term memory).

Information in short-term memory is assumed to be coded primarily by:

sound

Daydreams are a type of:

stimulus-independent though (SIT)

PET scan studies:

support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems.

Retrieval involves:

the calling to mind of previously stored information.

Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by:

the central executive

The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depends upon:

the central executive

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model?

the icon

The term "retrograde amnesia" refers to:

the loss of ability to recall old events